Synchronisms

The ALTERNATOR

hetero machine alternate

*
any polar rotating with

alternator
inherently
North and South pores Is an

* voltage in the conductors alternates between

2
polarities

Rotating
armature type
Atomakr gs * suitable small outputs
for

\ armature
rotating field Honed
to
larger 6600 V
at
for voltages 33,000
 Generator
Speed of a
Synchronous .

A electrical locked In
frequency produced Is or

mechanical rotation
synchronized with rate of
the Generator
of
* motor has an
electromagnet ,

rate notation related to stator electrical

of is

frequency ; deetnial
fe :
freer
|fe=PnsJ no
P
'

me of poly
ns :
synchronous speed
is

* Electrical power generated @ SOHZ or Goat

,
so
h
the generator must rotate at a
fend speed
the Poles in the machine
depending upon

eh : 50 Hz Gen , 2 Poles

→
ns
120×21=3000 rpm
=

hopf=
=

→ 4 Poles
ns= 1400 rpm
1201¥
=
The Internal Generated voltage of an AC Generator

= FLT Neff = ÷
2ft Neff =
Nez
01W

now , Ea= kcfw

'
elutsnialrad 's
'

comparing
the 2 equations we
get
'
slatncalrad 5

#
how
,
Eaxcf but $& If ⇒ tax 3-

µ
OF
^
Ea

Heats
|k=N4=) .
-
z I
t £

this plot Is called the magnetization

curve or
open
circuit characteristics
COCC )
In mechanical
degrees in meehrad / see

}zTlNc$NmPEa= =✓2TNc¢(N,zoI )
Ea= rzanccff =

' °

N§zP$wm Eaikcfnem
'
muhrad
|k=Ndg@ →
5
 Count synchronous Generator
Equivalent of a

* Ea is the
voltage generated in one phase of the stator
,
but

Ea the terminal
Is not that
of
'

the value comes out .

A Ea= V¢ when the is in had condition

only gem
no

armature unhurt the

(a) no
flowing
in
generator

A
factors that cause this difference !

D armature reaction [ distortion

of avigap magnetic

field by
current
flowing
in the stator ]
↳
hdrubarue of coil largest one

2) self
-

Resistance the coil

3) of
salient rotor
a) effort of pole shapes

D Armature Reaction

hen motor ÷ is
spun , Ea is induced and when Ea
Is induced current the armature
,
a
flows through ,

this armature current produces it own

magnetic
field and distorts the original magnetic
"
field ,

ARMATURE REACTION
this
effect
"
Is .

G
Q
Ot
+0
@
Br internal
^
Br produces generated

#µ
→

whose peak coincides

voltage Ea
with the vector Br

U →
Ea= ref
 r•@
#
It
currents
A when
flows wadgdt

p
.
as

converted assumed to be
/ 1 a
,
load then lags
Iamen

Inmqnybggmg
,

Q
@
•
Eamcdt
Eamon
/

±¥e
^Br
engaging /

q is

a
.

Current ni stator its

* wending produces
own
magnetic
field Bs ( dir hand rule )
given by right screw

*
¥4
¥
its

!
Bret ,•V9 * Bs produces omemf

|q$H
.

ni the stator Estate

7 ,

yqanan
'

Brake
÷

r•Q
*

Eamafl
V¢= Eat Eslat
⇒

@
Q
TO0
,
'
, Fnett Bit Is

ea→Br
/ l

Esht →
Bs

-U
\
,
⇒
r¢ →
But

Eat
MODELLING THE ARMATURE REACTION

⇒
Iamon
Xxta
'

'
Eastat
=
jx
,

Eastat
'

⇒
Vq= Eat ykfa

1
jX
→

Ea ¥wma Vcf

⇒ modelled hduetor
the Esbt be
'

can as an in series

with Ea

wdwbame resistance
⇒
mending Seif
now & arm -

Mann runs
V¢= Ea
→
.

YXIA j×aIa Iara

-
- -

in drop
↳ hrduetane
arm rea a
self
.

now ,
if ×s= Xatx =

Synchronous reaetivnnce
 ← this
represent one

Vcfz Ea -

jIa( xs ) -

para
phase

48¥
-

÷
Fiddciruut

¥
deters
Eat Yo ,

Roof Intake
one Raz
Is {
+
re

by
+ →
+

-
-
Volz
1
-

¥sgETsTEf+
- V¢3

Eai Eaz Eaz Sep by lW° electrical

, ,
 ¥0
F.
9TH
keen
raisers
g

egghead
vp

ystarcomeitwnta

⇐÷
v

"

14%1
Deebacomulton

- t

Tyree
7

I
x

go :
hey
[Link]~Ra#
Pee phase Equivalent

3- #who
→ Ra XS
•

-
}
+ Rf →

-3g
>
Ia +

if Ea
Yo

Cirint armature count

field

the loads have to be

A for per phase equivalent ,

balanced .
 > upf
-5→
Phasor
Diagram of synchronous Generator
↳ lagging
leading
* Gives various electrical
as a
relationship between quantities
like ( Ea )
vq , ,
jxsta ,
Iara etc

* UNITY POWER FACTOR ( ohp voltage and current )

in phase

*
ref & Ia are in
phase
* Iara & Ie are in
phase
"
( operator )
' "

*
g Iaxs
Is
leading Ia
by 90
g

* ref + Iaratj
Iaxs
Ea=

Eay
jfats

>
in a ✓
¢ Iara

* LAGGING POWER FACTOR

Ia determined
* lags ref by angle by power factor
* Iara in with
is
phase Ia

fiats 98 Ia
leading
* in

Ea =
vcf +
JEXS
IIRAT
 loads
Lagging _

Ea

%IAXS

Yo
°

Ia J

Iara

LEADING LOADS

Ia

*
* leads
to by angle determined
by power factor
is in
* Iara phase with Ia

ni 98 Taka
* f- axs leading
* .
Ea= Vof t Iakat jeans

*
Iats
Ea g

In
Iara
T
,

/ yo

clearly for a
given vg and za ,
the Ea required Is

higher for lagging

wad constant
went
field supplied be
Kolat
}
⇒ should
⇒ Eat
in
bushel lagging wads
* Or
for a
given field current and load current ,
the

load
Vof for a
lagging will be less than
Vq for
a
leading load .
 Power and Torque ln Synchronous Generators

Meek
3
of electrical power
power synchronous
→
→
Gen

Source
of Meek
power ÷

diesel turbine
Prime mover :
engine ,
a steam
,
water turbine or similar devices

* mover must have constant speed

prune
not
ueiespeelne of
had demand , if
resulting power freq would
change .

POWER

µ
FLOW
Pww AFW

Pini Tappwm
Find
1
- • =3
Vpzwso

[Link]#so
[Link]#pTffrichori&6FssesiR
stray
losses
windge
losses
losses

* Pin =

Tappwm Pcow =
Kind hem =3 EAIACOSV
I :
angleblw Ea&Ia
A Pin -

Pww :
stays
t
( no load losses )
 FSV
Real electrical Pout
*
of power ; =
Ieoso

V¢1a=sO
,

fzsnio 3
=

Reactive Power
*
Qaf 53 v.
=

Tzaswi
,

3
Vq
= O
'

phasor diagram after neglecting Ra

To
-
yfk×s
tas
Ea

y
} =
Iaxsswi (90-0)
-0 Iaxscoso

)r
) 8 )9o
=

Yet*
.
- . -

aoo
(
Ia
-
- /

⇒ Ea Sui 8 =
Iaxs cost

Iacoso =
Easing
XS

) ⇒3v¢EasuiS×s
Pa P
( Easing
⇒ 3
vq
=

In this
*
equation Rae
'

0 ⇒ Pconv
as
Pout bez
=

there is no electrical losses

 f- 3
Vqtasm 's
→
Power produced by synchronous
generates
-

As

⇒ P Ea and 8
power produced depends on
Vq ,

S : torque angle

Pmaa =
@ 8=90 Pmane
3V¢EaXs

Pman state innit

stability of Gen and real
:

usually
generators never come dose to this bunt and
'

had
tosqne angles if
are
usually full are W
.

wad
and
fuel
.

P =3 Easm 'S
Vq
#
constant P EA Iaeoso Easwi 8
if Vcf then a
=
, ,

Q & Iasm Q
'

&
,

INDUCED TORQUE

Find = KB ✓
XBS

Kind =
KBRXB Br Ea

{
net →

=
KBR Bnetsms
B net →
v¢
angle btw Ea &
Vcf = 8

⇒ n n
Br&Bn* =
S
Pconv =
Thidhlm =
3V¢Ea=iS
Xs
⇒
kind =

3V¢Easm=
WMXS

Tallthemfomelatrical quantities
 A 10,000 KVA
* , 3$ 9 connected , Zpohe ,
60 UZ
, 13,800 V
,

line to line turbo gen has air

gap Chara
- -

resistance RE rl and
arm
winding 007
phase
.

ahm
winding leakage reaitauee last phase
.

= .

ahmmmf @ rated went equivalent find

155 #

produces rated terminal

that
amperes fmd If
.

voltage when hated Ta flows @ 0 .

spf

Eat Vt Lot jq Ia ( Ratjxs )

Vf
=
13/800 =
79767.4 V
-

Fs
P Fs
= V
,
I cos O → Ia= 19000×1037313,800×0.8

418
=
.

UA

⇒
Eat = 7967.4 Lot in 8.
y[36 .
8
( 007
tjl 9)
MEASURING SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL
PARAMETERS
per phase equivalent

.
Ra Xs

¥
mono
the
-

→ + →
determining
£
Ea equivalent ainut
vg
|
Parameters

flnn (
* between
relationship field current and and

the current and Ea

therefore HW field )
* Synchronous reaetame

armature resistance
*

steps ÷

the 04
.

determining
→

* turned at its rated and

generator speed
terminals discounted loads
are
from and
is mireaeed terminal
If gradually and

Is measured at
voltage each step .

At no load ⇒ Ea= Vef =

VT

A Utis Not bfw Ea or

Ve vls If is called

Occ C open
aeiueit characteristics )
* we can
find Ea
for any given Zg
* linear portion of occ→
avigap line

F'd
:
foperarieutchara

)l^
a

Vqv ,
Coec )

iavigapluie
.

3- →

ShostAruiteharait=s)
* Ian IL is measured with terminals short . circuited
Ra
who
|
His Ia= E-
¥
Ea @ |vq=0
Ratgxs

Has
Eat
=

- Ra2tXs2

vF°q•_Ea
Hay→#
Br

# Ia
'
,

Bnet
off
-
Bnet is small mfc is unsaturated and bone
very
so
,

Scc is linear .

Exe
Zs=
e÷a=
and Xp > > Ra ×s±
Ezaz
→ '

✓lqa÷

and is known determined

* if Ea Ia Xs can be .

internal
⇒ , ) out
genvlg Ea from ok
for guon If
short count current Ia that
2) but
.sc
@ field
current Scc
from
3)find test Eattaesc
.

core

obtained saturated and#

how
Ea →
by partially
determined unsaturated core
La →
by

:-.
^

IAT

µta_=
(A)

I. A)
 THE SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO

* Short circuit is the the current

ratio
of ratio
field
required for the rated
voltage at
open
circuit

to current required hated

the
field for
the

armature current at short evieuet .

SCR =
TITO c

If @ Ia ,
rated at SC

A SNUZ 4 connected
EI 200 KVA Uso V
syne
.

: ,
-

, ,

tested
generator with
Tfraped of 5A were

data
and
following Is taken .

rated 540 V
l VT @ Ty
.
=

,
oe

300A
2
Iysc @ rated
3-
=
'

terminals

0.2rad
lov

3 .
when de
voltage h was applied across 2

Thy
a current of 25A was measured .

Ra

Gator
find , ×s

T
}
→ R=
2R= 10/25
÷ R

how , Ia se IL ,sc= 30° A

,

311
EA ( phase vlg ) ¥3 z5hgg2
SV
.

=
 Zs =L -039 -

East 313¥
=

FREE 1039 → REX g2= 1.0392

⇒ ×s=o2r

of XSZ

1.040
approx value
8÷a=

after
-

2h 1.039 -

Eni
,

:-.
Vg ,

[Link]
 The Synchronous Generator Operating alone

Generator -
Load
.

* constant
speed of generator is assumed to be .

* motor is assumed to constant

turn be .

* neglect value of Ra
Effect of load
changes on
synchronous Generator

ILT ⇒ IAT ⇒
just
* however
Ea=K¢w
= constant as ¢Ew= constant

Ea= Vcft jtaxs ⇒ if Iaf → to Keep

Eaconstomd

Why
-

East
-

Vqtg7a[0Xs

Fire
items
to

[
,

#Ed>
has
\ vef
Eat '=V¢ @ tgsatoxs decrease .

jtats
"

wrote
'

'
Ia
'
,
/ →
,

/
\

rr
 n*
:

[Link]#;IfgIEIe
UPI
V¢

leading

÷
'

-4Pa
in

¥TI*i**
edges
paly
t
Lagging
heads ( tee
) vp 1 with
[Link]
2 UPF
Vote slightly with Tat
.

Vol T Iaf
3. wads C- e)
Leading with
Parallel Operation of Ac Generator

* borated
generators operating are
very
rare

.
Several

than
generators
one
Ad÷
machine
can
supply
by itself
a
bigger load

2 .

hureased reliability of the power system ,

smile
failure of one generator doesn't affect the

whole
system as a

'

3. Allows one or more

generators to be removed

for shutdown or
preventive maintenance .

4- used it not
Y only one
generator Is and is

load is
relatively
at it
operating near
full ,

niefficient
R
0

y
GI load
B
•

R
•
/ • -

y
N
GL
•

B
✓ •
CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR PARALLELING

must
i . The rms line voltage of the
generators be
equal .

the have
generators must
2 same
phase sequence
.

3 The phase angles

"
must equal
of two
"
be
phases
'

4.
Frequency of
the
incoming generator must
slightly
be

higher than
frequency of
the
ruining system

*
Condition 1
& 3
for voltages to be equal ,
rms magnitnd
-

also
should be same .

' must be same and angles

* voltages a & a

must also be same

UB

⇐
.

←µ
^
Nbl

\ "

-
va

that at
Condition .

.
ensures the
generators peak
time the
the same .

lf phase sequence was

diff
would peak at times
generators dtff

\h problem
* has
phase a no
.

nc\-z A phase bec will have

-

£
a

↳
currents
huge circulating .
 not transients
* if the
frequencies are same
, heavy
will till
ouur
generators operate at The same

frequency .

The miomur should be

generator freq slightly dff
as
compared to the
already busting generator ,

that the
this
Is so
phase would shyft gradually
exact which
and we
get an point @ paralleling
can be done
 Freqpowerervotagereactwepavercharaof
asyuchronousoenesatorht
all have similar behaviour (a)
penmemoress as
power
drawn increases that speed drops this
from them
, ,

variation Is linear but Is made linear

usually
non
.

by using a suitable
speed governing arrangement .

* speed droop SD
[Link]#l
=

×i°°%
,

↳ Nfl
%
usually
2-4

* there is
setpoint where the load speed
usually
a no

can be varied

•f
Droop drama
^

nn ^ feel a -

nine
fine

1.91-9
§ tse governors
setptntsog

§⇐-#¥±÷÷t
"
fl 1

§
1
⇒ ,
1
1

{
1
1

Pse Pse
1

>
Ponce →
Power
LKW ) CKW )→
supplied
fee np
off
 now

the tse
,

( HHKW )
-

slope
pµ==
⇒ Pn= 1- L [Link] ton )
-

slopecuzlkw )

|PfL=sp(fm-££= fioykmwwtfjtz

=!>
:-#
fit
,=sp( fine f )
,
P

,
-

¥
- -
- -
-
.
,

g-
in ⇒
) ! :
,
srsorkwmlwytuz .

1 1

1 1

1
1

Pl Power
Pfe
KW
* he
generator esp when as lagging load 9 ⇒ V , I
load xaehte
(a)
when a
lagging consumes more

power (a) when a

gem supplied more routine

power vet
to maintain this linear
*
Vonage regulators help drop
by changing
the
voltage regulator setpoint we can

move the curve

up or down based on requirement

:-P
set
* when generator operates alone & Q are
by y

governor
set point → decides fag of operation
field current → decides Ve

¥5
aaaf¥
g.
camera
ReatmiPown,Q&Vs(v§^yVr=
-
-

bad I

I
-

Qahcroskea | had
A
( lagging supplied →
→
WAR aomceted
) CKVAR supplied )
Consumed
)
Read :

add
→ when the
freq between two
waveform
flukier freq
Andy
shfhh#he then
duffin .

=
frifl

whenfeeyaiedase_kg.sn
[Link]
Th → turn on ,
turn OFF high rate Is hjh
rate low
fhikr freer L →
turn on turn OFF is .

,
Syudhouismgprocedureii "

oncoming Generator Gz to
"

Adjust the speed of The

.

match that
of the
speed of Gi

2
Using the voltmeters the
field currents
of the
.

That
oncoming generator should be
adjusted such
the terminal
voltage GL is
equal to the line

voltage of the
running system .

must be
3 .
Phase
sequence of
The
oncoming generator
compared to The
phase sequence of the
running
motor et
'

system
( using say a small wdnilron

can be
verified If
both the onion or and The

running system have the same

phase sequence )
* ↳ 3
lamp .
method :
if all the 3
lamps get .

dark and might together they have the

same
sequence ,
if they glow in snuesgon
have
they opp phase sequence
.

4 .

frequency of oncoming generator is

adjusted .

running system
than the
slightly higher ,

will with each

→ the phases change respect to

other
very slowly making It easier foous to
when
identity they are easily in
phase
→ m the 3
lamps when the
lamps Art the
go
phone Is
be
difference zero ,
and
paralleling
can performed .
 synchro sropet
"

→ not animate so used

very
we a
,
.

EBI
.im?a:aEE:e
shower than line .

Hy
↳ about
gives only info
phase and not
phase
sequence

when the
synchro hope needle is at vertical

position synchronising smith can be pressed .

Pt of synchronisation

µ µ

[Link]
 aaQ#⇒ 3
a

¥
IF
*
Gen supplies a load 1
.
A second had 2 Is to be

connected in
parallel to first one .

1M$
food 614 and sp WMZ
Gen
freq of
=
* has no Z

* had I consumes real power of 1000kW @ 0.8

pflag
* load 2 consumes seal
power of sookw @ 0.707 pftg
dosed Is
a) Before Smith is what
op
.

fseg of system
P, = Sp ( fne -

f , ) Sp=lMwµz= 1000kHz

(6' f 's
%¥E€,tj
woo = in -

→ I = 61 -

f ,
→ f , =6oUz

connected what is
fseg of
b) often had 2 n' op
.

system .

1800
P =P ,+Pz= 1000+800 =

1800 =
Sp ( fne -

f )
1800=1000
( 61 f -
)
→ f= 61 -

l
.

8= 59 -
ZHE
 c) aftn load 2 is connected what action can

operator take to make

system operate @

GOUZ

÷)g
.
^

Gitt

59.2 - -
-

- - -

1800kW

operated
→
O .

SHE has to be increased ⇒ the

that the
should adjust The
governor
so

61+08
ho had
freq winases by 0.8 (e)
= 61.8 UZ

#I
Gt 8
61 HZ

sao
-

gaming
:aEµ=±g¥€=a
1800kW
 Operation Generators in Parallel
of with
Large
Power systems
¢ Simple explanation)

→
infinite bus Is so
powerful that It imposes
its own voltage and
frequency upon any
apparatus That it connected to its terminals
.

→ it Is
impossible to
specify the nature
of
load
( /
small large or ind
/ capacitive ) connoted

terminals
at
generator
what much
?
'

→ determines how Is delivered

power
and constant
*
Voltage fecg :

variable levitation
field
A ÷ I .

2 .
Mohamed torque chested .

turbine
by
→

Effect of Variation
of 3g
.

after synchronisation Ea
'

ni almost
A
just
ni phase with the terminal voltage v¢

Ia=o⇒P=O
A ⇒ EE jzaxs I o ⇒

be in
at
genwakr
Is said to
foaling
the line
 ¥ itself 8=0
.÷¥w

P=O ⇒ EVXsm£sni8=o ⇒

A
lf we mirease
Zf ,
voltage EAT =
KM
→
Ea= Eat Vp
and IIEat #
q/×s
98
and
Ia lags En by
5h

' I= 800A
a

[Link]#
¥104
kv
#

✓ I
 concerned bus
⇒ as
far generator Is
,
the
infinite
looks like an indenture load and sine

inductive load
an consumes reaetweponoy
the generator supplies native poncho The

system
* A and kz of the high nature nature ,
the

active is small
power very
.

decrease excitation en= Eat is

if
A re
we
-

and lags En the

Ia ⇒ the
generator see
,

capacitor

and
bus like it
infinite a so

sr takes uirearhe

E)
mamma
EattqTfE=f
EEK f
Fesooa

Ea=8kV V¢ =L 2kV
* as eaeibihoninireases routine pour supplied T
* eaeitaton decreases rearhic I
power supplied
as
Effect of Varying Mechanical torque
-

synchronisation pt of
A Ea and vi @
phase
are
vof

steam value rotor accelerates and

*
if we
open ,

attains value
faster than
Ea
Mah
Vp
.

a- Pin =
Kapp hem Pint Pg9=⇒8T
and have value but
A Ea Vq same are snow

8
sop by an
angle

* Eni Ea -

VI

Tivo
g-
up
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ik¥9
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.

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to
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arhieponu
component
 [Link]#dnnrgeofsamesiz=

Talone ÷

* real
power CP ) and reactive power ( a ) supplied
constrained to be
by Generator were
fired ,

to Power demanded bty head

be equal

freq varied by governor setpomts

A
ady
.
.

curnutt
Terminal voltage varied
by andy field
A

Genapaatedinpara_ftos
and constrained
* freq we to be constant
by
mfunte bus

varied
power CP ) by ady governor
* real →

set points
varied excitation
reactive Pineda ) by ady
→
A

what happens when a is connected in

parallel
gem
.

• with another
generator ,
smear to its
rating ?
•

sffeet of ady governor

set points ,
excitation .
A constraint ÷ The real and reactive
of
sum

powers supplied by the 2

generators must

to P
equal The & Q demanded
by wad

and
A
freq Ve are not constrained to
by
constant

Generator -

op
alone ( house diagram )

fed

=)
f,

i PGI =P load .

P →
,

often
 ni the
Gen Gz parallel with Gen G , supplying
Same load

The
#
Road

Stefan
@ net OA =
Road
OB =
PGI
- GA -
PGL

=•
#§a,=pwad=pa+Paz !

O
B A

→
Pa ,
←
p z

( just after paralleling )

* when set points are meriased for Gz
governor

aIn afd

-
q
at #
• - - - - -
• £2
point f
q
- =

,
.
,

↳
1
, fo
get point 1 1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

(
,

/ !
0 I '
B B A

←
→
P
,
Pz
OA = Total wad
power
OB =
Pg , @ set point I
; BA : Paz @ set point I

Pgi@setpomst2.B 'A Pg 'z@ set Porat

' 2
OB = =
 Pay = Road =
Pol t Pat

Pads
'

Pa Paz > Paz

clearly ,
&

fz > f ,
> to

when Gen
operating together
2
⇒ are
,
an

merease in governor set points in one

of
them :

D mereases system freq

2) hureases
power supplied by that Gen
,

supplied other
while
reducing power by
one .

* when eaeitatioin Is increased for Gz

Ve ^ ^VT

÷
OF KVAR dem
of had

= QQ , Ifz
OB = @

BA =
QGL @ Ifz
QGZ
|
V QTOTAE QGI +

0 B I A
←
°

a ,
- ←
Oz
 ^÷
ritn

V.
of
÷
→

g-
- - -

If 2
1
- fo KI
•

T 1

42 1

1
1

1 1

1
1

1
'
B 1

0 Bt to A

Q
,
- ← Qz

OA =
Qzon→= QTOTAL
OB= Qg , @ Ifz ; BA= Qgz @ Ifz

Qa£
Qd
\ ' 1

OB '= QG Bt Qaz @ Ifz

, @ Tfz A=

Qeoeai ,
t

'
Qaic Qa ,
&
Qaz >
Qaz
'
vp ,
> he ,
> veo
⇒ when 2 Generators are
operating together
:
and field current Gz Is nicneased

terminal is mireased
i.
system voltage
Q that
2. Reactive
power supplied by oen is

mireased while venture

,
power supplied
other Gen Is decreased
by
 load
Neuf : Gen G and Gen GL supply a .

and
wad
frlg 61.5 HZ
Spf IMWME
:
on → no

61.0 and
qz→
: HZ spz= IMWFHZ
n a n

both @
supply real 2.5mW
power
o
Spf
-

gem
a .

lag
a) fund freq of the
system and
power
each
supplied by gem
.

P
,
=
Spi ( fine
-

fsys ) &P2= Spzcfntfsys 2

)
|

Pwad =
P
, tPz= 2 -5MW

→ 2. 5=PitPz= Spi ( 61 .

5- fsys ) + Sp2( 60 -

fsys )
2.5=1 ( 61-5 -

fnp ) +1
( 60 -

fsys )
→
fsys
122¥25
=
=
Gouz

and P
,
= Spi ( fme -

fsys ) = I (61-5-60)
,
=L -5mW

Dz= 2.5 -
P
,
=
Spd fneztfsys )
t I
=
2. 5- 1. 5
( )
1
µ bq 60
-

=
1MW I
1mW
b) load Is mvreased
by 1MW ,
The new
fregf ?
List 3.5MW
Pwad I =
=

→ 3.5=1 ( the ,
,
-

fsp ) t I
( the ,z
-

top )

( 61-5
3.5=1
tsp ) +1 (6' tgys )
-
-

→
fsp =

122-5=3-5
± 59.5 HE

( the
Pit SPI
, ,
-

fgp ) = I
(61.5-595)=2 mw

the R - P
,
=
3-5-2=1
'

5MW

the Spy fnep fsp ) -

= I
(61.0-895)=1 -5MW

governor setponibofhzbminased
e) no had
if
by 05Mt the
,
new system fregf ?
61
⇒
the to 5= 61.542
.

,z=

Pond =
PHPE Sp , ( the ,
,
-

tsp ) + Spdfne # g) ,

35=1 ( 61.5 -

fan ) +
1
( 61 '

5-
fsys )

top
→

12¥35 59.75
=
=
H 2- .

Pfspi ( the , ,
-

fap ) = 1
(61.5-59.75) -
175mW
Put 3.5-1.75=3 .

75MW
 POWER SHARING ADJUSTED INDEPENDENT OF

SYSTEM FREQUENCY

ni
*
hwreasnng governor setpoints one
generator
wivreases machines power
and
system freq .

A
decreasing governor setpoints in other
gen
.

elevenses the machines power and

system
frequency
* ⇒ To
adjust power sharing without
changing
frequency
increase
governor setpoints on

one
gem
and
simultaneously decrease

governor setpomts on other generator

fe a
^fe

tea

#
setponttl setpont 42
f y

/IrEte÷¥.f÷÷ setpont

.
 ADJUSTING FREQ WITHOUT CHANGING POWER

SHARING

mirease
*
Simultaneously or decrease The

set
governor points of both generators .

.
÷
fit n nfet
setp 1/2

.
!
1

, gdp2ir
a
-
-
• -
-
- • .
fz

[Link]#nt
,
Setpt 2,1
!
I

#
← Pg , pgz→

Reaitnepomor : To
adjust reactive
power sharing
VT

by
bureau ni and
mdep of , 3- one
gem
decrease
vi.
}
in other

To with sharing hwrease

adjust same
power
ordeerease
Z MI
gmmtanunshy on
both Gen
rep Yet

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⇒##÷#÷±I÷i :

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÷
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[Link] ,

Q↳Qswpp→
#
c- Qs

← Qknpp
 §
ywhronousGen-tsts
→ when
shaft torque / output load on a
generator
these Is transient
changes suddenly a
lasting
sometime the
generator bark to
for before comes

Its state
steady
when will with
→ en : a
generator paralleled an

infinite bus ,
It runs
faster because
of
its

higher steadies down

gen freq however
.

to
to a lower speed match the
system fseq

@ t →
just before paralleling ,

→ Gen is at no had and EEV

¢
⇒ Br =Bnet

°J-¥⇒¢
That
W nae Br

to switch has been closed

@ ,
when
paralleling ,

stator currents start to

flow
** 's rotor Is than
gen turning faster system
speed Ea starts to had
Vg
so
,

q§€B
stents
#
Br
Ea
>
w
-
-
v¢ net
 kind KBRXB dn 9md= dis BRXB
'

=
net of net

5¥
;
Br

#
\ °
Bat
Bs

* Tnid opposes the diction

of
motion and
'

nineascs with nurease in

phase angle btw
Br and
& But or
Ea up
shows down The
* This opp
.

torque generator
and it return at
finally synchronous
speed with the nest of the
power system
.

is @ honor Ea
Y gon running a
speed
.

Br World
lag But
would
lag Vp and
w

*
But

*
kind
speed
in

builds
the

up
an
case
Br

till
aids

it rakes
diction

the
of rotation

sync
.

speed
and
 Transiently
hint be
static stability =
main
power
that can .

Gnnerakr
supplied by a

Pmai
3EaV¢Xs

and =

@ maap 3EaV¢wXs

→ however man had that can be

supplied is

hinted but
stability
"

by Dynamic

→
lf the
Tapp
is
suddenly wioreased Ted T
and nireans till hid =

Kapp ,
but their

rotor has meiha due to whntn et can

"

overshoot
"
and This
delay
via a
damped
oscillation .

#
^
-
-
- -
-
-
,
-
- .
- -

a¥itFoiMm
 and
any point if
this instantaneous torque
them
Knot becomes greater than ,
the

become Westside
generator can

how
A
Size of contention
depends on

suddenly
the additional torque Is applied

⇒
A
if the tongue is added
gradually
make reach
then we can the
mfc
.

its stability hint ( static )

A
Y suddenly added ,
the
gen may
only
be stable @ a much lower hint
h

A
for abrupt changes ,
the
dynamic stability can

be
half of
that
of static
stability hint .
 SYNCHRONOOSGENbt_RARRA.TN
S

Basic hints
Rating -
: to
speed and
power from a

synchronous generator

to
A
purpose is protect the
generator from
mimoper operation
.

Typical ratings e-
÷
voltage ,
frequency , speed ,

apparent power ( KVA ) , power factory

field current & Service
factor .

whrih

Leff
I .

't
depends on The
power system to

the Is connected
generator .

* used : 504 Z
( Swope asia 6 OH 2- ( u s
Commonly
.

, ,

400 UZC spl .

control applications )

between
* relation
freq
and
speed ÷
fe= nip
120

[Link]#tGa=kcfw
is
*
if freq fined , for given
a
set of piles
is
speed of rotation
there
only
one
possible

⇒
voltage depend on : 1.10
2 . W

3. Constructs

of mfc
hints to
voltage
____'
. D for gain speed and
frame
Eaxw → as
$ T EAT ,
but there Is a limit to
 which set rotor
increase in
fun
Is
by
the
field chiding
limited limited and
and so
3g is and so
¢ is so

limited )
Ea Cvdkye Is also

[Link]#atondfwdng
normal
→
operating voltage
is
should not
approach
very easily
breakdown .

rated @ with
*
Operating a
generator one
frequency
another
freq
to
→ 6OHz Gen be
operated in 5oHz

now
Ea=k¢ co ¢ is limited
by
a mad value

→
Ewa_=
constant fm Eg
x
Egg

→
Ease Lead
fg÷
⇒
=

Egg Egg

50-54
=

60

to operate the lower the

voltage
generator @ frequency
should be donated
by factor of (5%0) and vice
a

Hat to be
versa
for a
gun operated @ bout
 Imminent
three
most severe condition on a Gun shortingout
terminals
this condition is called a
fault
Current flowing for one phone

de component
ac component

iii
because the is
A de components comes
gen
like an wielder and avant beforefault
and so the sum of a c and
current afterfaint
cle components maintains that relation
Acsymmetricalcomponent

EhD steadystate
I
iii m t

l
Spffigysient

i
Sub Transient current Dueto Damper windings
low
2 high tune constant
value z 10tunics of steady stale
A
fault current
Dc component of
current
Tra rmnt causedby a

widened wi the fieldWuidings

3
high tuie constant state
at value is 5 furies steady
fault current

fundamentalcompeftacurrent
Steadystatefault
Iss Ee
Xs Xs

7 t I t I t Iss
III e
th I 2 e Htt Iss
SS

and X t sub transient reactance

EE
Transient reactance
x Ee
Ia
A 100MVA 13.5kV 4 converted 346042 Syn Gen
operated rated voltage and we had when asf
fault owns
o 25 x so 12
Xg l O X

T I 10 T 0045

80 of antial
Initial de component averages
al component

a what is ae componentof the current rightafter

fault 42777A
41824A
ILbase Shae 100 MVA
Fs Vbase B x 13.8kV

I Ea I 8 33 4184
s 8 33
puff 35627 4 A

I Ea_ II B 4.0 I I
4.0 4184
Pn Xl 01.25 17108A

Iss Egg
1 1Pa Iss 4277A
 Initial a 356274A
component
b total current begumg of fault
Atom I t O
fate
III 15 35627 htt

53441.1 A

2 cycles and 5 see

c a Ac component after
40 04 I I e
th l 4184
IA I 2 e

t
2 eyellis 2
To
HO 04 41
Ict 18116 e 1 12552 4184

A
Literacy rate

671 ad q
 Apialings
Faetors
Mechanical Torque on
shaft
Heating of the machine's windings

Usually the machines shaft are strong to handle steadystate

torques much higher than the what the machine is rated
for
So Hints are
usually set by theheatinguith
windingsofthe machine
Armature wig's
windings
T both have to be protected
Field wig's from overheating

now ApparentPower 8 3Vp Ia

the maximum allowable armature current Ia man sets
the maximum apparent powerrating the gem
of
Sman Vol i hatedvoltageofwild
Fs Mfc man

HealongfeffeetofstatorculossipscESIERa

boththese heating effects are independent the

of power
because
 Iviselerent
of to arm
e
the
power f
the machine
heating ratingof
is in kVA and not kw

Heating effectof rotor euloes Pra If Rf

bleause
Ig is hinted and so of is limited
Eoe kg w limits are set by rotor current
Acceptable powerfautor hated kVA

E a rated

I l

1 I I y xs Ial
man
I Voi l

Iarated I
I
f t l Eatman
IIalmax
current can assume many angles staying in

the same value I I al mon

a lower powerfactor we can see the value

I increase
 of man An
tin
flak and thereby 7 more than its hated
value and cause
burning of field winding
may
t Ea rated

47
9 Ea
l l

1 l IgxsIal
mm

t
Wii t
I
Iarated t
Ta f
f I Eatman
IIalmax I f

the angleof Ia that enquires man value of Ea

while Vg is hated value gives the hated
the generator
powerfactor of

it is possible to operate the generator a

lower power fautor be cuttingdown
only only
the kVA supplied by the gem

fdwd Earated
 i EastEalmen
this
µ
I l l i
l I l I i l
TI l i IgXSIalman
4
Y
i Yip i
ii
Iarated l il i
I l
f Eatman
IIalmax Fsl
reduced IEalmas

SYNCHRONOUSGENERATORCAPABILITYCURVES
field
aren
representation ofthe stator and rotor heating limits
and any otherlimits
a capability curves
of syne gene graphically

it is a complex plot of S Pt Q and b derived

g
the Synchronous Generator
from phaser diagram of
1 Volts9
I
l B
g
Eats
1 d
 0 to
fqA volts
Ia Ry l n

OA IIakstcos o o Iaxssuito ranis

AB IIakslsui Go a Taxscoso yams
Achiepower F 3 VpIacoso AB can be convertedinto
P with suitable
calibration factor
now ABr falls cos 0 31
Xsi l
this converts ABV ABP 3V IawSO
i l
OA Iaxssino x 3V AAA 3Vp Ia Siho

calibration factor 3 can be added to

Xs
each element to make it a corresponding quantity
in power
up
a 31 APT
l Ey T
B
B e

Eats zE
p
x 91 HA 3
to

Ev HP x
3
06,09 A a
 a
1 asf
1 O'A Q 3VqIasuiO
i HB P Iacoso
B s
Xf Vaio x'f 40 3 I

[Link] o'A a
3vqIasuio
ABCIaxscoso 53 3VpIacoso A'B CP
3Volks
Ea 3EaV0
ts
O'B Iab dB's 3 ro Ia S

nee
current
Ameingtftor

current

n f
firm
DE Motor

iFF
a
Generator curve
capability

ift
 Addingapaunemo verlinit

na I

s E

if fp

Primemover limit

3
Xs
Q A 480V 50kt Y connected 6 pole synchronous Gen
is rated 50 kVA at O 8 pf Cag Xs I or 1phase
 Assume connected to learn a bur capableof
supply 65kW Pf w I 5kW Pco I 0kW

a sketch capability curve

DE

Ilq
I Es d
Gun is star connected 4 277 V
Vpa
x'ponti 3 2772 230kV AR
I

H DE 3 ro Ea
Xs
 Eat VolLot
g talks
277 j Ia Gott

Ia ma I Srated 1032
50 60A
3 Vf 3 277

Eat 2776 gGo k 87 i

Eats 31748.7 F

DE 38 10 3 277 263 KVAR

3174

45kW
mad
power xp
Pout Pui Phew Pao

45 1.5 l O 42 5kW
all
15 A
too
YETI
arm i
75
I sa
IE I
l
I
a a
25
I I
to f 33KHAR

fi
 f
I
75 448
Poof
L
Gch Capability DE 263KVAR
too
Curve
no

Too
I
origin ofman
rotor current
f as
3
a
230kVAR

b Canthisgem supply 56A o

Fpf lag
hated pf o
SpgAag hawver the current is less than the
rated value of 60A
P 3VoyIacosef a 3 277 56 0.7 32 6 KW

Q 3VpRashid 3 277 58 0 714 33 2kV AR

but this is outside the gem cap curve in field current

 S 56A 3 277 56
46.54 kVA
a 33 2kV AR
46 32 g

c Maximum reactivepower that can be produced

man rearhicpower is when achie power o

p o Q 33kVAR from the cap curve

d if the gen is supplying 30kW of real power what

is man amount of reactive power that can be
supplied

Graphically 31 5kV AR
 TIMEOPERATIONI
SHORT

the heating buritts usually crews at a point

much less than the maximum power that the
generator is magnetically mechanically able to
supply
gen maybe able to supply 300 of
a

its rated power for a while until the

windings burn off

this ability is used to supply momentary

power surges transients

also generator can supply powers enceeding A

a

sated value for longer tune as long as winding

doesnt get time to heatup much

a l 5MW can i 5MW forsometn

gen supply
provided the wad is removed
cheese

winding overheats

wit µefse
pot
ID
 O l Z 4 pm current
Masimum temp rise that a gem can withstanddepends
on Insulation classe of the rounding
A B F H

Io kotos taste
above ambienttemperature

higher the IC greater the power that can be

drawn from a gem without overheating the
windings

10 C T
above rated avg life 14,2
so sync gem should not be overloaded
unless
absolutely necessary
Some factor

Before installation there is an approximate

only
estimate of the load

SF actual man power

e rating
so
if Sf l e5 then la generator can supply
11506
 upto of plat ating
SI provides error in case the
a a
margin of
toads were uriproperly estimated