Energy Power Sources

Lecture 2
Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud Samy
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Basic Structure of Power System
• Power System is a network of high-tension wires/cables by which Electrical power
transmitted and distributed throughout a region.
• Power system is defined as a network of one or more generating units, loads and
power transmission lines including the associated equipment’s connected to it.
• Power System consists of the following main components:
• Generation System- Energy Conversion Methods
• Switchgear – Step-up transformer in the Generation station
• Transmission System- Ultra-high, Extra-high, High and Medium Voltage levels
• Substation- Step up or step-down Transformer or switching substation
• Distribution System- Low voltage levels
• The Load or Energy sink- Resistive, Capacitive or inductive Electrical devices

2
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
Single line diagram of a Power System Structure
Generation Transmission
System System

15,20 kV 400,500 kV 400,500 kV 66,45 kV

Generator-1
Large
Consumers

Step-up Step-down
Transformer 132,230 kV Transformer

Distribution
System
Generator-2 400,500 kV
15,20 kV 132,230 kV
66,45 kV
Step-down
Transformer
Step-up
Transformer 33,15 kV

11,11.5 kV
400/220 V
33/15 kV
Medium
and small
Generator-3
Consumers

3
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
 4

Energy Resource Options

• They can be defined as net providers of energy

• Primary Energy Resources are subdivided into:

1. Non-renewable energy sources:

• Fossil Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

• Definition: Non-renewable energy is energy obtained from static stores of

energy that remain bound unless released by human interaction.

• Non-renewable energy supplies are also called finite supplies.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed

Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 5

Energy Resource Options

2. Renewable energy sources:

• solar energy, wind energy, Hydropower, biomass sources;

geothermal energy are seasonally and slowly recovered energy
sources.

• Definition: Renewable energy is the term used to cover those

energies that occur naturally and repeatedly in the environment
and can be harnessed for human benefit.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed

Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Brief description of the main Power System Components

1. Generation System
• Types of Energy Resources:
• Oil, Natural Gas, Coal, Atomic energy (Fossil fuel resources)
• Solar, Hydro, wind, hot water/spring, Biomass (Renewable energy Resources)
• Types of Energy Conversion Methods/Generation Systems:
• Diesel Generator, Gas Turbine, Steam Turbine, Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT), Steam
Injected Gas Turbine, Nuclear power (Conventional systems)
• PV System, Solar Thermal, Hydropower, Wind Power, Geothermal, Biomass (Renewable
conversion systems)
2. Transmission System
• This component of the power system transmits bulk electrical energy from generation stations where it
is produced to the main load centres. The transmission system is composed of:
• Step-up and Step-don substations
• Transmission lines

6
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Brief description of the main Power System Components

3. Distribution Systems
• The distribution system gives out the energy from the medium voltage
substations to customers’ location. It is composed of:
• Medium Voltage (MV) lines (33kV, 15 kV)
• MV/LV transformer substations (33/15/ kV to 400/380/220 V)
• Distribution lines (33/15 kV, 380 V 3-phase and 220 v single phase)
4. Load or Energy Sink
• Load is the end equipment of the power system where the transmitted
electrical energy is converted to other forms of useful energy.

7
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Main Objectives of an Electric Power System
• Dynamic Balance: An electric power system is a dynamic system which maintains a balance between supply and demand.
• Supply Side Management: The supply of electricity consists of physical devices that must be designed, constructed,
operated, maintained, and eventually replaced as each device wears out.
• Demand Side Management: The demand for electricity changes over time, from instantaneous (seconds, minutes), to
short term (hours, days), and to the longer term (months, years).
• Efficient Energy Generation: The system aims to generate adequate energy for supplying customers’ demand at a low
price, with efficient conversion and low environmental and social impacts.

• Efficient Energy Transmission: The energy is transmitted from generation stations to load centres over long distances at a
low price, efficiently, stably, and reliably.

• Quality Energy Distribution: The transmitted energy is distributed from substations to customers, ensuring quality
service, low prices, and efficient utilization of the energy.

• Connection to Consumers: The function of an electric power system is to connect the power station to consumers’ loads.
8
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Essential Components of Power Systems

1. Electric Power Generators: Sources of power in the system, commonly three-phase AC synchronous
generators or alternators.
2. Transformers: Used to step up or step down the voltage levels in the power system.
3. Transmission Lines: Conduits for transmitting power from the generating stations to the load centers.
4. Circuit Breakers and Disconnect Switches: Devices used to interrupt the flow of electricity in the event
of a fault or for maintenance.
5. Voltage Regulators: Devices used to maintain a constant voltage level in the power system.
6. Sub-transmission Systems: Carry power from the transmission system to the distribution
systems.
[Link] Systems: Distribute power from the sub-transmission systems to the consumers.
9
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Essential Components of Power Systems

8. Loads: Consumers of the power generated, such as residential homes, commercial

buildings, and industrial facilities.
[Link] Devices, Power Electronics, and Reactors: Ensure the safety and efficiency
of the power system.
[Link] Equipment, Isolators, Earthing Switches, Bus-Bars: Used for safe and
efficient operation of the power system.
[Link] Transformers, Potential Transformers, Relay and Protection Equipment,
Lightning Arresters, Station Transformer, Motors for Driving Auxiliaries in Power
Station: Used for measurement, protection, and control in the power system.

10
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Introduction to Three-Phase Systems

• The major portion of all electric power

presently used in generation,
transmission, and distribution uses
balanced three-phase systems.
• A balanced three-phase voltage system
is composed of three single phase
voltages having the same magnitude
and frequency but time-displaced from
one another by 120°.

11
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Instantaneous phase voltages

𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 V
𝑉𝑏𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 120° V
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 240° V , 𝑉𝑚 = 120 2

12
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 Connecting the source and load
Only 3 wires are needed to connect the source and load.

13
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
 • Three similar terminal of each coil connected
Wye connection to the same point called neutral or n.

14
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
Wye connection
• For balanced symmetrical three phase system:
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ

15
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
 Line-to-line voltages in Wye connection

• Magnitude of line-to-line voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑏 is larger than the magnitude of

phase voltages 𝑉𝑎𝑛 by a factor of 3.

• Line-to-line voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑏 leads 𝑉𝑎𝑛 by 30°

16
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
Line-to-line voltages in Wye connection

17
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Delta connection

18
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Delta connection

19
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
 • Residential loads are usually single-phase loads (220 V)

• Industrial and commercial loads are mostly three phase

Single and three
loads (400 V)
phase loads
• Clustered residential areas are powered by three phases

• Single houses might be powered by single phase

20
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
Wye connected load

21
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Wye connected load

22
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Wye connected load

23
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Delta-connected load

24
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Y-Delta transformation

25
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
 26
Prof. Dr. Mohamed
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy,
samy, Head Head of Engineering
of Electrical Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef
Dept., Beni-Suef UniversityUniversity
Power of three phases system

27
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Power of Y-connected three phases load

28
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University
Power of Delta-connected load

29
Prof. Dr. Mohamed samy, Head of Electrical Engineering Dept., Beni-Suef University