Chapter: Carbon Compounds - Class 10 SSC Board Notes
Carbon Compounds
Introduction
- Carbon is an essential element that forms a vast number of compounds.
- Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with carbon compounds.
- Carbon has unique properties such as catenation and tetravalency.
Bonding in Carbon
- Carbon atom has 4 valence electrons.
- It forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons.
- Covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity and have low melting and boiling
points.
Allotropes of Carbon
- Diamond: Hardest natural substance, each carbon atom bonded to four other carbon atoms in a
tetrahedral structure.
- Graphite: Soft and slippery, carbon atoms arranged in layers with weak forces between layers.
- Fullerenes: Carbon atoms arranged in spherical structures (e.g., C60).
Versatile Nature of Carbon
- Catenation: Ability to form long chains.
- Tetravalency: Forms four covalent bonds.
- Formation of Multiple Bonds: Single, double, and triple bonds.
Hydrocarbons
- Compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen.
- Types:
- Alkanes: Single bonds (C-C), general formula CnH2n+2.
- Alkenes: One double bond (C=C), general formula CnH2n.
- Alkynes: One triple bond (C=C), general formula CnH2n-2.
Functional Groups
- Atoms or groups replacing hydrogen in hydrocarbons.
- Common functional groups:
- Alcohol (-OH)
- Aldehyde (-CHO)
- Ketone (C=O)
- Carboxylic Acid (-COOH)
- Halogens (-X: X = Cl, Br, I)
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
- Prefix + Word root + Suffix
- Example: CH3-CH2-OH (Ethanol)
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
1. Combustion: Carbon compounds burn in oxygen to give CO2, water, heat, and light.
2. Oxidation: Alcohols get oxidized to acids.
3. Addition Reaction: Hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst
(Ni/Pd).
4. Substitution Reaction: Replacement of an atom or group in a molecule by another atom or group.
Ethanol and Ethanoic Acid
- Ethanol (C2H5OH):
- Colourless, volatile liquid.
- Used in alcoholic beverages, sanitizers.
- Reactions: Combustion, oxidation to ethanoic acid.
- Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH):
- Also known as acetic acid.
- Gives vinegar its sour taste.
- Reacts with alcohols to form esters.
Soap and Detergent
- Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.
- Soaps work better in soft water.
- Detergents work even in hard water.
Important Reactions
1. Esterification:
- Alcohol + Acid -> Ester + Water
- In presence of concentrated H2SO4.
2. Saponification:
- Ester + Base -> Alcohol + Soap
Summary
- Carbon compounds are numerous due to catenation and tetravalency.
- Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated.
- Functional groups define chemical properties.
- Ethanol and ethanoic acid are important compounds.