H A PT E R

14
Employees' Welfare
and Social Security
Chapter Coverage
Employees'/Labour Welfare: Concept and 14.4 Labour Wefare Officer
Rationale
14.5 Social Security: Coneept and Rationale
2 Agencies of Employees' Welfare 14.6 Scope of Social Security
L3 Types of Welfare Services
abour welfare includes provision of various facilities and amenities in and around the work
lace for the better life of the workers. It is a part and parcel of social welfare. The term 'social
[Link]' connotes the welfare of the entire society whereas labour welfare' is a narrow concept
ncerned with the welfare of workers. Labour welfare facilities include medical, sports,
ucation, cultural and other facilities. In India, some welfare fucilities are compulsory as per
Bbour laws. While others are purely voluntary in character. It should be noted that expenditure
iabour welfare is a profitable investment in the long run as it motivates the workers for
gher productivity.
Labour uwelfare has the following objectives:
(i) To provide better life and health to the workers.
(ü) To make the workers
happy, satisfied and efficient.
)1o relieve workers from industrial fatigue and to improve intellectual, cultural and
material conditions of living of the workers.
14.1
EMPLOYEES'/LABOUR WELFARE: CONCEPT AND RATIONALE
Concept of Employees' Welfare
The teerms 'labour
welfare', 'employees welfare' and 'workers' welfare' are used
terchangeably
addi to
for thetion to wages.
denote various services provided by the employers to the employees in
According to Arthur James Todd, "Labour welfare means anything done
comfort and improvement, intellectual or social of the enployees over and above the
Wages paid
which is not a necessity of the industry" According to a publication of ILO,
 14.2 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

"Workers' welfare should be understood As meaning with

which may be established in or in the vicinity of undertakingsservices,
to
facilities
and
in them to perform their work in healthy and peaceful enable the
which improve their health and bring high morale". surroundings and to persons ameitiws
avail otf emplorye
Labour welfare is a dynamic concept as new welfare
ones alongwith social changes. It is also a measures are added to facliteA
comprehensive
labour welfare entails all those activities of the employers concept. The modern ihe
the employees with certain facilities and services in which are directed existing
Concept
not a form of employers' good will or charity to the addition to wages or salaries. Tprovid1ngtowards
build and maintain the morale of the workers workers, but are facilitative These
to achieve the objectives of are
It is not only in the interest of the
employees to provide them with the services
benefits, recreation facilities, retirement
organisation itself. The employees feel benefits, etc., but also in thenecessary medica organisation
they also feel committed to the satisfied if they are provided with interest of the
organisation. Though welfare services are merely such
factors and not motivators, yet they
are
services and
they bear close connection with necessary
the productivity of the
for the health of the
employees.
maintenancg
organisation since
The basic features of employees or
(i) Labour welfare includes
labour welfare are as follows:
various facilities, services and amenities
for improving their health,
efficiency, economic betterment and provided to
social statusworkers
(ii) Welfare measures are in
addition to regular wages and other
available to workers due to legal provisions and
economic benefits
(iiü) Labour welfare measures are collective bargaining.
flexible and ever-changing. New welfare
added to the existing ones from time to time. measures aw
(iv) Welfare measures may be introduced by
the employers, government, employees o
by any social or charitable agency.
(v)The purpose of labour welfare is to bring about
the development of the whole
personality of the worker to make him a good worker and a good citizen.
Box 1: NATURE OF EMPLOYEES' WELFARE
¼ It is partly humanistic since it enables a richer and fuller life by
amenities and conveniences of life which they themselves cannot provide.
providing employees those
¼It is partly economic, since it improves the efficiency of labour, increases its availability, helps
to secure better class of workers, keep them contented, and minimizes the chances of industrial
strife.

It is partly civic, since it develops a sense of responsibility and dignity among the workers, ano
makes them worthy citizens.

Scope of Employees Welfare

The Labour Investigation Committee preferred to include under labour welfare a0y)
thing done for intellectual, physical, moral and economic betterment of the workers, wi
by employers, by Government or by other agencies, over and above what is laid down bylau
or what is normally expected on the part of the contracted benefits for which workers should
have bargained." According to the Committee on Labour Welfare, welfare services
 EMPLOYEES WELFAPE ANO SCCIAL
SECUArTY 143
services, facilities and amenities as adequate canteens, rest and rerontin fariities.
facilities, arrangements for travel to and from the
and
medical

a distance their homes and sueh other

from sernmmodation f
employed at serics, amenities and
security measures, which contríbute to conditions
ters
including social
under sheh
aities employed,
'
r k e r s
are
welfare
activities may be classified into two categories, viz.
L a b o u r

welfare activities;
statutory

(a)v o l u n t a r y welfare activities.

Statutory
b) welfare activities have to taken up by every employer as per the proisions
Such provisions may relate to working conditions, hors of
enactments.,

labour
industrial safety
rarious
and various other facilities to be provided to the workers to make
rk, and enjoyable. For example, the Factories Act, 1948 promdes for several
s m o o t h

heir
work
such as provision of drinking water, cleanliness and sanitation, cantaens.
activities

elflare
medical
and education facilities, irst aid appliances, recreational facnlities.
reches,
games
and sports, housing accommodation, etc.
#MUsement,

Voluntary
welfare activities are undertaken by the employers without compalson of
include Such activities conducive to the welfare of the workers whch are
They
their Own free will. They are also taken up by some social
by the enmployers on
law.
BOY
a n d e r t a k e n

arganisations.

Relation
beetween Welfare and Productivity
not charity to the workers but are necessary for the argamsation
Welfare services are
goals. There is a distinct relationship between welfare measures zd workers
to achieve its described below:
productivity as
workers.
() The welfare work of an employer largely indicates his attitude towards the
organisation in relation to other
t serves to attract and keep a better workforce for the
anganisations.
that these are
(ü) Generally, existence of welfare benefits gives an idea to the workers
motivation to feel loyal to the
non-monetary gains. It will give them a different kind of
onganisation and work devotedly for achieving the desired results.
and recreation for
(ü) Service facilities like housing scheme, medical benefits, education
them to devote
the workers' families help create contended workers' families. This will help of work will
themselves towards their work. The gain in terms of productivity and quality
be large indeed.
of peace with the employees'
W)Employees' services also serve tosecure some degree bargaining package. Harmony
lons in as much as these constitute a considerable part of the
and good relations will in turn lead to higher productivity.
Rationale and Importance of Employees'' Welfare
create efficient, healthy, loyal and
Ogic behind providing welfare facilities is to nation. In India, industrial workers
satisfied labour force for the organisation and alsofor the
get the benefit provide them better life and
of various welfare facilities. The purpose is to
also to make them happy and efficient. The other equally important purpose is to raise their
 14.4 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

productivity. Welfare services are not a charity, they are

essential to
from the workers by satisfying their needs. The important benefits getof hiwelfare
gher produty
given below:
1. Welfare facilities provide better physical and mental health
to
gervice
them happy. the workers
2. Such service facilities like housing scheme, medical l and mab
benefits, education
facilities for the workers' families help create contented And
help them to devote greater attention towards their workers' families. recTeatm
productivity and quality of work will be large indeed. work. The gain in This wl
3. Employees services serve to maintain some degree of terms
unions in as much as these constitute a considerable peace with
part the employe
The harmony and the good relations that result are the of the bargaining
4. Employers get stable labour force due to the provision kingpin of higher package
take active interest in their jobs and work with of welfare facilities. productivity
satisfaction. They also find their work interesting. a feeling of involvementWorkenand
5. Employers secure the benefits of high
labour absenteeism and turnover. efficiency, cordial industrial relatione n3y
6. Labour welfare measures raise
labour
cordial labour-management relations. productivity and bring industrial peace and
7. An employer is able to attract
talented workers from the labour market by providine
attractive welfare facilities.
8. The social evils prevalent in the
reduced. Welfare activities by the labour-force such as gambling, drinking,
employer bring improvement in the [Link] tatehe
workers and keep them cheerful.
14.2 AGENCIES OF EMPLOYEES' WELFARE
In India, the main agencies engaged in employees'
welfare include:
(a) Central government;
(b) State governments,
(c) Employers,
(d) Trade unions or employees'
organisations, and
(e) Non-government organisations (NGGOs)
The contribution of these agencies is briefly discussed below.
Central Government
The Central Government has passed a number of Acts for the welfare of
of workers. It also administers the implementation of industrial and labour laws. different
The impora
type
Acts which incorporate measures for the welfare of the workers are: Factories Act, Inaau
Mines Act, Employment of Children Act, Maternity Benefits Act, Plantation Labour Act, el
Under these Acts, employers have to provide certain basic welfare facilities to the worker
Por example, under the Factories Act, 1948,employer has to provide canteen, rest and lunch
room8, creches, medical aid, proper lighting, ventilation, drinking water, etc. at the work
 EMPLOYEES WELFAPE ANO 9OCIAL SECURTY
14.5
Appointment of Welfare Officer is also made compulsory In the ease of coal mines, the
(wellarefund has been made. It is called Coal Mines Labour
Welfare Pund This
wisionof

for providing housing, medical, edueational and recreation faclities t

utilised

to be Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund has been

adis in mines. constitated under the Mea
w
workers

WWelfare |Act,
Fund 1946. The government also provides housing, medical care.
aid etc. to the workers employed in public sector enteryrises
L a b o u r

Vnes educational

nteens,

SateGovernments

implementation
of many provisions of various labour laws rests with the State
overnments.
The The State Governments run health centres, educational centres, te lor the
the workers. They
also keep avigil on the employers that they are operating the
elfareof
made obligatory by the Central or State Government. The State Covernments
schemes.

rellare
been
empowered
to prescribe rules for the welfare of workers and appount approprate
have
quthorities for the enforcement of welfare provisions under various laws.

Employers

Many employers provide voluntarily welfare facilities alongwith the statutory wefare
facilities. T'hese include residential accommodation to employees, medical and transport
bilities, reading rooms, scholarships to children of workers, patronise teams of employees
or hockey, football, etc. Employers can provide welfare facilities individually or collectively
ie. through their associations. Employers have to play a major role in providing weifare
foclities to industrial workers. The welfare facilities offered by the employers on their own
are called voluntary welfare facilities. Some associations of employers also provide weifare
faclities collectively. They include Bombay Millowners' Association and Indian Jute Mills
Association.

Trade Unions
Trade unions are supposed to raise the welfare of workers and naturally they are
expected to provide certain welfare facilities to their members. Unions can provide educational,
cultural and other facilities to their members. In Bombay, some unions provide sports and
educational facilities, Co-operative stores are also run by some unions. Some trade unions
like the Rashtriya Mill Mazdoor Sangh are doing good work in the field of labour weifare.
atdition, Textile Labour Association, Ahmedabad provides certain facilities like schools,
scial centres, libraries; legal aid, ete. to the textile workers. Thus, Textile Labour Assocnation
of Ahmedabad is doing good work in the field of labour welfare. On the whole, the role of
unions in the field of labour welfare is insignificant as they face the problem of
shortage of funds in providing welfare services to their members.
Non-Government Organisations (NGOS)
Several non-ggovernment or voluntary organisations conduct social welfare activities
which are useful to all sections of the society including industrial workers. These agencies
provide
such medical aid, educational facilities, scholarships, ete. However, the contribution of
organisations in labour welfare is not so significant.
 14.6 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

14.3 TYPES OF WELFARE SERVICES

Welfare services relate to physical and social well-being of the
employeesas both
outside the organisation. The services within the enterprise are known
those outside the organisation as extra-mural services within the
provision of medical benefits, recreational facilities, libraries, organisation, intra-mural
may also include meals and refreshments supplied free of costcanteens, rest these :
or
emplovees. But outside the organisation, welfare arrangements at subsidised e Tha
rOoms,
rates
accommodation, education of children of employees, sports fields,include provision of t t
medical
family, etc. activities for
INTRA-MURAL AND EXTRA-MURAL WELFARE SERVICEs
Intra-mural Services
Such services are provided to the employees within the
bathing facilities, latrines and urinals, creches, rest establishment. They include
recreation facilities, free or subsidised food, etc.
shelters, canteens, uniform, medical washing and
aid, library,
Extre-mural Services
Such services are provided to the
employees outside the establishment. They consist of
accommodation, transport, maternity benefits, children's houcin
welfare, holiday homes, leave travel facilities, education, sports facilities, family and chia
sOcieties, vOcational guidance, interest free loans,workers' cooperative stores, fair price shops, credt
etc.
Welfare services may broadly be classified into:
(1) Economic
(2) Recreational
(3) Facilitative
These are discussed below:
1. Economic Services
These provide some
additional economic security over and above wages or salaries,
as pension, life assurance, credit Sun
facilities, etc. Establishing a proper pension program
reduce dissatisfaction in the area of economic n
to meet the needs of the security. Pension is a kind of deferred payueu
employees in their old age.
Generally, the amount of pension is related to the last pay drawn
of years of service put in by the employee. and the total numbe
Some
pension which provides for payment of pension to family organisations have a scheme of la
employee. Similarly, the employer may contribute towards the members, in case of demise
each employee. Some organisations also help the premium of life insuran
to meet the urgent financial emplovees to start co-operative credit so
needs of the employees or consumers' co-operative stores to
provide the workers with consumers' goods at
'no
The employees ofen need money for purchase profit-no-loss basis.
fan, etc. to raise their standard of living. In such casesofand
cycle, scooter, T.V., sewing mac
at other times (e.g., marriage a
other religious activities), there should be some provision to meet their requirements. 1
employer may advance them the money which is paid back by the employees in the forn
 EMPLOYEES WELFAPE AND SOCIAL SECURITY
14.7

to be deducted from their salaries. The employees may also be

instalments

funds for future contingencies. induced

nthy their
own
up
build

Recreational Services
e m p l o y e e s
are in need of occasional diversion. Their attitude improves when the
The living is broken occasionally. For this purpose, management may provide
everyday
tine
of
recreational facilities. More agreeable informal atmosphere is promoted through the
and
relationships built up in the recreational events. The management may provide
ntacts
games
like Table Tennis in the common room for employees. In case of big
indoor
ganisations, management may also arrange for playgrounds for outdoor games and induce
f
workers to prepare a team to play matches with other similar teams. Cooperation and
nderstanding among the employees willincrease. Management may also provide for reading
he

libraries, radios,
TV. etc. for the recreation of the employees.
OOMS,
Facilitative Services
These are conveniences which the employees ordinarily require such as:
()Canteen, rest rooms and lunch room. Eating is naturally a very important thing
r an employee to maintain his health and effñciency. Ünless proper facilities for food. tea
go
nd rest rooms are available. Health and consequential eficiency of the workers will
own. Hence, almost all factories are required to provide canteens where food can be obtained
either at a fair price or at subsidised rates. Similarly, lunch rooms may be provided where
orkers may take their food which they bring from their homes. Workers also need some
blace or shelter for taking rest during leisure hours. This is also a necessity for proper
pkeep of health and eficiency.
(ü) Housing facilities. Some organisations construct flats for their employees and
provide the same either rent free or at a nominal rent. In some cases, cash compensations
the employees
are given while in other cases, loans at cheaper rates of interest are advanced to
to enable them to construct or purchase their own houses or flats.
facilities to and
() Transportation facilities. Many employers provide transportation and
rom their establishments, Such facilities reduce the stress and strains of commuting to
help to increase their
om the place of work. It reduces their fatigue in travelling and
productivity .
and it is
(w)Medical facilities, Health is one of the foremost things for the employees
u natural that there may be injuries because of accidents while working. So first-aid
medical scheme is
faciities must be provided for within the factory premises. In addition, incurred is
bvuerally in operation under which reimbursement of medical expenses actually
allowed. The organisation may also prescribe doctors from whom the employees may get
Services in case of need.
wash basins and washing facilities
0) Washing facilities. It is necessary to provide for separated and
De conveniently accessible to all workers which should be clean, properly
MCreened for the use of male and female employees.
the organisation
0) Educational facilities. Educational facilities may be provided by
the employees' children by starting a school for them.
 14.8 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

(vù Consumers' cooperative store. Many employers

and run consumers' cooperative stores to make them items help
of
their employees
rates. They provide free space and infrastructure for the storenecessity available
(vui) Leave travel concession. Many organisations within the
spouse and dependentestabiinsCurhmetred t
the employee in undertaking a tour alongwith his or her reimburse actual fares
during a specified number of years.

APPENDIX 1
PROVISIONS OF THE FACTORIES ACT REGARDING
Sections 42 to 49 of the Factories Act, 1948 LABOUR WELFARE
welfare of labour in factories. Secs. 42 to contain specific provisions
45 apply to all
of workers employed. Secs. 46 to 49 are applicable tofactories irespective of therelating u
specified number of workers. These provisions
are
factories employing more umbe
1. Washing facilities (Sec. discussed below: than
for washingshall be provided and 42). In every factory: (a) adequate and
and adequately screened facilities maintained for the use of the workers suitable faclh.
shall be provided for the use of therein; (b) separate
(c) such facilities shall be male and female worke
conveniently accessible and shall be kept clean.
2. Facilities for storing and
in respect of any factory or class or drying clothing (Sec. 43). The State Government may
description of factories, make rules requiring the
therein of suitable places for keeping
drying of wet clothing. clothing not worn during working hours andprovisions
for the
3. Facilities or sitting (Sec.
44).
shall be provided and maintained for all In every factory, suitable arrangements for sitting
order that they may take advantage of workers obliged to work in a standing position, in
Course of their work. any opportunities for rest which may
occur in the
4. First aid appliances (Sec. 45). There
maintained so as to be readily accessible during all shall in every factory be provided and
equipped with the prescribed contents, and the working hours first-aid boxes or cupboaras
provided and maintained shall not be less number of such boxes or cupboards to
ordinarily employed at anyone time in thethan one for every one hundred and fhity worses
factory.
ln every factory wherein more than fve hundred
there shall be provided and maintained an workers are ordinarily employeu,
the prescribed equipment and in the charge ambulance room of the prescribed size, contatine
of such medical and nursing staft as nay
prescribed and those facilities shall always be made readily available during the worhD
hours of the factory.
5. Canteens (Sec. 46).
The State Government may make rules
specified factory wherein more than two hundred requiring that in any
a canteen or canteens shall be provided and and ffty workers are ordinar1ly enpa
workers. maintained by the occupier for the use
6. Shelters, rest rooms and lunch rooms (Sec, 47). In
every factory
than one hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed, adequate whereln
and suitable shelters,
rest rooms and a suitable lunch room, with provision for drinking water, where
workers
eat meals brought by them, shall be provided and maintained for the use of the workers
 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY 14.9
every factory wherein more than 30 women workers are
(Sec. 48). In
be provided and maintained asuitable room or rooms for the
Creches

7. employed,
there shall
ordinarily under the age of
six years of such women. Such rooms shall provide adequate
sCOMNodation, shall be adequately lhghted and ventilated, shall be maintained in a clean
Use
ofchildren

condition and shall be under the charge of women trained in the care of
aDd
s a n i

and
t a r

infants. The State

y

Government may make rules for providingadditional facilities

children

care offchildren for washing and changing their clothing and providing them free milk
forthe f e e d them by the mothers at the necessary intervals in any factory.
andto
Welfare Offficers (Sec. 49). In every factory wherein five hundred or more workers
8. occupier shall employ in the factory such number of weifare
employed, the
ordinarily
may be prescribed.
The State Government may prescribe the duties. qualifications
oficers as
andconditions of service of Welfare Officers appointed under the provisions of the Factories
co
Act. in the Factories Act are called statutory
The above measures which are provided for provide
Over and above these, the progressive employers may voluntarilyfaciities.
welfare measures.
facilities like housing facilities, leave travel
br the employees additional welfare for his
facilities, etc. Likewise an employer may provide, on his own, a canteen known as
pdncational workers. Such facilities are
he employs fewer than 250
employees even though
voluntary welfare measures.

OFFICER
14.4 LABOUR WELFARE
Act provides that in every factory wherein 500 or more workers
Section 49 of the Factories oficer. The lead
employed the employer shall appoint at least one welfare Thus, Sec. 18
are ordinarily subsequently followed by some other
acts also.
Factories Act was provide that there
given hy the
Act, 1951 and Sec. 58 of the Mines Act, 1952 also
300 or more workers and in every
of the Plantation Labour
every plantation employing
should be a welfare officer in Factories Act by the
more workers. Model Rules framed under the welfare
mine employing 500 or down the qualifcations and duties of Welfare Officers. The social
Central Government lay service or
university degree: (it) degree or diploma in socialknowledge of the
ofhcer should possess (i) a recognised institution; and (ü) adequate
from at is situated.
"OA OF sOcial welfare majority of the workers in the area where the factory a Labour
aguage spoken by the the following duties of
prescribed
The Committee on Labour Welfare has
Welfare Officer: housing, sanitation,
welfare programmes like
Safety, health and leave with wages; and
L. Supervison of: (a) working of joint committees, (c) grant of
recreation, etc; ()
their
(d) redressal of workers' grievances. and family problems; (b) adjustment to
workers in: (a) personal and privleges.
2. Counselling understanding their rights welfare policies;
and (c) formulating labour and
Work environment;
Advising
on matters of: (a) meeting statutory obligations to workers;
management
O. programmes; (e) communication
apprenticeship training workers education and use of
(0) fringe benefits; and
(e
(a) developing limitations
Understand the
media.
sothat they may: (a) relations
liaison with workers harmonious industrial
4. Establishing they work; (b) appreciate the need of and (d) come to a settlement
under which company policies
correctly
(c) interpret
in the plant;
in case of dispute.
 14.10 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

5. Establishing liaison with management so that they may appreciate

on various matters in the plant. workers'
[Link] with management and workers to improve productivity
7. Working with outside public to secure proper enforcement of
various laws,
14.5 SOCIAL SECURITY: CONCEPT AND RATIONALE
Concept of Social Security
William Beveridge has defined social security as the
place of earnings when they are interrupted by securing of an income to
provide for retirement through old age, to provide against unemployment, sickness or take th
loss of? support by accident, tr
person and to meet exceptional expenditure connected with death
birth, death, or of another
purpose of social security is to provide an income up to a marriage. The
to bring the interruption of earnings to an minimum. and also medical
end as soon as possible." treatment
Accordingto "Social security is the security that
ILO,
organisation against certain risks to which its members society furnishes through appropriata
are exposed. These risks
contingencies against which the individual of small means are essentiall
effectively provide by his own ability or foresight and meagre resources
his fellows. These risks being sickness, alone, or even in private combinationcannot with
maternity,
characteristic of these contingencies that they impair invalidity, old age and death. It is the
support himself and his dependents in health the ability of the working man to
and decency."
The need of social security measures
and are exposed to risks such as arises to help the people when they are
sickness, old age, invalidity, maternity, ete. The unemployed
of social security is essentially related concept
social justice. It has gained importance to to the high ideals of human dignity and
such an extent that it has now become amajor
aspect of public policy in most of the countries
and the extent of its prevalence has become
a measure of the progress made by a
country towards the ideal of a welfare state. "Social
security is not a burden but a wise investment
long-run." which yields good dividends in the

Box 2: NATURE OF SocIAL SECURITY

¼A social security program provides
protection
certain contingencies which expose them to riskand relief to the members of the society
of social and economic security. The agallb
is provided to them in the capacity of the protecton
upon each other. members of the society who are related to and depenoe
SoCial security schemes are implemented
local, state, and the national levels for the mainly through enactments. These are entorced al u
distress and having the need of purpose of providing financial assistance to persoio
The concept of social security also
assistance.
includes social assistance and social
Some sort of cash benefits other than the benefits in kind are insurance.
the loss of income which may be due to old age. invalidity, provided to the individual to compensav
or any other contingencies. sickness unemployment injury, materiy
Social security schemes in a broader perspective also provide psychological
and social secUny
 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY
14.11
of Social Security
and IImportance
includes both social insurance and social assistance. It 1s
Aationale

security
essentially
high ideals of human dignity and social justice The importance of social
Social
to the
related
stated below:
is briefly
seeurity

Social security is an instrument of ensuring social and economic justice.

()
welfare state, social security is an essential part of public policy.
(ü) In a
basic aim of social security is to provide protection to people of small means
(i) THhe
against risks or contingencies. The contingencies which may impair a persons abilhty
to support himself and his family may include sickness, old age. invalidity.
unemployment, death, etc.
kw) Social security measures are generally guided by social legslations.
lo) Social security measures provide for cash payment to affected persons to partly
oomnensate them for the loss of income due to any of the contingencies mentioned
earlier.
(vi) Social security is a must for the protection and stability of workforce in any economy.
Money spent on social security is a sound investment which yelds nch dividend in
future.
According to Recommendation 67 of the ILO Charter, social security is required for
meeting the following types of contingencies:
() Unemployment
(ü) Sickness
(iü) Employment injury
(iv) Maternity
(v) Invalidity
(vi) Old age
(viüi) Death
(vii) Emergency expenditure.

14.6 SCOPE OF SOCIAL SECURITY

health insurance,
ue scope of social security is very wide. Social security schemes include
maternity benefits, compensation for employment injury, worker's family pension-cum-
provident fund schemes, as
rance schemes, compulsory and voluntary social insurance,
s0 public health services. Though social security programs differ from country to (ii)country,
established by law; they
y nave three characteristics in common, viz., () they are
part of the lost
Ovide some form of cash payment to individuals to compensate at least a
come that occurs due to such contingencies as unemployment, maternity, work injury,
validism, industrial disease, old axe, burial, widowhood, and orphanhood; and (iüi) the
benefits or services are provided in three ways: social insurance, social assistance, or public
service.
Social Insurance. It is a mechanism through which benefits are provided to the
contributories (outaf contributions made by them, the employers and the government)
 14.12 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

necessary for satisfying wants during old age, sicckness, unemployment and ather
of life. The main features of social insurance are as follows:
() Certain risks which cannot be faced by the
persons in their conitingt
faced collectively by a group of persons.
(u) Social insurance is contributory in nature as both
individual Capacty
the a
have to deposit monthly subscriptions to the social government and the
(u) Certain, benefits are provided to them
in the case of
insurance scheme. subscri
(iv) Benefits are claimed by the
insured persons as a matter of contingency.
with their salary. their rights in
(v) They are insured against the
risk on compulsory basis, and it is accortans
to contribute under the scheme.
Social Assistance. It is a program obligatory
for then
ameliorate the distress caused by contingenciesthrough which the Government
of life. No contributions
the benefit, by the workers. In
other words, social are made, attempts
for
ta
benefits towards the maintenance of assistance incudes getting
others like the unemployed."
Benefits
children,
are
mothers, "non-contributory
invalids, the aged, the disabled
quantity so that their minimum provided to persons of small means in
standards of needs could be satisfied. sufiien
Public Service. Such programs are
usually
its general revenue in the
form of cash payments or financed directly by the Government fum
falling within a defined category. services to every member of the
The examples of such communit
providing medical care for every person, programs are national health service
pension to widow or orphan, and old age pension, pension for
s0 on. invalids, survivos
Distinction between Social Insurance
and Social Assistance
Social insurance is different
from
()Social insurance is financed social assistance as discussed below:
from the contribution paid on a
the employer, the employee, and
the cost of the scheme is the government, while in the tripartite basis, namely,
case of social assistance,
borne by the government.
(u) In case of any contingency
to get financial assistance atresulting in loss of income, all beneficiaries are entitieu
a flat rate. But in case
benefits are paid to members, namely, social insurance scheme, Castu
to the contribution workers and their dependents, in proportiou
paid by them.
(u) In order to claim benefits, a
person
SOCial assistance, while under the is reguired to prove 'need' under the scheme u
is not the relevant scheme of social insurance the need
factor. of the pa
(u0) The quantum of benefits payable
to a great extent on under a scheme of social assistance is depenae
the finances of the
assistance in its budget, while in the government, and the provision for social
(v) Under the scheme of case of social insurance
social insurance, benefits are mostly this is notcash, SO.
while
under the scheme of social assistance provided in
scheme benefits are mostly provided in
 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY 14.13

Box 3: EMERGING CONCEPTS OF SoCAL SECURTY

the concepts of social safety nets, social funds, and social protecion have emerged
Over
the
years,

incorporated in the report of the Second National Commission on Labour, 2002.

have
been
And nets are measured to mitigate the negative effects of struchural adustmentis, mostly in
Socialsatety
payments. Socialfunds are the brain child of the Wartd Bank for bulding up local
of cash
fom
the capacityin the local governance. Social protection provides guarantee d basic social support for
level
based on their needs rather than on their rights.
citzens

Classitication
of Social Security Schemes
Social security schemes can broadly be classified into:
schemes, and
(1) Non-statutory
(2) Statutory schemes.
classified into:
Non-statutory schemes may further be
() Schemes run by non-government or voluntary organisations.
() Schemes of public assistance.
(i) Gratuitious benefits provided by the employers to their employees.
Statutory schemes have been launched by the government as per provisions of several
legislations. The most important ones are as follows:
the Act aims at
(i) The Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The ESI scheme under
providing health care and cash benefits in case of sickness, maternity, employment
injury, ete.
(ü) The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961. The benefits under the provisions of the Act are in
sickness
the form of periodical payments in case of confinement, miscarriage, or
arising out of pregnancy.
It provides
2) The Employees' Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. organised
tor old age, invalidity, and survivorship benefits to the workforce in the
sector.
in lump
(W) 7he Payment of Gratuity Act. 1972. It provides the terminal benefit paid factories,
applies to
Sum complementary to the periodical pension payment. The Act
mines, oil fields, plantations, ports, and railways.
compensation for losses due
0) The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. It provides for death or disability.
0 accidents arising out of or in the course of employment causing
APPENDIDX 2
SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA
constitution. Article 41 of the Indian
a ls a Welfare State as envisaged in her economic capacity and
Constitution lays down, "The State shall within the limits of its education and to public
development make effective provision securing the right to work, to
assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disablement and other cases of
unserved wants." Thus, social security constitutes an important step towards the goal of
Welfare State, by improving living and working conditions and affording people protection
 SECURITY
14.14 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL

against the various kinds of

hazards. The social security measures also
development through making workers eficient and reducing waste
contribute to
disputes, because with these measures a worker feels social and
arising fronm
therefore, puts his heart and soul in increasing production. economic Sec
Several laws have been enacted since independence to provide for sOcial securi
workers. For instance, Employee's State Insurance Act was passed in 1948
and E
Provident Fund Act in 1952. Some measures of social security existed even
were passed. But these measures were in the nature of social assistancebefore th
and
insurance. Moreover., they covered only a minor part of the distress off
the industrial now
Again payment was the sole responsibility of the employer and the worker
in any way, to pay any contribution. was not

The Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948

The Emplovees' State Insurance Act was passed in 1948
in order to provide
welfare facilities to industrial workers through one agency.
It is
health insurance scheme. The Employees' State Insurance a compulsory and contrih
Scheme (ESIS) provides mo
benefits in the form of medical attendance, treatment, drugs and
and to members of their families where the facility has injections to insured nere
been extended to the families
ESI Act is applicable to all factories employing 20 or more
workers.
The ESIS is a landmark in the history of social
introduce social insurance for workers. The Scheme, as security
per
in India and its object is
to provide social protection to workers in contingencies provisions of the Act, is devis
or any other health risks due to exposure to
such as illness, long-term sickne
employment injury or occupational hazard
Under the provisions of the scheme, medical facilities are also
dependants of insured persons. Medical facility has also been made available to the legaL
persons and permanently disabled workers and their spouses introduced for retired insured
?10 per month. at a nominal contribution o
The insured workers and their families are entitled to
scheme: the following benefits under the
1. Sickness Benefit. Sickness benefit consists
of cash payment for maximum period
of 91 days. The daily rate of sickness benefit is
insured worker who is getting sickness benefit calculated at half of average daily wages. 1u
should be under the medical treatment a a
dispensary or hospital maintained by the Corporation. It is
days in the aggregate in any continuous period of 365 days. Thenot payable for more than
who is unable to attend his work due to sickness. benefit is useful to a worker
Here. he gets medical aid and also Sou
financial support.
Insured persons suffering from long-term
benefit upto an additional 309 days and the diseases are entitled to get extended steR
the wages. rate of payment in such cases is about o
2. Medical Benefit. Medical beneft. js available to
like sickness, maternity or disablement. It is in the form the worker claiming other bene
of free medical treatment in ca
of sickness, maternity and injury. This benefit is
the doctor to whom the worker is attached The available at ESI hospital or dispensary
medical benefit is available to the wno
 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL
SECURITY 14.15
insured Special facilities are also provided to workers
worker.
of
an
and mental diseases. suffering from
Amily

C a n c e r ,
Leprosy
TB, Maternity
Benefit. Maternity benefit is in the form of cash payment to the insured
Woman3. tor confinement, miscarriage or sickness arising out of pregnancy or out of confinement
at half of average daily wages. Out of 12 weeks, 6 weeks should precede
calculated

date of confinement, If the insured woman dies during the period of confinement,
ig
and

will receive the benefit for the whole of the period.

e x p e c t e d

the n o m i n e e

the 4. Disablement Benefit. Disablement benefit is given in the case of temporary as well
p e r m a n
Such benefit is payable when a worker is caught in an industrial
e n t
disablement.
ACCident
as within the factory premises. The annual benefit is given as per the nature of
disablement. In case of temporary disablement, full pay is paid during the period of
disablement. In case of permanent disablement, the insured worker is entitled for cash
benefit for life to be paid at a percentage of the full rate. In case of permanent total disablement.
cash payment at the full rate will be made to the worker for life.
[Link]' Benefit. This benefit is given to the dependants of a deceased insured
worker. It is given in case of death of a worker in an industrial accident. The widow and
hildren are entitled for cash benefit under the scheme. The widow will receive pension for
her whole life or until her remarriage. The actual amount of cash payment will be calculated
as per the rules framed for this purpose.
6. Funeral Benefit. It is in the form of cash assistance upto ? 1.000 for funeral of an
actually
insured person. It is paid to the eldest member of the family or to the person who
incurs the expenditure at the time of funeral.

The Employees' Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952

Retirement benefits in the form of provident fund, family pension and deposit linked
Fund (and
nsurance are available to the employees under the Employees Provident
Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1952.
and dearness allowances
The employees contribute 8.33 per cent of the basic wages
the employees.
nciuding cash value of food concessions and retaining allowances payable to
has enhanced the rate of
ne employers make a matching contribution. The government establishments employing
contribution to 10 per cent in respect of 177 industries/classes of
20 or more persons.
contributory provident fund scheme
1here are a number of provident fund schemes. But
more popularity. Under this, the employer contributes a portion of the basic
gained from the salary of the
salary of the employees and the equivalent amount is deducted
either deposited with the Provident
ployee. The total of the provident fund contributions is the provident fund amount under
Commissioner or a trust may be created to
look after
provisions of the Provident Fund Act. The employee gets the provident fund after his
e interest which generally
retirement. It may be mentioned that the provident fund also carries
Varies from 8% to 12%.
wage payment to meet the needs of an
Pension. Pension may be defined as a deferred number of years
enployee in his old age. The amount of pension is dependent
on the total
employee receives pension until
Of service of the employee and last pay drawn by him. The under which pension
his death. Many employers have also started scheme of family pension'
 14.14 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

against the various kinds of hazards. The social security measures also contribute
to
development through making workers efficient and reducing waste arising from industrial
disputes, because with these measures a worker feels social and economic
therefore. puts his heart and soul in increasing production.
industrial
security
and.
Several laws have been enacted since independence to provide for
social
workers. For instance, Employee's State Insurance Act was passed in 1948 security to the
Provident Fund Act in 1952. Some measures of social security existed even and Empl oyees
before these
were passed. But these measures were in the nature of social assistance and acts
insurance. Moreover, they covered only a minor part of the distress of the not social
industrial
Again payment was the sole responsibility of theemployer and the worker was not workers.
in any way, to pay any contribution. hable,
The Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948
The Employees' State Insurance Act was passed in 1948 in order to provide varions
welfare facilities to industrial workers through one agency. It is a compulsory and contributory
health insurance scheme. The Employees' State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) provides meitl
benefits in the form of medical attendance, treatment, drugs and injections to insured persons
andto members of their families where the facility has been extended to the famiies, The
ESI Act is applicable to all factories employing 20 or more workers.
The ESIS is a landmark in the history of social security in India and its object is to
introduce social insurance for workers. The Scheme, as per provisions of the Act, is devised
to provide social protection to workers in contingencies such as illness, long-term sickness
or any other health risks due to exposure to employment injury or occupational hazards.
Under the provisions of the scheme, medical facilities are also made available to the legal
dependants of insured persons. Medical facility has also been introduced for retired insured
persons and permanently disabled workers and their spouses at a nominal contribution of
? 10 per month.
The insured workers and their families are entitled to the following benefits under the
scheme:
1. Sickness Benefit. Sickness benefit consists of cash payment for maximum period
of 91 days. The daily rate of sickness benefit is calculated at half of average daily wages. The
insured worker who is getting sickness benefit should be under the medical treatment at a
dispensary or hospital maintained by the Corporation. It is not payable for more than 91
days in the aggregate in any continuous period of 365 days. The benefit is useful toa worker
who is unable to attend his work due to sickness. Here, he gets medical aid and also some
financial support.
Insured persons suffering from long-term diseases are entitled to get extended sickness
benefit upto an additional 309 days and the rate of payment in such cases is about 63% 01
the wages.
2. Medical Benefit. Medical benefit is available to the worker claiming other benents
treatment in case
like sickness, maternity or disablement. It is in the form of free medical dispensary of
sickness, maternity and injury. This benefit is available at ESI hospital or
of medical benefit is available to the whole
the doctor to whom the worker is attached. The
 EMPLOYEES WELFAPE AND SOCIAL
SECUAITY 14.15
family of an insured worker. Special facilities are also provided to workers suffering from
Leprosy
and mental diseases.
Cancer,
TE,3. Maternity Benefit. Maternity benefit is in the form of cash payment to the insured
WOmanfor confinement, miscarriage or sickness arising out of pregnancy or out of confinement
is calculated at half of average daily wages. Out of 12 weeks, 6 weeks should precede
theexpected date of confinement. If the insured woman dies during the period of confinement,
the nominee will receive the benefit for the whole of the period.
4, Disablement Benefit. Disablement benefit is given in the case of temporary as well
as permanent disablement. Such benefit is payable when a worker is caught in an industrial
accident within the factory premises. The annual benefit 1S given as per the nature of
disablement. In case of temporary disablement, full pay is paid during the period of
disablement. In case of permanent disablement, the insured worker is entitled for cash
konefft for lifeto be paid at a percentage of the full rate. In case of permanent total disablement.
eash payment at the full rate wil be made to the worker for life.
[Link]' Benefit. This benefit is given to the dependants of a deceased insured
worker. It is given in case of death of a worker in an industrial accident. The widow and
children are entitled for cash benefit under the scheme. The widow will receive pension for
her whole life or until her remarriage. The actual amount of cash payment will be calculated
as per the rules framed for this purpose.
6. Funeral Benefit. It is in the form of cash assistance upto ? 1,900 for funeral of an
insured person. It is paid to the eldest member of the family or to the person who actually
incurs the expenditure at the time of funeral.
The Employees' Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
Retirement benefits in the form of provident fund, family pension and deposit linked
insurance are available to the employees under the Employees Provident Pund (and
Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1952.
Lne employees contribute 8.33 per cent of the basic wages and dearness allowances
ncluding cash value of food concessions and retaining allowances payable to the employees.
ne employers make a matching contribution. The government has enhanced the rate of
uribution to 10 per cent in respect of 177 industries/classes of establishments employing
20 or more
persons.
fund scheme
Inere are a number of provident fund schemes. But contributory provident basic
contributes a portion of the
4ed more popularity. Under this, the employer salary of the
alary of the emplovees and the eouivalent amount is deducted from the
deposited with the Provident
Dyee. The total of the provident fund contributions is eitherprovident fund amount under
uCommissioner or a trust may be created to look after the
provident fund after his
provisions of the Provident Fund Act. The employee gets the
interest which generally
vement. It may be mentioned that the provident fund also carries
varies from 8% to 12%.
Pension. Pension may be defined as a deferred wage payment to meet the
needs of an
iployee in his old age. The amount of pension is dependent on the total number of years
until
receives pension
LYice of the employee and last pay drawn by him. The employee
s death. Many employers have also started scheme of family pension' under which pension
 14.16 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

is paid to the specified family members for a number of years, in case of

the
employee. death oi the
Family Pension. To provide long-term financial security to the
employees in the event of their premature death, the Employees' families of
was introduced from I March 1971 by diverting a portion of the Family Pension
employers' and Schem
industha,
contribution to the Employees' Provident Fund with an additional
government. The amount of family pension payable ranges from a contribution
ty
employees
maximum of 750 per month. In addition, ad-hoc increases are also minimum
allowed by the of 2 % the
from time to time.
Government,
Gratuity Scheme
The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 is applicable to factories,:
ports, railways, motor transport undertakings, mines, oil-fields,
companies, shops and other establish.
The coverage under the Act is restricted to employees plantations,
drawing wages not
per month. The Act provides for payment of
gratuity at the rate of 15 days'exceeding 3,50
completed year of service, subject to it of 2,50,000. In the casewagesof for each
establishment, the gratuity is payable at themaximum
rate of seven days' wages for each seasonal
Act does not affect the right of an season
employee to receive better terms of gratuity under Tha
award or agreement or contract with the employer. any
Employees' Deposit-Linked Insurance Scheme
Another important social security measure, the
Scheme, 1976 was introduced for the members of theEmployees' Deposit Linked Insurance
exempted Provident Funds with effect from Ist August Employees' Provident Fund and the
the person entitled to receive the provident fund 1976. On the death of the member,
amount equal to the average balance in the providentaccumulations would be paid an additional
the preceding fund account of the deceased during
three years, if such average balance was not below 1,000 during the said
period. The maximum amount of benefit payable
under this scheme is 35,000 and the
employees do not have to make any contribution for it.
The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923
A beginning in social security in India was made when
was passed in 1923 providing for the payment of Workmen's Compensation Act
in case of industrial accidents and of certain compensation to workmen and their tamiies
occupational diseases arising out of and n t
course of employment and resulting in death or disablement. The Act prescribes separat
scales of compensation for death, permanent disablement and
covers workers employed in certain specified hazardous temporary disablemen.
covered under the Employees' State Insurance Act, occupations except thoSe wno
1948.
The object of the Act is to impose an obligation upon employers to pay compensation
to workers for accidents arising out of and in the course of employment. The purpose is not
to compensate the workman in lieu of wages but to pav compensation for the injury
cau
The important features of the Act are as under:
1. The Act provides social security to the workers. The compensation to be paid to the
workers is not for the negligence on the part of the employer, but it is rather in the
nature of insurance of the workers against certain risks of accidents.
 EMPLOYEES WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECUAITY
14.17
under the Act is payable if the injury has been caused by
c o m p e n s a t i o n

accident
2. arising out of or in the course of employment. The workman loses the right of
The

compensation if such accident can be attributed to workman, having been at the

time of accident, under the influence of drink or drugs or ifit is caused by his wilful
disobedience or rules or orders or disregard of safety measures.
term 'wages' as
defined in the Act includes overtime pay and-the value of
3. The
concessions or benefits in the form of food, clothing, accommodation, etc.
amount of compensation payable to a workman or his dependents depends on
4. The
the nature andl extent of disablement (or death) and his average monthly wages. The
rates of
compensation have been given in Schedule IV of the Act.
E Minimum rates of compensation tor permanent total disablement and death have
Loon fixed at 60,000 and 50,000 respectively. Maximum amount for death and
permanent total dissablement can go up to ? 2.28 lakh and ? 1274 lakh respectively
workmen.
depending on age and wages of
AIn order to protect the interest of dependents in case of fatal accidents, it is provided
in the Act that:
of
(i) All cases of fatal accidents are to be brought to the notice of Commissioner
Labour.
(iü) In case of admission of liability by the employer., the amount of compensation is
to be deposited with the Commissioner within 30 days.
decide whether or
(iü) If the employer denies his liability, the Commissioner must
the dependents
not there is a ground for claim. The Commissioner may inforn
and it is open to them to prefer a claim, if they feel so.
The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
a woman who
Maternity benefit is an indemnity for the loss of wages incurred by the interest
Voluntarily before child-birthand compulsorily thereafter abstains
from work in
of the health of her child and herself.
Lne main purposes of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 are:
10 regulate the employment of women employees
in certain establishments for certain
specified periods before and after child-birth. rate of
10 provide for the payment of maternity benefits to women workers at the
6)
wages payable to her for the days on
average daily wages caleulated on the basis of
months immediately preceding the
which she has worked during the three calender maternity.
date from which she absented herself on account of
miscarriage, premature birth or illness
)To provide for certain benefts in case of
arising out of pregnancy.
a subsequent period of sickness;
0) To prohibit her dismissal during the said periods or
and
hours.
0)Enable her to suckle her baby twice a day during working weeks
gets maternity leave is 12 weeks--6
emaximum period for which a woman avail of the 6
Wori the date of delivery and 6 weeks immediately following that date. To
Weeks' leave before expected delivery, a notice must be given to the employer in writing
 14.18 EMPLOYEES' WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

stating the date of absence from work and also a certificate of pregnancy. Another
to be given for the 6 weeks' leave from the date of delivery. Failure to give ntie
disentitle a woman from maternity benefits.

SUMMARY
Employees'Labour Welfare
The moderm concept of labour welfare entails all those activities of the
directed towards providing the employees with certain facilities and servicesemployers which
or salaries. These are not a form of employers' goodwill or charity to in addition to are
facilitative services to build and maintain the morale of the workers to the workers, wages
achieve the
the organisation. objecives
In India, the main agencies engaged in labour welfare include:
(a) Central govemment; (b) State governments;
(c) Employers, and (d) Workers' organisations.
Welfare Services/Facilities
() Canteen, lunch rooms and rest rooms.
(i) Facilities for sitting near the place of work.
(ii) Facilities for storing and drying clothes.
(iv First aid appliances.
() Medical facilities.
(v) Housing facilities.
(vi) Creche for children of women employees.
(vi) Educational facilities.
(ix)Entertainment facilities, etc.
Social Security
Social security is the endeavour of community as a whole, to afford itself to
the utmost extent
possible to any individual during periods of physical distress consequent on illness
from the economic distress consequent on reduction or loss of earníngs due to illness, or injury ano
maternity, unemployment, old age or death of the working member. disablemeni,
Social Insurance
It is a mechanism through which benefits are provided to the contributories (our of
contriouto
made by them, the employers and the government) necessary for satistying wants during o
age, sickness, unemployment and other contingencies of
life.
Social Assistance
t is a program through which the Government attempts to ameliorate the distress caused by
contingencies of lite. No contributions are made,. for getting the benefit, by the workers. In u
words, social assistance includes "non-contributory benefits towards the maintenance of children
mothers, invalids, the aged, the disabled and others like the unemployed". Benefits are provided
to persons of small means in sufficient quantity so that their minimum standards of needs COuld

be satisfied.
 EMPLOYEES' WELFARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY 14.19

Social Security of Workers

for
Compensation Act, 1923.
M e a s u r e s

Workmen's
Insurance Act, 1948.
L a g a l

The
(D Employees' Staate
The
Employees
Provident Fund (and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1952.
The
(i)
Maternity Benefit Act, 1961.
(9 The

QUESTIONS

concept offl Labour Welfare in the modem context and iscuss its objectives and
Exeaminethe
1.
edifferent kinds of welfare activities usualy undertaken by bigindustrialists for
SCope.

Briefly describe (Delihi, 2008)

workforce.
the benefit of their
of welfare services can be pro
What is the significance of employees welfare? What types (Delhi, 2011)
vided to the employees?
modem context. What agencies are en
Define labour welfare and discuss its scope in the
gaged in labour welfare work? Discuss
in brief.
which are usually undertaken by big employers
5 Explain the various kinds of welfare activities
for the benefit of workers.
workers under the Factories Act 1948.
6. Briefly discuss the welfare facilities for the
and briefly explain any five labour wefare mea
7. Briefly explain the scope of labour welfare (Deihi, 2015)
sures undertaken by big industrial organisations in India.
importance in the Indian economy.
Define social security. Explain its scope and (Deihi, 2009 &2011)
in the context of Indian conditions.
3. Define social securityand explain its significance
of 'social security' is essentially related tothe high ideals of human dignity and
Ine concept statement and also discuss the scope of social
security in
SOCial justice." Comment on this (Delhi, 2009)
India.
modem Context.
DisCuss the concept and scope of social security in the
social security measures have been initiated by the Govemment of India ? Discuss
Wnat
any two of them.
State
importance of social security in India. Explain the role of Employees'
iSCUSs the
Insurance Scheme in this regard.
the employees? Discuss.
wnat kinds of retirement benefits are available to Fund
provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act and Employees' Provident
CUuss the salient
Act.
scope in the moderm
16.
you mean by social security? Discuss its importance and
Mnat do (Delhi, 2014)
industry.
17. workers under the Workmen Compen
Explain the various types of benefits available to the
sation Act.