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What are the three key stages in the evolution of development thought?,Economic
Development → Human Development → Sustainable Development.
Why was economic development criticized as incomplete?,It focused solely on
material wealth and ignored human well-being, quality of life, and environmental
sustainability.
Define Human Development.,A multidimensional approach that prioritizes expanding
people’s choices and improving well-being, education, health, and empowerment.
Who are Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq, and what did they advocate?,Development
economists who argued that true development occurs only when quality of life and
human potential are prioritized.
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?,A composite statistic measuring health
(life expectancy), education, and standard of living (GNI per capita).
Define Sustainable Development.,Development that meets present needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
What are the four Pillars of Development (POD)?,Empowerment → Equity → Productivity
→ Sustainability.
Why is the order of the POD important?,Without empowerment, equity cannot be
achieved; equity enables productivity; and only with all three can sustainability
be attained.
What are Material Indicators of Development?,Quantifiable economic and
infrastructural data like GDP, GNP, per capita income, employment, investment.
What are Non-Material Indicators of Development?,Measures of well-being such as
equity, social inclusion, political participation, and access to healthcare and
education.
Explain the significance of the Gini Coefficient.,It measures income inequality; 0
= perfect equality, 100 = extreme inequality. Caribbean nations typically fall
between 20–70.
How has historical capitalism affected the Caribbean?,Systems like slavery and
indentureship enabled Europe to extract resources and wealth, leaving Caribbean
nations impoverished and dependent.
What are the plantation legacies still impacting the Caribbean?,Poor work ethic,
lack of empowerment, social stratification, and deep-rooted classism.
How does lack of resources hinder development?,With limited natural and human
resources, Caribbean countries struggle to build strong economies or invest in
health and education.
What is the impact of inequitable income distribution?,Economic polarization,
social injustice, limited access to quality services, and perpetuation of poverty.
How does poor governance affect development?,Corruption, mismanagement, abuse of
resources, and weak planning slow down or derail developmental progress.
How does social injustice hinder development?,When marginalized groups are excluded
or discriminated against, their human potential is wasted, undermining national
progress.
What are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?,UN goals aimed at reducing
poverty, promoting gender equity, improving education and healthcare, and fostering
sustainability.
How can governments promote equity?,Through progressive taxation, social welfare
programs, investment in education, and laws promoting equal opportunity.
What is positive discrimination/affirmative action?,Policies that favour
historically disadvantaged groups to ensure their inclusion and empowerment.
How does gender inequality hinder development?,It limits half the population’s
participation, reduces productivity, increases poverty, and negatively impacts
social justice.
Strategies to reduce gender inequality?,Laws for equal pay, protection from
harassment, educational access, sexual and maternity rights, and women’s
empowerment initiatives.
What are the three political/economic models?,Democracy → Capitalism (Free Market),
Communism → Central Economic Model, Mixed Economy → Combines both.
Strengths of Communism?,Focus on equity, classless society, basic services for all.
Weaknesses of Communism?,Inefficiency, lack of motivation, poor planning,
authoritarianism.
What makes the Mixed Economic Model ideal for the Caribbean?,Balances profit with
social welfare, allows private ownership while providing key services and equity.
What are examples of popular ideologies in the Caribbean?,Feminism, Rastafarianism,
environmentalism, negritude, human rights advocacy, health consciousness.
How do these ideologies promote development?,They lobby for equity, justice, and
awareness, leading to policy changes and improved inclusion.
What is globalization?,The integration of the world’s economies, cultures, and
political systems through trade, communication, and technology.
What are the main agents of globalization?,IMF, World Bank, WTO, EPA.
What is trade liberalization?,The removal of tariffs, quotas, and barriers to
facilitate free international trade.
Benefits of globalization for the Caribbean?,Increased foreign investment, global
exposure, improved efficiency, more consumer choices, tourism growth.
What are the drawbacks of globalization in the Caribbean?,Collapse of local
industries, unemployment, cultural imperialism, resource exploitation, and
health/security risks.
What are Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)?,IMF-imposed reforms like currency
devaluation, reduction of public sector jobs, and privatization.
Why are SAPs often harmful to Caribbean nations?,They reduce public spending,
increase poverty, eliminate subsidies, and prioritize debt repayment over
development.
How does tourism contribute to Caribbean development?,Provides foreign exchange,
employment, business growth, and investment in infrastructure.
What are upstream and downstream tourism industries?,Upstream: Inputs (airlines,
insurance); Downstream: Outputs (restaurants, taxis).
Challenges faced by Caribbean tourism?,Lack of marketing, crime, weak
infrastructure, natural disasters, cultural imperialism, inflation.
How does technology promote development?,Increases productivity, education access,
medical care, and communication.
Challenges to technology use in the Caribbean?,High costs, energy needs, job loss,
moral issues, damage to traditional industries.
Why is education key to sustainable development?,Empowers people, reduces poverty,
increases productivity, and enhances national competitiveness.
What is the irony of the CAPE system in global recognition?,Though CAPE supports
regional autonomy, it's not globally recognized like GCE, making international
access harder.
How does entrepreneurship drive development?,Creates jobs, stimulates innovation,
reduces dependency, and boosts national income.
How can governments support entrepreneurship?,Through laws, funding, training
programs, tax incentives, infrastructure, and market access.