<br>

ISC PHYSICS4
6
4, T"he of he algetrat.
li(ferentinl coefliricnl in
CN = LM = OM -0L =
(t +
Ar)- Ar a num her of [unelion vquul to
Num of eooflirirnts of be
and ND = MD - MN (y + Ay)-ye Ay ulgebraie num ofllhe difrential
In the right-angled trinngle CND, ilividual funetionn. U, w ....aro o

ND I y | t U t .....where lu, 0

tan = |2CEL DCN=l functions ofx, then

CN d d
to the dy d (u (w) t...
As we bring the point D, Nuccossively, closor
w =

±0t £.)
point C, both Ar and Av become smaller and smaller. In dxdx
with C.
the limiting case, the point D nenrly coincides derivative nf the followina
As a result, the chord DCbecomes almost tangent,
a to Example 7.
id x. the
the curve AB, at the point C and meets the X-nxis at F
functions willh respect to
making an angle with X-axis.
0
7r2+ 5x +9
0, Ay 0 and a 0.
(a) 3r-
Thus, ans Ar
(d)
= tan
ta 0
+3
Lt
Ar->0
dy =
Or tan 0
dr
dy =
Or slope of the curve at C.
dx
tan O gives the slope]
[
Solution. (a) Let
may be
Hence differential coefficient, at any point, y =
3r–7x2+ 5x + 9
defined as the slope ofthe curve t that point. Thus,
d d (3x4–7x2+ 5x + 9)
dyldx is the instantaneous rate of change ofy with
respect to x. d (5x)+ d -(9) ...1)
d (3r4) – d
(7*) + dx
[Link] OF DIFFERENTIATION dx
x +
0
1. The differential coefficient of an isolated
=3 x 4r3–7 x 2* + 5 lr0
= 1243- 14x + 5. (. x0= 1)
constant is zero.
Ify = C, where Cis an isolated constant, then 5
(6) Let y. =9-3
dy d
(C)= 0.
du dx dy d
2. The differential coefficient
of is obtained
by decreasing the power of x by unity and
multiplying it by the power ofa.
may be positive or
If y = x", where x is real and
negative integer or fraction, then 1
dy
x
4r3- (5) (-3).x-3-1
dx
d (")=ncn-1
d
2
= 2r3 + 15x-4 = + 15
Ify = u", where u is a function
of x,
then 23
dy d du
(un) nun-1
=

dx dx dx (c) Let y= 1
3. The differential coefficient of the product of
a
constant and any function is equal to the d
product of the constant and the differential
coeficient of that function. 1 1
Cis a constant and u is
a
Ify = Cu, where function of
x, then 2
1
dy d Cu) = C (d) Let y
de dx (w). =2+3
<br>

MATHEMATICAL NOTE

dy d dy d d (3x/2)
d (x-W2)
da da 2+3) dx dx dx
d (3x-112)
3)-1-1 + dx
=(-1) (12+ 3)
=
d (24 3 3 3
(-1) (12+ 3)-2, 2x =-2x (r2+ 3)-2
2 3 3
(a2+ 3)2 3 3
2412
2V*
(e) Let y =y=
|Example 8. A particle starts rotating, from rest, accord
dy ing to the formula :
d 1
=
604
d where 0 is in radian and t is in second. Find the angular
dx (r2). da velocity of the particular after 10 second.

Solution. Here. 0=
60 4
.. Angular de d
1 1 velocity, 0 =
dt
dt
+
2Vx
a6)
2V 4t3 1 t3 1 10 × 10 x 10 1

) Let y
=604* 154 15 4
(": t= 10 s)
200 1 800 -3 797
dy
dx
d
dx (va-*-2) 3
= 66.42 radian
12
s-l.
12

d
FOLLOW UP
dy
d
(2) + de r)-
d
2) PROBLEMS
= 1+(- 9. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
1) *-1-1
-0 =1-2
(E) 2¢5 4r
= 1 1
(iv) ax + bx +c (v) (4r2-9)i2 (vi) V3r2-4.
(g) Let y = -(va (Ans. (i) 10-4+ (ü) -4r5
6 4x 3
dy (iii) /5- (iv) 2ax +b () 4y2- 9)12
0t)
.
dx Va24J
5. Differential coefficient of the produect of two
functions is equal to
first function x differential coefficient of the
a –b)3 qô b3– 3ab (a – b)] second function plus second function x diferential
=
[
coefficient of the first function."
If y = uu, where u and v are the first and the second
functions of x, respectively, then
d (a32 –x-3/2 dy
dx –3*/2 + 3x-1/2) d -(uw) = u d
dx dx
<br>

1SC
8 PHYSS
- 2x3
2xl
+
2r2 +
2x-x-x-1 -:2x2-2x-12.4-1
Example 9. Dierntiate the followings with respe
to.:
2 (*2- 1)
(a) (3r + 2) (4- 5) (a+.3) (r-9).
(b)
=(x2 +x + 1)2
= (2x + 1) (3x– 1) 6x2 + x-1
Solution. (a) Lot y (8r +2) (4r –5) =
(6) Let y I+55
dy d +
(3r 2)(4–5)]
(6*2 +
d dy x-1
(8x + 2) dx de x+5
(4t–5) (4r-5) da
+
(3 +
2),
= (3x + 2)4 + (4x –5). 3 (x + 5) (6r+*-1)- (6x2+ x-1)+5)
= (12v+ 8) + (12v 15) = - 241-7. (x+ 5)2
(6x2 +x-1). 1
(x+ 5) (12r + 1)-
=
(6) Let
y
(r2+ 3) (x4– 9)
+ (x 5)2
dy
=[(2+ 3) (a4– 9)] 12x2
+
60x +* +5-6x2-x +1
da dx
(x + 5)2
= d (a4–9)
(r2+ 3) da
- + (x4–9) d (2 + 3)
6x2 + 60x + 6 6 (2+ 10x + 1)
= (x2 + 3) 4x3 + (r4–9). 2* (+ 5)2 (x+ 5)2
= (4x5 4+ 12x3) + (2x5– 18r)
= +
6x5 1&x = 6x (a4+
12x3- 2-3). (c) Let y =x + 2)2

Differential coeficient of the quotient

6. of two
x differen du
functions is equal to second function dx
tial coefficient of first function minus first func
coefficient of second function d -
(x + 1),
d +2)2
tion xdifferential
square function." (x+ 2)2+ 1)
divided by the of the second dx
or (x+ 2)4
x
Denom. Diff. Coeff. Num.-Num. of +
1). 2(x +2). dx *+2)
x Diff. Coeff. ofDenom. (x+ 2)21-(x
(Denomninator)2 (x +2)+
v are the first and the second (*+ 2)2-2(* + 1) (x + 2).1
Ify where u and
=

(+ 2)4
functions of x, then (* + 2) [(x + 2) -2 (x + 1)]
d - (+ 2)4 (r+ 2)3
(v)
dy
da
d u da
du
FOLLOW UP
Example 10. Differentiate the following with respect tox.
(2x +
1) (3x– 1) PROBLEMS
(a) (b) (c)
x+x+1 I+5 (r+ 2)2
10. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
2-x + 1
Solution. (a) Let y2 +x +1 (i) xv1- 2e
(ii)
x-2
dy d *-*+1 (iit) (iv)
dx CE +d
V4-x?
(x2+ x + 1)
d
1)
(x2+x + 1),. (x?–x+ 1)- (*2-x+ dx V*+1 V-1
+
x²-x + 1

(v) (vi)
(x2 + x + 1)2 x2+*+ 1
Vx+1- Va-1
dy (x2 + x + 1) (2x- 1)– (x2 + 1) -x (2x + 1) |x-1
(x2 + x + 1)2 (vii) (viii)
dx V5x-4
(2x3 + 2x2 + 2x-x?-x-1)-(2r3- 2x2 + 2x +x2-x + 1)
(r2+x+ 1
[Ans. -+V1-2r -2
(ii) (x-2)2
(- 2x
<br>

MATHEMATICAL NOTE

4 d (r3)
(iiü)
(4-22 (ip) ad++ be -(sin x) + sin x·y
(Cx dy2 dx
Var'-1) 2
(12- 1) cOs x + 3x sin
(vi) =t"
Va?-1 (12+x 1) = x2 (x cOsx + 3
sin x).
x(15x - 16)
(vii))
2 (5x - 4)2 (viii) (c) Let y =x sec x

(r+ 1)V?-1 dy
7. (Vx sec x)
Differential Coefficients
of Trigonometrical
Functions = Va. d
1. d (sin x) = cos dx
dx .
1
= V*. sec tan x + sec%
x
d
2. (cos x)=-sin
da sec x
= Vx sec x tanx + 2Vx
3.
dx
(tan ) = sec x
d (cot = V& tan * +:
Sec t
4.
dx
x) =-cose x

5. (sec x) = sec x tan x (d) Let y

dx tan x
d dy d
6. (cosecx) = cOsecx cot dx dx \tan x
dx
d d d
7. (sin w)=cos u d (u), tan x dx (x)-x. dx
(tan x)
dc d
(tan x)2
where u is a function ofx. .
d tan x
1–[Link]
x
tan x x
sec²x
8. (cos u)=- sin u d (u) tan x tan²x
dx dx
tan x 1

tan2x -x sec²
d x.
9.
dx
(tan u)= sec² udr ) tan² x
tan x cos² x 1
(ax + b) = a cos (ax + tan x cos x
sin²x tan x sin² x
dx sin
10. b)
= Cot x-* cosec' t.
d cos
11.
dx
(ax + b) =-a sin (ax +b) (e) Let y =
X + sin x
Note. The angles of T-ratios are expressed in dy
radian. dx dx \x + sin x

Example 11. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x. d

(x + sin x). dx (cos x)– cos x da (* + sin)
(a) sin 3r (b) r sin x (c) Vxsec x
(x + sin )2
dy + cos x)
(d) rn. (e) )(I- sin 2x)3
dx
(* sin x).(- sin )– cosr.(1+
(r+ sinx)?
(g) sin (l- 2x)? -x sin x-sin²x- cosi- cos
Solution. (a) Let y = sin 3r (x + sin x)²
dy (x sin + cos)–(sin'
x x
+ cos )
d (sin 3¢)
=
cos 3x (3x)
dx dx dx (x + sin x)²
= (cos 3x).3 = 3 cos 3x -( sin x + cos x)–1
(x + sin x)2
(: sin² x + cos = 1)
(6) Let y =x 3
sin
dy d -(l + x sin x + cos x)
-(x3 sin ) (+ sin x)²
dx dx
<br>

10 ISC PHYSICS-I

K.
) Let y =(1-sin 2r) Examplo 12. Dilferentiate the following [Link].
dy
de dx
-(1- sin 2r) (c) esnx (ad)
e. cos x.

d
=3(1 – sin 2x)2 d: (1 - sin 2v) Solution. (a) Let y = (log x)2.
dy d x d (log,
- sin 2:)2 (- cos 2x) dx (2x) log)=2 log, x)
= 3 (1 dx =jr dx

=3 (1- sin 2r)2 (- cos 2).2 =2 (loge X)x1_2jog,*:

=-6 cos 2v(1-sin 2x)2
y 2
y = sin (1-2*)2.
(b) Let =loge
(g) Let

da ds los.= 2/xdx )
dy d - 2r)2) dy 2 d 1

dx dx [sin (1
d (1-2*)2
cos (1 -2:)2
dr .2 a)
d
=
cos (1– 2*)2 2.(1-- 2¢)
dx
(1-2r) =*.(-1) x2
=

= cos
(1l–2x)2. 2 (1– 2x).(-2) Let y=esin*,
(c)
=-4(1-2¢) cos (1-2¢)2. dy d d (sin
(esin z) =esinz, x)
dx. dx dx
= esin* cosx=cos x
pSin *.

FOLLOW UP (d) Let

y
=e, cos x
PROBILEMS dy d x)
dx
=d(e*.cos
11. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
d (cos + cos x. d le )
2x (ii) cos (1–2x) (iiü) secV1+2 =et. x)
(i) tan² dx
yx (v) cos (px2 + q) (vi)
tan x d
(iv) sec® tan x+sec K

=-e (sin c) + cos X

e
-x)
(vii) cot r*, gin x
+et cos x
(1)
(iü) .2 sin (1- 2x) =-e-*
[Ans. (i) 4 tan 2x sec.2 -=-e sin et cos X
x

sec V1+*2 tan v1+2 (sin t + cos ).

(iiü)
V1+x2 =-et.
(iv)
3 1 sec® tan V* (v) -2 px sin (px? + q)
2 FOLLOW UP
(vi)
sec x (vii) - 4x3cosec x4] PROBLEMS
(sec x + tan x
8. Differential Coefficients of Logarithmic, [Link] the following [Link]:
Exponential and Other Functions (i) log (Bx–4) (iü) log (r + 2) (2+3)
log, x) =log, e
(iüü) x log :
1. (log (iv) x
1+ log
1
2.
d
(log, x) =log, e= [: loge e= 1] (v) lo8 x7 (vi) log
1+ tani
dx 1- tant
d d (u) 4. d e = e* 46 2x
e) =
e
3 (log, u) = u loge [Ans. (i)
3x -4
(iü)
x+ 2*x2+3
dx dx
d (iii) (log x)? (iv)
5. d (ew) = eu d (u) O. dy a*)=
a
log, a. x (1 + log x)²
dx dx 1 1+tan²*
(v) :- (vi)
Note. If logarithmic base [Link] not mentioned, 1–tan²x
then it should be considered as
<br>

MATHEMATICAL NOTE 11

18. Difterentiate the following w.r.t. x:

(i) psinx )
(v) gsin du.
sin a
(iii) sin ãr FOLLOW UP
[Ans. (ilinr (2 sint+ cost)
PROBLEMS
(iii) (Gr sin 5r + 5cos 5r)
(iv)3 log, 3 () basin dr cos br log, a] 14. Find dy
d5z?if:and
= y
=623 (ii)x= pt4 and
y = at",
9. Chain Rule ()x
Example 13. Find"
d/ (a) y=u+ u+ I and u=+ I. Ans. ()zn 4'.2pl
(h) t= at and = 'at. (c)x=a cos 0 and y
=h sin . - -
15. If (* 2)² + (y 3)² =7, prove that
dy
dy =
l.
Solution. (a) Here, = u²+ u+ y 1

Differentiating w.r.t 'u', we get

dy d INTEGRATION
du du (u'+
u + 1) = 2u + 1 0.13 a function whose
Again, u =r4 1 Integration is the process of finding an inverse
derivative is given. In other words, it is
Differentiating w.r.t. 'r, we get process of differentiation.
r
du + 2% d, (r 1)= The integral of a function 'y' with respect to is
de represented by y dx.
dy du
dy The function to be integrated,' is called the
= (2u + 1) 2x
de du d integrand.
dy =
{2 (*2+ 1) + 1} 2
Or
dx
O.14. CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION
= 2x (2x2 + 3).
d
(6) Here, x = at2 (c?) = 7x6
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. t we get, d
Also, (7 + c) = 7x6, where c is a constant.
dx d = dx
dt dt (at2) 2at Thus, the differential coefficients of both the
functions and (*7 + c) is the same. It is equal to 7x6.
x
Again, y =2at
Differentiating w.r.t. 't we get, Now, the problem is as to which of the two functions
should be taken as the integral of 7x6, This problem is
dy
(2at) = 2a solved if the integral of 7x6 jis taken as (x7 + c). Here c is
dt dt some arbitrary constant. It is known as the constant of
dy dy dt = 1 integration. This constant is indefnite. It is for this
2a x reason that the integral containing c is called the
dx dt dc 2at
dy indefinite integral. The constant of integration is,
Or generally, not written along with the integral but it is
(c) Here,
understood to be there in the case of indefinite integrals.
Differentiating w.r.t. “0', we get,
O.15. FUNDAMENTAL FORMULAE OF
dx d a
dA cos b) =a (-sin 0)
A =-a sin 0. INTEGRATION
Again, y =b sin )
1. )=1
Differentiating w.r.t. '8, we get,
dy
(6 sin 0) = b cos where e' is the constant of integration.
de de =
dy dy do = cos x 1 2. |" dr n +c (provided n 1)
b 0 +1
dx de -a sin 0
dy b
Or
dx
cot 0.
<br>

12
ISC PHYsICS

(log, x) 0.16. THEOREMS OF INTEGRATION

3. dx = log, x 1. Fiist theorem. The integral of the product of a
constant and a function is equal to the product of the
4. constantand the integral of that function.
=
Thus, [ Cu dx C [u dx
where Cis a constant and is a function ofx.
u

a=a.N +b 2. Second theorem. The integral of the sum or

difference of a number functions is equalto the sum or
of

q'
a
log, a difference of their integrals.
6. a d = log, a log, a Thus,
f(u +v twt...) dx =Judx fv dx +fw dxt..
7. sin d =-cos
a (cos x) =- sin x

u, v, w, ... are
where all functions ofx.

d = sin x (sin x)= cos X Example 14. Integrate the following functions w.r.4. "r'
dx
x
sin
(b) 2+ sin x + (c)
(tan x) = sec² x cos² x
9. (see:x dx = tan * dx
COS I
(d)7-cos'x (e) 9*+ etr () cos'x
10. cosec² x dr - cot *

(cot x)
=
- cosec² x ()7- sin x
Solution.
11. |sec x tan x dx = sec x dx
=2 dx

(sec x)= secx tan x I1/2 + 1

2 +
C.
1 +C= 1 +C=
+1
12. cosec x cot x dx = COsecI
2
sin x de
.. cosec x)=- cosec x cotx
dx x
dx + sin dr + da
a
13. |sin ax dx=
COS

a sin ax - sin ax -cos X+ log, x + C

sin x dx sin x
=| dx
14. cos ax dx = sin ax COS X cOs

sec x tan x
dx = sec t C
d sin ax a cos at
= cOS ax
COs
sin x (d) 1-cos² x dx =sin² t =
sin x d
15. tan x dx = dx =-1log, cos x x' sin
COS X

d Sin x = tan
cosec x. cot x dx
log. cos x) =
x

COSect + C

16. fcot x dx = J sin x dx = log, sin x (e) (9+ et) dt

COS X
(log, sin x) = =
cot x = + +C
sin x log, 9 4
<br>

MATHEMATICAL NOTE

13
L+ cos 2:
dx
=sec? rdx
+ sec x
tan x dx
('::cos 2r =2 cos x- 1) = tan x + sccx + C.
-5(1+cos 2v) dx 3. Integration by-substitution.
Example 15. Solve the following:

(a) (ax +
b)" dx (n a- )
+C
sin 2x (c) cot x dx
4 +C

Solution. (a) (ax + by dx (n a-1)

Put u = ax + b.
du du
or dx =
dx
.:. The given integral becomes,
1 un +1
du H| u" du = + +C
a n 1

= + log, x–2* + C.
2 1
(ax + byn +1
+C
n
+1
dx (ar + b)n+1
a (n + 1) +C.
tan x dx =
c
Sin x ...(i)
(6) dx

Put COS X = u.
du
dx
=- sin
x

Or d =- dx sin
x

.:. Integral equation (i) becomes,

x-12
5/2 -1/2
3 3/9 +3 1/2 +C
du = cos + C.
u
log, =-log,
2 2 - 213/2
+6 V* + C
cot x =
(c) dx dc ..(üü)
1 1
1+ sinx sin x
() |1- sin x dx =1-sin x*1+ sin x
Put sin x = u
1 + sin x = 1+ sin dx x
du
1-sin x dx cos² x dx
sin x Or du = cos x d
cos2 x cos² x Integral equation (i) becomes
1 sin x
-seg² x
dx +
COS C
dx du= log, u+ C= log. sin x + C.
<br>

14 1SCPHYSICS4

:
(d) sec x de = sec² x. sec² xdx Example 16. Integrate the following
x e* (b)x. cOS N
(c)log, x.
(a)

tan²*) sec² x dx ...(1)

Solution.

Put
(: sec2 =1+ tan²x)
tan x
=u -
du =
sec'x
=x.e-(a.e) dz =*.e
[e da
dx +C =e*(*-1) + C.
Or x =
sec² dx du =x.e–e*
Integral equation (i)becomes (6) * cos xdx
[(a+u) du = | du+ | u² du =u + + C

= tan t + tan³ *
+C.
3
=*. sin x-| [1. sin x] dx
(e) [V1+* de
=t Sn t + cos t + C.
Put y1+x u =
=
(c)| log, * dx log. *. l dx
1+x = u' Or x= u2-1
dac d
dx = 2u du
=

du 2u Or

The given integral becomes,

| (u2- 12. u. 2u du
= (log, *) .
x-:
=
(u-2u2 1).2u² du
+ =* log, x- dx =x log,
x
-*+C
=t (log,
x
–1) + C.
= (2u5- 4u* + 2u) du

du + [ 2udu
FOLLOW UP
=2u6 du-4ut PROBLEMS
2u7 4u5 2u3 16. Integrate the following w.r.t. x :
+ +C
7 5 c3 3 xs212+3
() (ii)
2 12 – 4 2 + 3
(1+*)52+(1 +a)32 C
=(1+æ)
2 3
(iii (iv) sin x
+,2
4. Integration by parts
To find the integral of the product of two functions, (v) x sin x (vi) (sin x + cos x)2
the following rule is used. (vii) 1 sin Va (viii) x sin ?
Integral of the product of two functions
= first function x integral of second function (x) cos®
(ix)
sin²x cosx sinx
integral of (derivative of first function (xi) cos x cosec x (cii) esin *
cosx
x integral of second function)
(ciii) e3r 2c
(xiv) 3¢2–1
d
i.e., (xv) sin'x (xvi) V1+sin x.
<br>

MATHEMATICAL NOTE 15

n/2 T/2
3
( J2 cos 2 do
4
Ans. (i)
12+ 2r2 246V (e) VI+ cos 0 dodo = de
(i) 9t 2r + log
x
(iv) - cOS x
+ 2 log, X+ 2:2
3

(U) Cos 2r cos 20 = 2 cos2 0-1 or cos 0 = 2 cos? -1

-N COS N+ sin x (vi) 2
2
(vii) –2 cos Vx (vii) - [sin /2
=
=V2 cOS de V2
(ix) tan t - cot (*)
sin?
xsin'x 2 1/2
5
(i) - cosec x (xii) esin ¢
(xiii)
6
ee (xiv) log (3*2– 1) =V2 2 sin =2V2| sin
sin 2r , 0
(xU)
4
(xvi) 2| sin COS
2 - 2V2 4-sin o-aa-o
0.17. DEFINITE INTEGRAL
- 2/2 :2.
The definite integral of flx) between the lower limit 'a'
T/2
and the upper limit b
is written as [A) ds. (d) V1+ sin x dx
To evaluate this integral, first J fx) dx is obtained. TU2

Then x = b and x =a
are substituted and the second
sin2+ cos2 2
+2 sin 2 cOs d
result is subtracted from the first.
Example 17. Evaluate the following integrals : + cos2. and sin * = 2 sin, cos la
sin2.
2
cos x dx (b) T2
sin 4x dx

T2 2
sin + cos dx

(c) VI+cos 0 de
(d)VI+ sin x dx
sin + cos , dx
log, x dx. U2
Sin t dx + cos
U2
Solution. (a) cOs x dc
- [sin ] TU2

2 sin
- sin
sin 0=1-0=1
(b)
T4

sin 4x dx
COS 4xc
T/4
--zco+2|sin 0

cos 0
=-2-cos 0+2|sin sin

- cos 0] = =-2
=-co8 -1-1]
2 =
2.
V2
<br>

16

0,7 that
log, x
Itln clour from Pig, (y + Ay) Ax >
A>y, hz
Ax,
Dividing throughout by
Put log,x l.
y
du to C, Ho that Ax -) and
IfD innoved closer
1 thon
AA
Lt
The given integral becomos, dA
Or
y dx
dA
This is pOBsible only ify
1

(log, a] rdA
2
[(log, b-
=[(log, b + log, a)(log, b - log, a)] (arc at x = b)– (arca at
x
u)
= arca AGHHB-0= arca AGHB
=,
2
log, (ba) log, a within the limits a
Thus, integration of function, curve, above the X

and b is cqual to the

area below the = u and
MEANING OF axis and inbetween the ordinates representing
of integration as
O.18. PHYSICAL meaníng
x= b. This is the physicalintorpretation
INTEGRATION AS SUMMATION summation or geometrical of integration.
OR GEOMETRICAL INTERPRE
TATION OF INTEGRATION
Consider a function y = flx), Lot AB bo a soction of the
FOLLDW UP
curve ropresonting this Y PROBILEMS
function. The points A and B
correspond to = a and x=b,
x
17. Solvo the followings:
respectivcly (Fig. 0.7). Take
two points C and D, on this (i) cOg 0 dl) (üi) + Bin x) dx
curve, close to cuch othor,
such that their c0-ordinatCs
arc (x,y) and (x + Ax, y + Ay),
GMm g142
respectively. From C and D, L M
(tit) dr (iv) Kr2 dr
draw perpendiculars CL and X

DM, respectively, on X-axis. Fig. 0.7. Goomotrlcal Intorprota

tion of Intogration.
Lot the arca CLMD bo
denoted by 6A. (v) (vi) dx
From C, draw a perpendicular CE on MD, From ID,
draw a perpendicular DF on LC(produced). Ans. (i); () n+2 (iii)
GMm (iv)
R Kr
Arca CLME = LC x LM =yx Ax
Arca FLMD = LPx LM = MD × LM (0)2 (u')
606
= (y + Ay) x Ar