Grade 7 Science
Unit 3 – Mixtures and Solutions
Chapter 8 Notes
Concentration and Solutions
Solution --> a homogeneous mixture
Dissolving to mix a solute completely with a solvent to form a solution.
Solute a substance that can be dissolved in a solvent
Solvent a substance into which a solute dissolves
Solutions can be made up of substances in different states:
Solute Solvent Example
Solid Liquid Salt Water (salt in water)
Gas Liquid Pepsi (Carbon dioxide in water)
Gas Gas Air (oxygen in nitrogen)
Solid Solid Brass (zinc in copper)
Liquid Liquid Antifreeze (alcohol in water)
*Note: There is usually more solvent then solute
Ex: Identify the solute and solvent
(a) vinegar is 5% acetic acid and 95% water
(b) 100 g of brass contains 35 g of zinc and 65 g of copper
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Solubility the mass of a certain solute that can dissolve in a certain volume of
solvent.
Ex: 3 g of salt in 100 ml of water
Soluble able to dissolve
Insoluble unable to dissolve in a particular solvent
There are substances that are insoluble in some solvents and soluble in others
Ex. motor oil in water (insoluble), motor oil in gasoline (soluble)
Question: Why do some substances dissolve and others don't?
Answer: It depends on the attraction between the particles of the same substance
and attraction between the particles of different substances.
We know that particles in the same substance are attracted to one another, but if
the particles are also attracted to the particles of a different substance, it can be
soluble.
Ex. Sugar particles are attracted to each other, but are also attracted to
the particles in water, making it sugar soluble!
If the particles are more attracted to itself than the other particles, it will be
insoluble.
Ex. Grass particles are more attracted to other grass particles than the
particles in water, so that's why those pesky grass stains won't dissolve in the
wash!
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Concentration
Concentrated Solution has a large mass of dissolved solute for a certain
quantity of solvent
Dilute Solution has a small mass of dissolved solute for a certain quantity of
solvent
Question: I want to make a diluted drink, do I add the entire pack of Kool-Aid or
half a pack? Why?
Answer:
I would add only half of the crystal light to make it a dilute
drink. It is diluted because it has a small amount (mass) of sugar (solute).
Concentration the quantity of solute that is dissolved in a certain quantity of
solvent
You can describe concentration in two ways:
1. qualitatively (with words)
o Describing a drink as a concentrated or diluted
2. quantitatively (with numbers)
o Most common ways to represent concentration are in grams per litres
(g/L), grams per millilitre (g/ml), and parts per million (ppm)
Ex. 70 g/L represents 70 grams of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solvent
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Saturated Solution forms when no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount
of solvent
Unsaturated Solution a solution that is not yet saturated. More solute can
dissolve in it.
Supersaturated solution - is a solution that contains more of the dissolved
material than could be dissolved (it has too much "stuff" in it)
Ex. Rock candy is made from a supersaturated solution
Factors that Affect the Rate Solubility
1. Temperature
As temperature increases solubility of solids increases, but solubility of gases
decreases
Ex. flat pop when it’s warm, sugar dissolves quicker in hot coffee than cold
water
2. Pressure
Increase the pressure and the solubility of gases increase
Ex. Carbon Dioxide in Pop
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There is a lot of pressure inside a bottle of pop. When you open it, you
decrease the pressure and you can hear/see the gas being let out.
This gas is being released because the solubility is decreasing as the
pressure decreases.
Increase Decrease Increase Decrease
Temperature Temperature Pressure Pressure
Increase Decrease
Solids N/A N/A
Solubility Solubility
Decrease Increase Increase Decrease
Gases
Solubility Solubility Solubility Solubility
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