ACID AND BASE GRADE 11 AND 12
PREPARED BY Austin Academy
COMMON BASE
Base Formula
Potassium hydroxide kOH
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCo3
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
Ammonia NH3
SODIUM HYDROXIDE NaOH
Arrhenius model for acid & Base
DEF: An Arrhenius acid form H3O+ in water, increase
[H3O+]
: An Arrhenius base form OH- water, increases [OH-]
Dissociation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
1.
Bronsted Lowry Model for Acid and Base
Def: An acid is a substance that donates (Give
away) protons [H+].A base is substance that
accepts (take) protons.
Example
HCl donate proton, therefore it is acid
NH3 accept protons, therefore it is base
Conjugate acid-base
Def: a conjugate acid-base pair contains two
compounds that differ only by hydrogen (H+) and
charge of +1.
Example
CH3COOH donates a proton, so it is acid.
Water accepts protons therefore it is base.
In forward reaction, HCl is proton donor and NH3
is proton acceptor.
In reverse reaction, Cl ion is proton acceptor
and NH3+ is proton acceptor.
Worked example 1: conjugate-base-pair
Determine the conjugate acid-base pairs for the
following reaction.
Amphoteric
Def: is one that can act as an acid in one reaction, or base
in another reaction.
EXAMPLES
a) NH3 (ammonia)
b) Zinc Oxide
c) Beryllium hydroxide (Be(OH)2
Monoprotic acid- An acid that donates H+ ion.e.g HCL
Diprotic-An acid that can release two H+ ion e.g H2SO4
Polyprotic- An acid that can donate more than
one or two [H+] ion
Strong acid and base
Def: strong acid or base is one that almost
completely dissociate to form ion in solution.
Example
If 100 000 molecule of HCl were added to
water , almost 90 000 were going to ionize to
from H+ and cl-
Unequal double arrows indicate that the
equilibrium position favors the formation of ion.
Weak acid and base
Def: Is one where only a small percentage of
molecule dissociate to form ion in solution.
Example.
If HF had 100000 molecules, only 100 were
going to form H+ and F
Unequal double arrows indicate that reaction do
no favors formation of ion.
Diluted and concentrated
solution.
Def: Standard solution: Is one where the exact
concentration of a solute in a solvent is known.
Concentrated solution: Is one where there is
high ratio of dissolved substance ( e.g acid and
base).
Diluted solution: Is one where there is a low
ratio of dissolved substance to the solvent.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2: ACID and BASE
Solution 1 contains 100dm3 of HCl added to
1dm3 of water. Almost all the HCl molecules
ionize in the solution.
Solution 2 Contains 0.01g of mg(OH)2 added
to 1000 dm3 of water. Only a small percentage
of the mg(oH)2 molecules dissociate in the
solution
Say whether these solutions
1 contain strong acid or weak acid or base
2.A concentrated or diluted.
Worked Example 3: Acid and base
Solution 1 contains 0.01 dm3 of NaOH added
to 800 dm3 of water. Almost all NaOH molecules
dissociate in solution
Solution 2 contains 100g of HF added to 10
dm3 of water. Only small percentage of the HF
molecule ionize in the solution
say weather solution
[Link] a strong or weak acid or base
2. Are concentrated or diluted.
Worked example: calculating concentration
0.27g of H2SO4 is added to 183,7 dm3 of water.
Calculate the concentration of the solution.
Worked Example 5: Calculating concentration
16,4g of KOH is added to 12,9 cm3 of water.
Calculate the concentration of the solution
Ka and Kb
Def ka: is the constant equilibrium for ionization
of an acid.
Kb: is also the equilibrium constant for
ionization of base.
Example
Strong acid
The liquid water is not included in a reaction
Ka for strong acid is higher. This means there
are more products than reactant.
The HBr molecules are almost ionized to H+ and
Br
Weak acid
Ka for weak acid is low (approximately 1,7x10-
5)
This means that there are more reactions
than products (less products).
The ethanoic acid didn’t ionize completely.
Strong base
Kb for NaOH is strong since there are more
product than reactant.
Weak base
The kb for weak acid is small.
Worked example 6: Equilibrium constant
calculation
Calculate the equilibrium constant for hydrochloric
acid added to 1,38 dm3 of water.
Worked example 7: Kb calculation
The equilibrium constant (kb) for the following
reaction is 1,8 x 10-5
Calculate the mass ( at equilibrium) of NH3
molecules dissolved in 4dm3 of water if there is a
0.00175 mol dm3 concentration of hydroxide ion
at equilibrium.
ACID -Base
reaction
DEF salt: Is a neutral ionic solution compound
composed of cation and anions, it is the results pf
Acid and Base neutralization reaction.
Neutralization- It involves an acid and base
reaction to form salt.
Examples
Hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen bromide with potassium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydro
carbonate
Worked Example 8: Determining Equation
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) is dissolved in
nitric acid (HNO3). Give the balanced chemical
equation for this reaction.
Worked Example 9: Determine the equation
Hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide
(KOH). Give the balanced chemical equation for
this reaction.
Worked Example 10: Determining Equation
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and ammonia (NH3) are
combined. Give the balanced chemical Equation of
this reaction.
Worked Example 11
[Link] Equation of acid
and the metal
a) Hydrochloric acid and calcium
Acid + Metal >> salt + hydrogen gas
b) Nitric acid and magnesium
[Link] balance equation of these
acid and metal hydroxide
a) hydrochloric acid and magnesium
hydroxide
Acid + metal hydroxide>> salt + water
b) Nitric acid and aluminum hydroxide
[Link] balanced Equation of
these acid and metal oxide
a) hydrochloric acid and aluminum oxide.
Metal oxide + Acid >> Salt + water.
c) Sulfuric acid and magnesium oxide.
PH
Def: is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity solution.
It is based on the concentration of hydrogen ion.
Acid solution 0 to 6
As PH decreases, the concentration of [H ] increases,
e.g. Lemon Juice
Neutral solution: PH 7
This means that the concentration of hydronium ion is
equal to hydroxide ion
Solution is either acid or base.
Basic Solution
As the PH increases, The concentration of [OH] increase,
making solution alkaline.
e.g baking soda
calculations of PH
formula:
Worked example 11
Calculate the PH o a solution where the concentration of
hydrogen ion is 1 x10-7 [Link]-3
Worked example 12
In a 162 cm3 solution of ethanoic acid, the following
equilibrium is established.
The number of moles of CH3COO- Is found to be 0.001 mo.
Calculate the PH of the solution.
KW
Def: Auto protolysis- it is the transfer of a proton
between two o the same molecule
Auto_Ionisation- Process in which water molecule react
with each other to form ion.
Kw is the ionization constant of water.
It is the equilibrium constant or dissociation of water
into hydrogen [H+] ion and hydroxide [OH-]
At 25 degrees Celsius
Salt Hydrolysis
Def: Is a reaction between ion from salt and water.
Where ions react with water to form either an acid
[H30+] OR A BASE [OH-]
This alters the PH of the solution.
Type of salt
Neutral salt
Strong salt + strong base >> neutral salt + water
No hydrolysis, PH=7 , remain neutral
ACIDIC SALTS
Strong acid + weak base >> weak acidic salt +
water
PH = approximately 5 PH < 7
Basic salt
Weak acid + strong base >> weak basic salt + water
PH is approximately 9 PH > 7
NB: Spectator ion: are ions that do not
participate in hydrolysis reaction
because they come from strong acid or
strong base
Titration
Def: is a chemical analysis method used to determine
the concentration of an unknown solution by reaction
it with a solution of known solution.
Key terminology
Titrant: the solution of known concentration (Added
from burette)
Analyte: The solution of unknown concentration
(Placed in conical flask)
Equivalence point: The point where acid and base
have reacted in exact proportion.
End point: The point where the indicator change color
(Close to equivalence point)
Indicator: A substance that changes color at a specific
PH to signal the end of reaction e.g Phenolphthalein.
4 steps in titration
[Link] The burette with a solution of known
concentration
2. Pipette a known volume of the known unknown
solution into the conical flask
3. Add indicator to the unknown solution (Analyte)
4. Slowly add the titrant from the burette while
swirling the flask.
5. Stop at the end point when the indicator changes
color.
6. Recor the titrant used [ Final volume – Initial
volume]
Titration calculations
Formula: C1V1=C2V2
WORKED E