ACID AND BASE GRADE 11 AND 12
PREPARED BY Austin Academy
COMMON BASE
Base Formula
Potassium hydroxide kOH
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCo3
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH
Ammonia NH3
SODIUM HYDROXIDE NaOH
Arrhenius model for acid & Base
DEF: An Arrhenius acid form H3O+ in water, increase [H3O+]
: An Arrhenius base form OH- water, increases [OH-]
Dissociation of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
1.
Bronsted Lowry Model for Acid and Base
Def: An acid is a substance that donates (Give away)
protons [H+].A base is substance that accepts (take)
protons.
Example
• HCl donate proton, therefore it is acid
• NH3 accept protons, therefore it is base
Conjugate acid-base
Def: a conjugate acid-base pair contains two compounds
that differ only by hydrogen (H+) and charge of +1.
Example
• CH3COOH donates a proton, so it is acid.
• Water accepts protons therefore it is base.
• In forward reaction, HCl is proton donor and NH3 is proton
acceptor.
• In reverse reaction, Cl ion is proton acceptor and NH3+ is
proton acceptor.
-
Worked example 1: conjugate-base-pair
Determine the conjugate acid-base pairs for the following
reaction.
Amphoteric
Def: is one that can act as an acid in one reaction, or base in another
reaction.
EXAMPLES
a) NH3 (ammonia)
b) Zinc Oxide
c) Beryllium hydroxide (Be(OH)2
Monoprotic acid- An acid that donates H+ ion.e.g HCL
Diprotic-An acid that can release two H+ ion e.g H2SO4
Polyprotic- An acid that can donate more than one or two
[H+] ion
Strong acid and base
Def: strong acid or base is one that almost completely
dissociate to form ion in solution.
Example
• If 100 000 molecule of HCl were added to water , almost
90 000 were going to ionize to from H+ and cl-
• Unequal double arrows indicate that the equilibrium
position favors the formation of ion.
Weak acid and base
Def: Is one where only a small percentage of molecule
dissociate to form ion in solution.
Example.
• If HF had 100000 molecules, only 100 were going to form
H+ and F
• Unequal double arrows indicate that reaction do no
favors formation of ion.
Diluted and concentrated solution.
Def: Standard solution: Is one where the exact
concentration of a solute in a solvent is known.
Concentrated solution: Is one where there is high ratio
of dissolved substance ( e.g acid and base).
Diluted solution: Is one where there is a low ratio of
dissolved substance to the solvent.
WORKED EXAMPLE 2: ACID and BASE
Solution 1 contains 100dm3 of HCl added to 1dm3 of
water. Almost all the HCl molecules ionize in the
solution.
Solution 2 Contains 0.01g of mg(OH)2 added to 1000
dm3 of water. Only a small percentage of the mg(oH)2
molecules dissociate in the solution
Say whether these solutions
1 contain strong acid or weak acid or base
2.A concentrated or diluted.
Worked Example 3: Acid and base
Solution 1 contains 0.01 dm3 of NaOH added to 800
dm3 of water. Almost all NaOH molecules dissociate in
solution
Solution 2 contains 100g of HF added to 10 dm3 of
water. Only small percentage of the HF molecule ionize
in the solution
say weather solution
[Link] a strong or weak acid or base
2. Are concentrated or diluted.
Worked example: calculating concentration
0.27g of H2SO4 is added to 183,7 dm3 of water. Calculate
the concentration of the solution.
Worked Example 5: Calculating concentration
16,4g of KOH is added to 12,9 cm3 of water. Calculate the
concentration of the solution
Ka and Kb
Def ka: is the constant equilibrium for ionization of an acid.
Kb: is also the equilibrium constant for ionization of
base.
Example
Strong acid
• The liquid water is not included in a reaction
• Ka for strong acid is higher. This means there are more
products than reactant.
• The HBr molecules are almost ionized to H+ and Br
Weak acid
• Ka for weak acid is low (approximately 1,7x10-5)
This means that there are more reactions than
products (less products).
• The ethanoic acid didn’t ionize completely.
Strong base
• Kb for NaOH is strong since there are more product than
reactant.
Weak base
• The kb for weak acid is small.
Worked example 6: Equilibrium constant calculation
Calculate the equilibrium constant for hydrochloric acid
added to 1,38 dm3 of water.
Worked example 7: Kb calculation
The equilibrium constant (kb) for the following reaction is
1,8 x 10-5
Calculate the mass ( at equilibrium) of NH3 molecules
dissolved in 4dm3 of water if there is a 0.00175 mol dm3
concentration of hydroxide ion at equilibrium.
ACID -Base reaction
DEF salt: Is a neutral ionic solution compound composed
of cation and anions, it is the results pf Acid and Base
neutralization reaction.
Neutralization- It involves an acid and base reaction to
form salt.
Examples
Hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen bromide with potassium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydro carbonate
Worked Example 8: Determining Equation
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) is dissolved in nitric acid
(HNO3). Give the balanced chemical equation for this
reaction.
Worked Example 9: Determine the equation
Hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide (KOH). Give
the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
Worked Example 10: Determining Equation
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and ammonia (NH3) are combined.
Give the balanced chemical Equation of this reaction.
Worked Example 11
[Link] balance Equation of acid and the
metal
a) Hydrochloric acid and calcium
Acid + Metal >> salt + hydrogen gas
b) Nitric acid and magnesium
2. Write balance equation of these acid and
metal hydroxide
a) hydrochloric acid and magnesium hydroxide
Acid + metal hydroxide>> salt + water
b) Nitric acid and aluminum hydroxide
[Link] a balanced Equation of these acid
and metal oxide
a) hydrochloric acid and aluminum oxide.
Metal oxide + Acid >> Salt + water.
c) Sulfuric acid and magnesium oxide.
PH
Def: is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity solution.
It is based on the concentration of hydrogen ion.
Acid solution 0 to 6
• As PH decreases, the concentration of [H ] increases, e.g. Lemon
Juice
Neutral solution: PH 7
• This means that the concentration of hydronium ion is equal to
hydroxide ion
Solution is either acid or base.
Basic Solution
As the PH increases, The concentration of [OH] increase, making
solution alkaline.
e.g baking soda
calculations of PH
formula:
Worked example 11
Calculate the PH o a solution where the concentration of hydrogen ion
is 1 x10-7 [Link]-3
Worked example 12
In a 162 cm3 solution of ethanoic acid, the following equilibrium is
established.
The number of moles of CH3COO- Is found to be 0.001 mo. Calculate
the PH of the solution.
KW
Def: Auto protolysis- it is the transfer of a proton between two o the
same molecule
Auto_Ionisation- Process in which water molecule react with each
other to form ion.
• Kw is the ionization constant of water.
• It is the equilibrium constant or dissociation of water into
hydrogen [H+] ion and hydroxide [OH-]
At 25 degrees Celsius
Salt Hydrolysis
Def: Is a reaction between ion from salt and water.
Where ions react with water to form either an acid [H30+] OR A
BASE [OH-]
This alters the PH of the solution.
Type of salt
Neutral salt
Strong salt + strong base >> neutral salt + water
No hydrolysis, PH=7 , remain neutral
ACIDIC SALTS
Strong acid + weak base >> weak acidic salt + water
PH = approximately 5 PH < 7
Basic salt
Weak acid + strong base >> weak basic salt + water
PH is approximately 9 PH > 7
NB: Spectator ion: are ions that do not
participate in hydrolysis reaction because they
come from strong acid or strong base