16
12 Ahmed investigates the reaction between magnesium lumps and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus he uses.
gas syringe
dilute
hydrochloric acid
magnesium
lump
Look at the graph of Ahmed’s results.
120
110
100
90
80
total 70
volume of
hydrogen 60
given off
in cm3 50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time in seconds
(a) How long (in seconds) does it take to make 50 cm3 of hydrogen?
seconds [1]
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(b) Ahmed repeats the experiment with magnesium powder.
Predict what will happen to the rate of the reaction.
Explain why.
[3]
© UCLES 2020 1113/01/O/N/20
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8 Carlos investigates the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus he uses.
Carlos measures the total volume of gas made every 30 seconds.
(a) Look at the diagram of the gas syringe below.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 cm3
What is the volume of gas in the gas syringe?
cm3 [1]
(b) Carlos decides to repeat his experiment.
Suggest why it is a good idea to repeat the experiment.
[1]
(c) The hydrochloric acid in the experiment is corrosive.
Describe how Carlos controls this safety risk.
[1]
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11
(d) Look at his results.
time in seconds total volume of gas in cm3
0 0
30 20
60 35
90 44
120 50
150 50
Circle the best way for Carlos to present his results.
bar graph pie chart histrogram line graph [1]
(e) The total volume of gas made depends on the concentration of acid.
Carlos wants to do an experiment that makes about 100 cm3 of gas.
Describe how he decides the correct concentration of acid to use.
[1]
© UCLES 2021 1113/01/A/M/21 [Turn over
6
5 Yuri investigates the reaction of metals with acids.
He adds different metals to dilute hydrochloric acid.
The diagram shows his results.
metal A metal B metal C metal D
(a) Complete the column heading and table to show Yuri’s results.
metal
A 0
B 6
[2]
(b) Describe how Yuri could improve his method to find the volume of gas produced.
Tick () the box next to the correct method.
collect the gas in a measuring cylinder
collect the gas in a test tube
repeat the experiment the same way
use a smaller piece of metal
[1]
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(c) Yuri repeats his experiment using more concentrated acid.
Yuri makes this prediction.
If I use more concentrated
acid I will get a faster
reaction.
The diagram shows his results for his second experiment.
metal A metal B metal C metal D
Is Yuri’s prediction supported by his results?
yes no
Explain your answer.
[1]
© UCLES 2018 1113/02/A/M/18 [Turn over
10
8 Aiko investigates the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid.
The diagram shows her equipment.
X
delivery tube
bowl
25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid water
and
excess magnesium ribbon
(a) Aiko uses the equipment labelled X to measure the volume of gas made in the reaction.
Write down the name of equipment X.
[1]
(b) Aiko collects 35 cm3 of gas in 5 minutes.
Aiko wants to find out what happens when the concentration of acid is increased.
Aiko doubles the concentration of acid she uses and repeats the experiment.
(i) Predict the volume of gas she collects in 5 minutes.
cm3
Explain your answer.
[1]
(ii) Write down two variables she controls.
2
[2]
(c) Aiko wants to do a similar investigation with sodium and hydrochloric acid.
Explain why it would not be safe to use sodium.
[1]
© UCLES 2021 1113/01/O/N/21
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11 Jamila investigates the reaction of different metals with hydrochloric acid.
The metals are magnesium, zinc and iron.
She measures how long it takes for the reaction with each metal to make 50 cm3 of hydrogen gas.
(a) She thinks these variables are important in her investigation.
A the metal used
B the volume of hydrochloric acid used
C the concentration of the hydrochloric acid used
D the time to make 50 cm3 of hydrogen gas
E the temperature of the room
Which letter shows the variable Jamila changes?
Which letters show the three variables Jamila keeps the same?
, and
Which letter shows the variable Jamila measures to find out which metal reacts the fastest?
[4]
(b) Jamila predicts that hydrochloric acid will react fastest with zinc.
Look at her results.
time to make 50 cm3 of gas
metal
in seconds
magnesium 50
iron 280
zinc 200
Is Jamila’s prediction correct?
Explain your answer.
[2]
© UCLES 2019 1113/01/O/N/19 [Turn over
8
7 Carlos investigates the reaction of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid.
He puts zinc into a conical flask and then adds 25 cm3 of cold dilute sulfuric acid.
The diagram shows his apparatus.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
gas syringe
zinc
dilute sulfuric acid
Carlos then records the volume of gas in the syringe each minute.
The diagrams below show some of his results.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1 minute 2 minutes
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
4 minutes 6 minutes
(a) Write down the volume of gas collected after 6 minutes.
cm3 [1]
(b) Carlos repeats the investigation using 25 cm3 of warm dilute sulfuric acid.
Predict the volume of gas collected after 2 minutes.
cm3 [1]
© UCLES 2018 1113/02/O/N/18
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(c) Carlos then repeats the investigation using 25 cm3 of more concentrated sulfuric acid.
Explain why the reaction is faster.
Use ideas about particles and collisions in your answer.
[2]
© UCLES 2018 1113/02/O/N/18 [Turn over
15
11 Blessy reacts each of the metals calcium, magnesium and iron with dilute hydrochloric acid.
She wants to find out which reaction releases the most heat.
conical flask
metal
hydrochloric acid
(a) Blessy decides to use 20 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid and 0.1 g of each metal.
Explain why she uses the same volume of dilute hydrochloric acid each time.
[1]
(b) What measurements does Blessy take to find out which reaction releases the most heat?
[2]
12 Priya makes an electromagnet.
She chooses from this list of equipment.
ammeter buzzer electric cell electrical wires
iron rod lamp switch voltmeter
Draw a circuit diagram for the electromagnet she makes.
[3]
© UCLES 2020 S/S8/02 [Turn over
14
10 Magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to make magnesium sulfate solution and hydrogen gas.
(a) Complete these sentences about the rate of this reaction.
The rate of this reaction is increased by increasing the concentration or
the of the dilute sulfuric acid.
One other way of increasing the rate of this reaction is to increase
the of the magnesium.
[2]
(b) Describe how solid magnesium sulfate is made from magnesium sulfate solution.
[1]
© UCLES 2023 3146_01
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2 Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with calcium carbonate.
Blessy plans an investigation to find out the effect of concentration of acid on the rate of this
reaction.
The diagram shows the equipment she uses.
measuring
delivery tube
cylinder
gas
conical
flask water
dilute hydrochloric acid
calcium carbonate
(a) (i) Identify the independent variable in this investigation.
[1]
(ii) Describe how Blessy measures the dependent variable in this investigation.
dependent variable
how it is measured
[1]
(iii) Identify two variables that Blessy must control.
2
[1]
(b) Identify one safety risk in the investigation and describe how to control the risk.
safety risk
how to control the risk
[2]
© UCLES 2023 3146_02 [Turn over
14
10 Hassan investigates the reaction between 0.5 g of sodium carbonate and 20 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Hassan:
• measures the reaction time (the time it takes for the reaction to stop)
• does five different experiments
• uses a different concentration of acid in each experiment
• keeps the temperature the same in each experiment.
Look at the table of his results.
relative
reaction time
concentration
in seconds
of acid
0.5 68
1.0 40
1.5 24
2.0 14
2.5 10
(a) Plot Hassan’s results on the grid.
Draw the curve of best fit through the points.
100
80
60
reaction
time in
seconds
40
20
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
relative concentration
of acid
[2]
(b) Describe the trend shown by these results.
[1]
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8 Pierre investigates the reaction between lumps of zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
dilute hydrochloric acid
zinc
(a) Pierre finds that the reaction is faster if he heats the dilute hydrochloric acid.
Explain why, using the particle model.
[2]
(b) Pierre wants to make the reaction go faster.
He does not want to change the:
• volume of the dilute hydrochloric acid
• temperature of the dilute hydrochloric acid
• mass of zinc.
Describe one other way that Pierre can make the reaction go faster.
[1]
(c) Pierre wants to measure the volume of gas given off during the reaction.
Complete the diagram of the equipment Pierre uses to collect and measure the volume of the
gas.
[2]
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(d) Pierre does a risk assessment on his investigation.
He decides to wear safety goggles.
Why does he decide to wear safety goggles?
[1]
© UCLES 2020 S/S9/02 [Turn over
14
9 Chen investigates the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Look at the word equation for the reaction.
calcium hydrochloric calcium carbon
+ + + water
carbonate acid chloride dioxide
Look at the equipment Chen uses.
glass wool
plug
dilute hydrochloric conical flask
acid
calcium carbonate
balance 102.34 g powder
(a) Predict what happens to the mass reading on the balance during the reaction.
Explain your answer.
[2]
(b) Chen finds that the rate of the reaction is greater when he uses powdered calcium carbonate
rather than lumps of calcium carbonate.
Explain why using the particle model.
[2]
(c) Describe one safety precaution Chen must take during his investigation.
Explain why he takes this safety precaution.
[2]
© UCLES 2022 S/S9/02
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12 Mike investigates the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Look at part of the equipment he uses.
dilute hydrochloric acid
magnesium
(a) Write down the name of the equipment Mike uses to collect the gas and measure the
volume of the gas.
[1]
(b) Mike measures the volume of gas made every 30 seconds until the reaction stops.
Describe how Mike makes his results more reliable.
[1]
(c) Mike writes a risk assessment for his investigation.
Write down one safety risk and describe how Mike reduces this risk.
safety risk
how Mike reduces this risk
[2]
© UCLES 2023 0893/02/A/M/23
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12 Pierre investigates the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The reaction gives off carbon dioxide gas.
Look at the equipment he uses.
glass wool plug
100 cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid
20 g calcium carbonate
102.34 g X
(a) Write down the name of equipment X.
[1]
© UCLES 2023 0893/01/A/M/23 [Turn over
18
(b) Pierre measures the loss in mass every minute for 4 minutes.
Here are his results.
At the start the loss in mass is 0.0 g
1.5 g is the loss in mass after 4 minutes
3 minutes = a loss in mass of 1.2 g
After 1 minute the loss in mass is 0.8 g
1.1 g = 2 minutes
Complete his results table.
............................................... loss in mass
in g
...............................................
............... ...............
............... ...............
............... ...............
............... ...............
............... ...............
[2]
© UCLES 2023 0893/01/A/M/23
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12 Hassan investigates the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The reaction makes hydrogen gas.
Hassan adds 0.5 g of magnesium to 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid.
He measures the total volume of hydrogen gas made every minute for 4 minutes.
Look at his results.
The volume after 3 minutes is 45 cm3
20 cm3 = 1 minute
At the start the volume is 0 cm3
2 minutes = 35 cm3
50 cm3 is the volume after 4 minutes
Hassan presents his results in a table.
Complete the table of results.
[3]
© UCLES 2025 S/S9/02 [Turn over
17
14 Angelique collects some wood.
She sorts the wood into samples of different sizes.
large size small size
Angelique investigates which sample of wood burns the fastest.
She writes a hypothesis.
(a) Suggest the hypothesis Angelique writes.
Give a scientific reason for your answer.
I think
because
.
[2]
(b) Suggest two measurements Angelique makes to test her hypothesis about which sample of
wood burns fastest.
2
[2]
© UCLES 2025 S/S9/01 [Turn over
14
14 Oliver investigates the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
In his first experiment, Oliver:
• puts 20 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a beaker
• measures the temperature of the acid
• places a 5 cm strip of magnesium into the acid
• measures the reaction time.
Oliver repeats the experiment four more times.
Each time he uses acid at a different temperature.
beaker
hydrochloric acid
5 cm strip of magnesium
Look at his table of results.
temperature of acid reaction time
in °C in s
20 120
25 75
30 63
35 35
40 29
(a) Describe the relationship between the temperature of the acid and the reaction time.
[1]
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(b) Oliver repeats the investigation using more concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Write a prediction for this investigation.
Explain your prediction using the particle model.
prediction
explanation
[3]
© UCLES 2024 S/S9/01 [Turn over