國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

單選題
1. (i) If lim an = L ∈ R, then the sequence {an } is bounded.
n→∞
(ii) If {an } is an increasing sequence, then the sequence {an } is bounded from below.
(iii) If {an } diverges, then the sequence {an } is not bounded.
(iv) If both {an } and {bn } are divergent, then so is {an + bn }.
How many of the above statements are false?
A. Only one. B. Two of them. C. Three of them. D. All of them.

Solution: B
(i) is true, because there is an N > 0 such that |an − L| < 1 for all n ≥ N =⇒ |an | < |L| + 1 for all n ≥ N =⇒ |an | ≤
X
N
|an | + |L| + 1.
n=1
(ii) is true, because an ≥ a1 for all n ≥ 1/
(iii) is false, for example an = (−1)n =⇒ {an } diverges, but |an | = 1.
(iv) is false, for example an = (−1)n = −bn =⇒ both {an } and {bn } are divergent, but an + bn = 0.

X
n
1
2. Let bn = p , lim bn =?
j=1
n + j(j − 1) n→∞
A. ln 2. B. ln 3. C. 2 ln 2. D. 2 ln 3.

Solution: A （106 學年度微積分一會考）

Let aj = √1 , then
n+ j(j−1)

f ( x∗
j) f ( x∗
j)
z }| { z }| {
1 1 1 1 1 1
a  · n = p < aj < p = a  · n
j |{z} n + j 2 n + (j − 1) 2
j−1 |{z}
1+ ∆xj 1+ ∆xj
n n
| {z } | {z }
xj =x∗
j xj−1 =x∗
j

f ( x∗
j) f ( x∗
j)
z }| { z }| {
X
n
1 1 Xn Xn
1 1
=⇒ a  · n < aj < a  · n
j=1 j |{z} j=1 j=1 j−1 |{z}
1+ ∆xj 1+ ∆xj
n n
| {z } | {z }
xj =x∗
j xj−1 =x∗
j

Z X Z
b n

 2
dx
=⇒ f (x) dx = lim f x∗j ∆xj = = ln 2
a n→∞
j=1 1 x

X
n
1
=⇒ lim p = ln 2 , by squeeze theorem.
n→∞
j=1
n+ j(j − 1)

1
3. Let a1 = 1, an = for n ≥ 2, lim an =
3 − an−1
√ n→∞
3− 5
A. 0. B. 1. C. . D. 2.
2

Solution: C .(Exercise ♯88 on page 737 of the text).

Claim: 0 < an+1 < an ≤ 2 for n ≥ 1. Proof of the Claim by induction on n:
 國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

1 1
(i) n = 1: 0 < 3−1 = a2 = 2 < 1 = a1 .
(ii) Assume 0 < an+1 < an ≤ 2 for some n ≥ 1.
1 1
(iii) an+1 < an ⇐⇒ −an+1 > −an ⇐⇒ 3 − an+1 > 3 − an ⇐⇒ an+2 = < = an+1 . 0 < an+1 =⇒
3 − an+1 3 − an
1
an+2 = 3−an+1 > 0.

1
Hence, the Claim is true. By monotone sequence theorem, lim an = L ∈ [0, ∞) =⇒ L = lim an = =
n→∞ n→∞ 3 − an−1
√
1 3− 5
=⇒ L = .
3−L 2

  n1
(2n)!
4. lim =
n→∞ nn n!
1 2 3 4
A. . B. . C. . D. .
e e e e

Solution: D

  n1   n1
(2n)! (2n)!
1. Let an = . Then, lim = lim an . Check that
nn n! n→∞ nn n! n→∞

 n many terms 
  z }| {
1 (2n)! 1  (2n)(2n − 1)(2n − 2) · · · (n + 1) 
n! 
ln an = ln = ln 



n nn n! n n 
n n!
 
1 (2n)(2n − 1)(2n − 2) · · · (n + 1)
= ln
n nn
     
1 n+1 n+2 n+3 n+n
= ln ···
n n n n n
 

z f x ∗
( j) 


   }| { 


 

    n 

 

X X  1 
a
n
n+j 1   j
= ln · =  
ln 1 +   ·
n n  | {zn} |{z} n 
j=1   

j=1

 
∆xj 


∗
xj =xj 


 

Z 2
x=2
=⇒ lim ln an = ln x dx = (x ln x − x)|x=1 = (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1 ln 1 − 1) = 2 ln 2 − 1
n→∞ 1
lim ln an
=⇒ lim an = lim eln an = en→∞ (since exponential function is continuous)
n→∞ n→∞

2 4
= e2 ln 2−1 = eln 2 · e−1 = 22 · e−1 = .
e

(2n)! an+1 1
2. Let an = n
for n ∈ N. We use the fact that lim = lim |an | n （第 11 章，ratio and root tests）
n n! n→∞ an n→∞

[2  
 
[2(n+1)]! (n+1)(2n+1) (2n)!]
an+1 (n+1)n+1 (n+1)! (n+1)n 
(n+1)(n+1) 
(n!)
lim = lim = lim 
n→∞ an n→∞ (2n)! n→∞ 
(2n)!
nn n! nnn!
 
  
    
2(2n + 1) 1 2(2n + 1)  1  4
= lim  
 = lim     = .
n→∞ n+1 1+ 1
1
n n→∞ n+1  1
1
n  e
n lim 1 +
n→∞ n
 國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

∞
X 1
5. 3−n
=
n=2
n
1 1
A. 2. B. 1. C. . D. .
2 4

Solution: D  
1 1 1 1 1
For n ≥ 2, write an = 3 = = − . Then, for k ≥ 2,
n −n (n − 1)n(n + 1) 2 (n − 1)n n(n + 1)

X k  
1X
k
1 1 1
Sk = = −
n=2
n3 − n 2 n=2 (n − 1)n n(n + 1)
       
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + − + − + ··· + −
2 1·2 2·3 2·3 3·4 3·4 5·6 (k
− 1)k k · (k + 1)
  X∞
1 1 1 1 1
= − =⇒ = lim Sk = .
2 1 · 2 k · (k + 1) n=2
n 3−n k→∞ 4

∞
X
6. (i) If an = L ∈ R, then lim an = 0.
n→∞
n=1
X∞ ∞
X
(ii) If an = L ∈ R, then n = |L|.
a+
n=1 n=1
X∞ ∞
X
(iii) If n = ∞, then
a+ an = ∞.
n=1 n=1
X∞ ∞
X
(iv) If an = L ∈ R, then (−1)n an is convergent.
n=1 n=1
How many of the above statements are true?
A. Only one. B. Two of them. C. Three of them. D. All of them.

Solution: A (i) is true, which is a theorem from the text.

X∞ X∞ X∞
(−1)n+1 1
(ii), (iii) and (iv) are false, for example, an = =⇒ an = ln 2, but a+
n = = ∞ and
n n=1 n=1 n=0
2n +1
∞
X
(−1)n an = −∞.
n=1

7. Which of the following series

converges absolutely:
X∞ X∞ X∞ X∞
sin nπ + π2 (−1)n ln n arctan n (−1)n+1
A. √ . B. . C. √ . D. √ .
n=0
1 + n n=2
n n=1 n 2 n=1
n(ln n)2

Solution: C .

∞
sin nπ + π2 (−1)n 1 1 X |an |
Write an = √ = √ =⇒ |an | = √ ↘ 0. Choose bn = √ =⇒ bn = ∞, lim = 1 =⇒
1+ n 1+ n 1+ n n n→∞ bn
∞
n=1
X sin nπ + π2
√ converges conditionally.
n=0
1+ n
X∞ X∞
(−1)n ln n ln n (−1)n ln n
Write an = =⇒ |an | ↘ 0. = ∞ =⇒ converges conditionally.
n n=2
n n=2
n
π X∞
arctan n 2 arctan n
Write 0 < an = √ < √ =⇒ √ converges absolutely.
n 2 n 2 n=1 n 2
 國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

X∞
(−1)n+1 1 1 1
Write an = √ =⇒ |a n | = √ ↘ 0 and √ > 3 = b n for n large =⇒ bn = ∞ =⇒
n(ln n)2 n(ln n)2 n(ln n)2 n4 n=1
X∞
(−1)n+1
√ converges conditionally.
n=1
n(ln n)2

r ∞
X π
8. Find the radius of convergence of 2 − 2 cos n xn :
2
√ n=1
A. 1. B. 2. C. 2. D. ∞.

Solution: C r
π π
For n ∈ N, let cn = 2 − 2 cos = 2 sin n+1 , by using double angle formula. Then,
2n 2

p  sin n+1π 
2
cn 2 − 2 cos 2πn π
2
sin 2n+1 π
π
= lim p = lim  sin2 π · 2n+1 
n+1
lim = lim
n→∞ cn+1 n→∞ 2 − 2 cos 2n+1
π n→∞ 2
sin 2
π
n+2
n→∞ 2n+2
π
π 2n+2
2n+2
π
sin 2n+1
lim π
n→∞
2n+1
=2 π = 2=R.
sin 2n+2
lim π
n→∞
2n+2

∞ r
X π
9. Find the interval of convergence of 2 − 2 cos n xn :
n=1 √ √
2
√ √
A. [−2, 2]. B. (−2, 2). C. (− 2, 2). D. [− 2, 2].

Solution: B .
For x = 2,
∞ r ∞ ∞
X π n X π n X π
2 − 2 cos
n
2 = 2 sin n+1
2 == sin n+1 2n+1
n=1
2 n=1
2 n=1
2
π X∞ r
π n+1 sin 2n+1 π
lim sin n+1 2 = π lim π = π > 0 =⇒ 2 − 2 cos n 2n = ∞ .
n→∞ 2 n→∞
2n+1 n=1
2

For x = −2,
∞ r ∞ ∞
X π X π X π
2 − 2 cos n (−2) =
n n
2 sin n+1 (−2) = sin n+1 (−2)n+1
n=1
2 n=1
2 n=1
2

By the above computation,

∞ r
π X π
lim sin (−2)n+1 = π =⇒ 2 − 2 cos n (−2)n diverges .
n→∞ 2n+1 n=1
2

∞ r
X π n
Hence, the interval of convergence for 2 − 2 cos x is (−2, 2) .
n=1
2n

√ 
2n2 − n2 − n ln 2 =
n
10. lim
n→∞

(ln 2)2 ln 2
A. . B. . C. (ln 2)2 . D. ln 2.
2 2
 國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

Solution: A .

√  √ ln 2  
n
2−1− et ln 2 − 1 − t ln 2 0
2n − n − n ln 2 = lim
2 2 n
n
lim 1 = lim which is of type “ ”
n→∞ n→∞
n2
1
n =t→0
+ t2 0
 
l’H
t ln 2
(ln 2)e − ln 2 0
= lim+ which is of type “ ”
t→0 2t 0
l’H (ln 2)2 et ln 2 (ln 2)2
= lim+ = .
t→0 2 2

填空題
√ √ √
1. Let a1 = 2, an = 2 + an−1 for n ≥ 2. Compute lim 2n 2 − an = (1) .
n→∞

p r
√ π √ π π π
Solution: a1 = 2 = 2 cos =⇒ a2 = 2+ 2 = 2 + 2 cos = 2 cos = 2 cos 2+1 , · · · . By induction,
4 r 4 8 2
π √ π π √ π
an = 2 cos n+1 =⇒ 2 − an = 2 − cos n+1 = 2 sin n+2 for n ≥ 2 =⇒ lim 2n 2 − an = lim 2n+1 sin n+2 =
2 2 2 n→∞ n→∞ 2
π
π sin 2n+2 π
lim π = .
2 n→∞ 2n+2 2

3 2
2. Let a1 = 0, a2 = 1 and an+1 = an + an−1 for n ≥ 2. The limit of an is (2) .
5 5

Solution: Let b1 = 1 = a2 − a1 and

 n−1
2 2 2
bn = an+1 − an = − (an − an−1 ) = − bn−1 for n ≥ 2 ⇒ bn = − for n ≥ 1.
5 5 5

an+1 = (an+1 − 
a
n ) + ( n −
a ) + (
an−1 −

an−1 ) + · · · + (

an−2 2 −
a a a
1) + 1
Xn
= bn + bn−1 + · · · + b1 + a1 = bk
k=1
∞
X 1 5
=⇒ lim an = lim an+1 = bk =

2 = 7 .
n→∞ n→∞
k=1
1 − −5

X∞
(−2)n
3. = (3) .
n=1
7n

X∞
(−2)n − 72 2
Solution: =
= − .
n=1
7n 1 − −7 2 9

a a2 a4
4. For |a| > 1, find + + + ··· = (4) .
1 − a2 1 − a4 1 − a8
 國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

n−1
a2 a
Solution: For n, k ∈ N, write an = n , and S1 = a1 = ,
1−a 2 1 − a2
2
−1
a a2 a(1 + a2 ) + a2 a + a2 + a3 a + a2 + a2
S2 = a 1 + a 2 = + = = =
1 − a2 1 − a2 2
1 − a2 2
1 − a2 2
1 − a 22
2
a−a2
1 − a2 −1
2 2
1−a a − a2 a
= = = ·
1 − a 22 (1 − a)(1 − a2 )
2
1 − a 1 − a 22

Assume, for some k ≥ 2,

k
X
k
a + a2 + a3 + · · · + a2
k
−1 a−a2
1−a a 1 − a2 −1
k

Sk = an = = = · .
n=1
1 − a 2k 1 − a 2k 1 − a 1 − a 2k

Hence, by the above assumption,

X
k+1
ak+2 a + a2 + a3 + · · · + a2
k
−1
a2
k

Sk+1 = a n = Sk + = +
n=1
1 − a2 k+1
1 − a 2k 1 − a2k+1
k
−1 k
a + a2 + a3 + · · · + a2 a2
= +
1 − a 2k (1 − a )(1 + a2k )
2 k

(a + a2 + a3 + · · · + a2 −1 )(1 + a2 ) + a2
k k k

=
1 − a2k+1
(a + a2 + a3 + · · · + a2 −1 ) + a2 + (a2 +1 + a2 +2 + · · · + a2 −1 )
k k k k k+1

=
1 − a2k+1
k+1
a−a2
1 − a2 −1
k+1
1−a a
= = · ,
1 − a2k+1 1 − a 1 − a2k+1
which completes the inductive derivation of Sk .

X∞
1 − a2 −1
n−1 k
a2 a
= lim S k = lim ·
n=1
1 − a 2n k→∞ k→∞ 1 − a 1 − a 2k
 a

 if |a| < 1;
1 − a,
= a
1
−1 a −1 1

 lim · a2k −1
= · = , if |a| > 1.
k→∞ 1−a 1
−a 1 − a −a 1−a
a2k −1

5. f (x) = sin2 x, f (10) (0) = (5) .

Solution: Since
X∞
(−1)n
1+ (2x)2n
1 − cos(2x) 1 cos(2x) 1 n=1
(2n)!
sin2 x = = − = −
2 2 2 2 2
X∞ ∞
X
(−1)n+1 22n−1 2n f (k) (0) k
= x = f (0) + x =⇒ f (10) (0) = (−1)5+1 210−1 = 29 .
n=1
(2n)! k!
k=1

√
x
6. The third-degree Taylor polynomial of centered at 1 is (6) .
2−x
 國立陽明交通大學 113 學年度微積分 II 課號：564012 測驗 ♯1 詳解

Solution:
∞
X 1
√ p x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3
x= 1 + (x − 1) = 1 + 2 (x − 1)n = 1 + − + + ···
n=1
n 2 8 16
∞
X
1 1
= =1+ (x − 1)n = 1 + (x − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3 + · · ·
2−x 1 − (x − 1) n=1
√  
x x − 1 (x − 1)2 (x − 1)3

=⇒ = 1+ − + + ··· 1 + (x − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3 + · · ·
2−x 2 8 16
3 11 23
= 1 + (x − 1) + (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3 + · · ·
2 8 16

X∞
(−1)n x2n+1
7. Write in terms of elementary classes of functions. Answer: (7) . （求幂級數所代表的函數）
n=1
2n − 1

Solution: We note that

X∞ X∞
(−1)n x2n+1 (−1)n x2n−1
= x2 = x2 g(x)
n=1
2n − 1 n=1
2n − 1

Since
X∞ X∞ ∞
X
(−1)n x2n−1 1
g(x) = =⇒ g ′ (x) = −1 + (−1)n x2n−2 = −1 − (−x2 )k = −
n=1
2n − 1 n=2
1 + x2
k=1
Z x Z x ∞
X
dt (−1)n x2n+1
=⇒ g(x) = g ′ (t) dt = − = − arctan x =⇒ = −x2 arctan x .
0 0 1 + t2 n=1
2n − 1

x2
e− 2 − cos x
8. lim = (8) .
x→0 x4

Solution:
0
1. It is of type “ ”, using the l’Hôpital’s rule,
0
x2 x2
x2
e− 2 − cos x l’H −xe− 2 + sin x l’H x2 − 1 e− 2 + cos x
lim = lim = lim
x→0 x4 x→0 4x3 x→0 12x2

− x2
2
x2
l’H 3x − x e
3
− sin x l’H 3 − 6x2 + x4 e− 2 − cos x 1
= lim = lim =
x→0 24x x→0 24 12

2. Use the Maclaurin series technique,

    x4
x2 x4 x2 x4
e
2
− x2
− cos x 1− 2 + 8 − ··· − 1 − 2 + 24 − ··· + ··· 1
lim = lim = lim 12 4 = ,
x→0 x4 x→0 x4 x→0 x 12

where · · · means higher degrees terms of x.

X∞
2n n!
9. Determine if the series converges or not. Answer: (9) .
n=1
nn
 2n n!
Solution: For n ∈ N, an = nn . By ratio test,

2n+1 (n+1)! 2·

2n 
(n+1)· n!
an+1 (n+1)n+1  
(n+1)·(n+1) n 2 2
lim = lim = lim = lim
= <1
1 n
n→∞ an n→∞ 2n n! n→∞ 2n
 n! n→∞ 1+ n e
nn nn

X∞
2n n!
Hence, converges .
n=1
nn

∞
X 1
10. Determine if the series converges or not. Answer: (10) .
n=2
ln(n!)

Solution: We note that, for n ≥ 2, nn > n! =⇒ ln(nn ) = n ln n > ln(n!), since the natural logarithmic function is
X∞ X∞
1 1 1
increasing. Thus, an = > = bn , for n ≥ 2. As we know that bn = ∞, = ∞ , by comparison
ln(n!) n ln n n=2 n=2
ln(n!)
test.