See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/327337558

METHOD OF POL LI NA TION US ING FE MALE PAR ENTS IN SESAMUM

(Sesamum indicum L.) FOR DIF FER ENT TIME DUR ING SUM MER

Research · August 2018

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10855.29600

CITATIONS READS

0 147

4 authors, including:

Hitesh R. Barad Gangarambhai Karsanbhai Sapara

Junagadh Agricultural University Junagadh Agricultural University
5 PUBLICATIONS 85 CITATIONS 5 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Hitesh R. Barad on 31 August 2018.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Progressive Research – An International Journal Society for Scientific Development
Print ISSN : 0973-6417, Online ISSN : 2454-6003 in Agriculture and Technology
Volume 12 (Special-IV) : 2460-2463 (2017) Meerut (U.P.) INDIA

METHOD OF POLLINATION USING FEMALE PARENTS IN SESAMUM (Sesamum indicum

L.) FOR DIFFERENT TIME DURING SUMMER
Rakesh S. Parmar1, V.P. Chovatia1, H.R. Barad2 and G.K. Sapara3
1
College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Motabhandariya Amreli, Gujarat
2
Star office, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat
3
Main Oilseed Research Station, JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat
E-mail : rakeshparmar@[Link]

ABSTRACT
The experiment was based on genetic architecture of seed yield and its components in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
over environment. In this sesame floral morphology and pollination requirements of Sesamum in Amreli condition during
summer 2015 in this used 4 female parents namely., AT-285 ,G TIL-1 ,G TIL-10 and R-T-54 with hand pollination for
stigma receptivity. In addition, I examined floral morphology and pollination requirements of sesamum at Agricultural
Research Station ,JAU, Amreli , Gujarat and consisted of two modes: floral morphology and pollination requirements.
Flowers were observed as for time of dehiscence, anther longevity and stigma receptivity capacity, and were applied to
pollination treatments: open pollination, hand cross-pollination, hand self- pollination, and pollination restricted with
small paper bags. In this observed, sesamum have a somewhat mixed- pollination system, because it can produce
seed whatever the type of pollination was made on filed. In sesame highest stigma receptivity was highest observed in
G-TIL 10 which capsule seed setting highest observed in different stage of morning time. Honey bee play magnificent
role in sesame for cross pollination. In end Sesamum crop is able to selfing own way and some time often
cross-pollination.
Key words : Self-pollination, cross pollination, pollinators and seed setting.

Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the ancient transfer desirable characteristics such as drought
and important oilseed crops grown next to cotton and tolerance and resistance to diseases and pest, from wild
groundnut in Gujarat. Sesamum can grow well in Amreli, relatives into cultivated Sesamum (Carlsson et al., 2008).
Gujarat ecological regions of sub-tropical climates, its Sesamum is an important annual oilseed crop in the
cultivation in 21’35 N latitude and Longitude 71’ 12 E Two tropics and warm subtropics. In India, Sesamum is
alternative centers of origin have been proposed namely cultivated in an area of 19.51 lakh ha with a production of
east Africa (Ethiopia) or Asia (Indian sub continent or
8.50 lakh tones annually and productivity of 436 kg/ha
further east upper central Asia). Sesamum is oldest
(Anon., 2015-16). Being the fourth important oilseed crop
oilseed crops from which oil was extracted by the ancient
in Indian agriculture after groundnut, cotton and mustard,
Hindus which was used for certain ritual purposes (Weiss,
it is widely cultivated in the states of Uttar Pradesh,
1983).
Rajasthan, Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
The Sesamum is a self-pollinated crop and the Karnataka, West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. In Gujarat,
genus sesamum belongs to Pedaliaceae family. The Sesamum is cultivated in an area of 2.36 lakh ha with a
genus Sesamum consists of many species but, only production of 1.24 lakh tones and productivity of 525
Sesamum indicum L. has been recognized as a cultivated kg/ha (Anon., 2015). This crop is generally cultivated as
species (Ashri, 1998). According to Kobayashi et al. sole or mixed crop during kharif, semi-rabi and summer
(1990), 36 species have been identified of which 22 season. The productivity of Sesamum is very low as
species have been found in Africa, five in Asia, seven in compared to other oilseeds hence, it is necessary to raise
both Africa and Asia and one species each in Crete and the productivity and thereby total oilseeds production in
Brazil. There are three cytogenetic groups of which 2n=26 order to meet edible oil requirement of the country
consist of the cultivated S. indicum along with S. alatum,
S. capense, S. schenckii, S. malabaricum; 2n=32 consist Sesamum has mechanism like hermaphrodite in
of S. prostratum, S. laciniatum, S. angolense, S. which male consists of four stamens its tetradynamous
angustifolium; while S. radiatum, S. occidentale, S. condition , two long (1.5-2.0 mm) and two short (1.0-1.5
schinzianum belong to 2n=64. Mainly due to the mm) and the pistil has superior ovary, multicarpelar and a
differences in chromosomal numbers across the three long style (1.5 - 2.0 mm). The flower produces nectar in a
cytotaxonomic groups, there is limited cross compatibility nectary which attract honey bee like pollinating agent.
among the species. Therefore, it has been difficult to Opening flower occurs early in the morning when the
 Rakesh S. Parmar et al., 2461

Table-1 : Number and percentage of capsule set in Sesamum flowers (Sesamum indicum L.), for different times of hand cross-
pollination in Agricultural Research Station, JAU, Amreli, Gujarat, 2015.
Time of pollination (h) Number of tagged Number and percentage (%) Name of parents highest
flowers of capsule set stigma receptivity
7:00 – 7:30 30 24 (80.00%)ab AT-285
7:30 – 8:00 30 26 (86.66%)ab G-TIL 10
8:00 – 8:30 20 19 (95%)a G-TIL 10
8:30 – 9:00 20 18 (90%)a G-TIL 10
9:00 – 9:30 20 12 (60%)b R-T-54
9:30 – 10:00 20 10 (50%)bc G TIL-1
10:00 – 10:30 10 4 (40%)bc G-TIL 10
10:30 – 11:00 10 2 (20%)c G-TIL 10
Values followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different at
p < 0.05, Tukey’s test.

Table-2 : Initial capsule set and persistence of Sesamum capsule (Sesamum indicum) according to the type of pollination, Amreli
April-2015.
Type of pollination Number of flower Number of capsules Number of capsules
Set at 5 days Harvested
Free pollination 150 144 (96.00%)a 120 (80.00%)a
Hand pollination (geitongamy) 100 88 (80.00%)b 78 (78%)a
Hand cross pollination 360 275(76.38%)c 248 (68.68%)b
Pollination restricted with small paper bag 20 13 (65.00%)d 11 (55%)ab
Values followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different at p < 0.05, Tukey’s test.

stigma becomes receptive and lead to wither can occur performed on basis of 4 female in which 200 randomly
six to 12 hours later, it’s depending on the using genotype tagged flowers / one female entry , while flower buds were
and g x e interaction. (FREE, 1993). These peculiar monitored every hour from the time of opening of flower
characteristics of morphology refer to genotype especially until they fall from the plant in morning time.
in hot environments, but proved that varieties adapted to To study the time of anthesis and flower longevity,
tropical conditions behave somewhat differently. In this 10 flower buds in pre-anthesis were tagged and randomly
context to pollination in Sesamum, there is no fix type of bagged with small paper bages. The next day, the flowers
any pollination. According to Wiess (1983), this species is were observed from 6:30 to 10h, from which time the
predominantly self pollinated in nature. flowers begin to dry and fell down. Flower open time
MATERIALS AND METHODS duration of flowers were recorded in note book.

The research was carried out at the Agricultural Research For the stigma receptivity test of female parents,
Station, JAU ,Amreli , Gujarat with the Sesamum 4 female used direct method of cross-pollination of flowers
line namely., AT-285 ,G TIL-1 ,G TIL-10 and R-T-54. The throughout the day, Kearns and Inouye (1993) it
experiments were developed from February to June-15. represents the actual capacity of the flower to be fertilized
The predominant climate in the region is Amreli (hot sub at that time. For this, 10 flower buds were bagged and
tropical climate), according to the North Saurashtra tagged and, in the next day, from 7h, when the flowers
Agro-climatic zone-VI classification, and the average were already open and the stamens had released pollen,
annual temperature is 38ºC and highest 45 ºC, Soil pH is 5 flowers were debagged, hand-pollinated with pollen
7.5 to 8.3 and Average rainfall 580 mm., with the rainy from flowers of another plant and bagged again. Here
season from June to October. repeated work with groups of 5 different flowers every
The covering aspects: the different flowering period, hour until 10h, when the availability of fresh pollen in
flower biology and color of the flower, time of dehiscence, flowers was low and stigmatic surface was dry and
flower longevity, period of stigma receptivity, number of withered and become pale. After the flower fall the small
anther and anther characteristics of male and female white bage was removed. Five days after pollination, the
parent of sesame during summer condition. number of seed set per crossing was checked to
determine the periods of stigma receptivity, since the
The observations was on flower biology, color of
more receptive is the stigma at that time, the greater the
corrolla, anther number and anther characteristics were
percentage of seed set (DELAPLANE et al., 2013;).
2462 Rakesh S. Parmar et al.,

For the experiment on pollination requirements, we flowering decreased, ceasing completely in [Link]
randomly selected 300 flower buds, which were divided other varieties of Sesamum which have one or two flowers
into the following category: per leaf axil, the G TIL-1, G-TIL-10 and R-T-54 variety has
two flowers or more some case.
I. Free pollination : 60 Sesamum flowers of 4 female line
The stigma was receptive from the moment of lobes
were tagged with a red colour thread in order to know the
opening until the late morning, i.e., from 7 to 10:30 hours,
level of natural pollination of flowers by the activity of
pollinating agent. In every female tagged 20 red colour the hours between 7 and 9 o’clock were those which
thread. provided a higher percentage of capsule set (Table 1) in
Summer for G-TIL 10 . Around 11:30h, the stigma had
II. Pollination restricted with small paper bag : 20 become dry and withered, lobes were closed again.
flower buds were monitored for the occurrence of
autopollination in Sesamum. The flower buds were In hand pollination, there was initial seed setting of
isolated, bagged with paper bag and tagged the day flowers at all times tested (7:00 – 7:30 , 7:30 – 8:00, 8:00
before their anthesis. The bags remained in flowers for 3 – 8:30 , 8:30 – 9:00 , 9:00 -9:30 , 9:30 – 10:00 , 10:00 –
days, to protect from other agent. In every female tagged 10:30 , 10:30 – 11:00). However, a significant difference
5 Pollination restricted with small paper bag. (p < 0.05) was found in the comparison of seed setting
III. Hand autogamy(geitonogamy) : A day before the rates at different times. At 7:00 – 7:30, when the flower
work of pollination, 40 flower buds for 4 female line that opens, the rate of seed set was (80.00%) not different (p >
would open the next day were bagged with bag and were 0.05) from 8 hours, which was 95%, with the highest
protected from any possible pollinator. The next day, at percentage of capsule set when compared to other times
the time of highest receptivity of stigmas , removed the (7, 9 and 10h), suggesting a apex of receptivity, and
bag from each flower and then took the anthers of same therefore of capsule set at that time. Then there was a
flowers on the same plant and touched the stigma of the drop at 9h, onward time like at 10h, although these two
flower to be pollinated. Next, the pollinated flower was times were not significantly different to each other. The
bagged again, aiming to isolate it, and properly tagged. last pollination was held at 10:30 to 11:00h, showing the
The bag remained on the plant until the fall of the flower. lowest number of capsule set and significantly different (p
Then observed geitonogamy how much percentage < 0.05) from the time of 8h. After 10:30h, pollen grains
occur. Every female bud bagged 10 time and its restricted become withered.
with small paper bag.
In this condition highest stigma receptivity was
IV. Hand cross-pollination : This type of pollination was observed for G-TIL 10 which capsule seed setting highest
conducted in 180 flowers by following the previous observed in different stage of morning time.
method, differing only in the origin of the pollen donor
flower, which in this use AT-253, AT-265, AT-306, In Sesamum pollination can occur at any time from
AT-307, AT-319, AT-322,AT-341, Bhuva-2, Khadkala–S flower open to 10h, but is most effective between 7 and 9h
and IS-209 parents flowers of another plant. Before in Amreli summer condition for female parents. Abdel All
hand-pollination, the flowers were emasculated, while et al. (1976) have suggested that it is receptive before
their stamens were not liberating pollen. The seed set was flower opening, remaining viable for 24 hours after
evaluated five days after the handling of flowers and seed anthesis. After 10:00 am, it was observed a marked
persistence was observed at harvest. decrease in the number of pollen grains available in
Capsule were harvested when ripe, and evaluations anthers and, at 11 hours, lose viability by pollen in anthers
of seed weight and number of seeds per capsule were of flowers. The receptivity of the stigma of the Sesamum
used for comparison between treatments. flower is lost within 4 to 6 hours after flower opening. The
number of capsule set, five days after anthesis of flowers
Data related to the requirement for pollination in
and harvested showed significant differences (p < 0.05)
Sesamum, For this, we used the software INDOSTAT
between treatments of different pollination in Amreli
procedure. Additionally, the treatments were compared
(Table-2).
one by one, at the 5% significance level. Data of seed
weight and number of seeds per capsule were analyzed The free pollination set significantly more seed
by analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test. setting at five days, followed by hand pollination, hand
cross-pollination and restricted with small paper bag
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Table 2). Despite showing the lowest rate of capsule set
Morphology of Sesamum : The flowering period was and differ significantly (p <0.05) from all other treatments,
from March to May, starting the ripening of capsule after the pollination restricted with paper bag set capsules
80 days of flowering in summer. At the end of May, the suggesting that Sesamum accomplish self pollination.
 Rakesh S. Parmar et al., 2463

This evidence becomes stronger because the manual

CONCLUSION
selfing presented the second best rate of initial seed set,
implying the existence of a strong autogamy in this In summer season of Amreli, the total lifespan of
species. Last, the free pollination resulted in the best Sesamum flower presents of 3 to 3 : 30 hours, and
capsule setting rate 96%, which was significantly different pollination must occur between 7 and 9.30 hours to ensure
(p < 0.05) from all other treatments, indicating that the visit more seed setting and getting more multiplication seed
by biotic pollinators is important for Sesamum pollination, production in summer hot condition.
whether increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer within Sesamum is a self pollinated crop and often
the same flower or even bringing pollen from other pollinated crop, and reach levels above 50% seed set, but
flowers, providing cross-pollination, which was also able with in present of biotic pollinators that promote often
to set capsule in Sesamum (Table-2). Then Hand cross-pollination and increase seed production at
pollination (geitongamy) showed 80% seed setting appropriate level. Honey bee and pollinating agent surely
followed by Hand cross pollination 76.38%, then play magnificent role in sesamum for cross pollination. In
Pollination restricted with paper bag 65.00% was end Sesamum crop is able to selfing own way and some
observed in summer. time often cross-pollination.
Data on capsule harvest showed different results of REFERENCES
the initial capsule seed setting. At harvest, a significant
1. Anonymous, (2015). Oil seed division, Department of
difference was detected between treatments (p < 0.05), Agriculture and corporation, Ministry of Agriculture,
but only the hand autogamy and Pollination restricted Government of India, Krushi Bhavan, New delhi
with small paper bag differed from the others (Table-2). ([Link]).
This result indicates that despite the hand autogamy 2. Abdel All, I. M.; Serry, M.; El-Ahmar, B. A. Some factores
increased initial capsule seed set, it does not necessarily affecting self and artificial pollination in Sesamum,
Sesamum indicum L. Agricultural Research Review, v. 54,
that the flower go for totally fertilized and the capsule
n. 1, p. 155-159, 1976.
degenerated in its early stage of development. The results
3. Ashiri, A. Sesamum (Sesamum indicum L.). In: SINGH, R. J.
of capsules harvested show that Sesamum is a plant with (Ed.). Genetic ressources, chromosome engineering and
mixed pollination, which produce capsule by both crop improvement, oilseed crops. Boca Raton: CRC
autogamy (auto and self-pollination) and allogamy (cross- Press, 2007. v. 4, p. 231-289.
pollination), like most higher plants. Free pollination 4. Carlsson, A. S.; Chanana, N. P.; Gudu, S.; Suh, M. C. and
showed 80.00% at number of capsule, Then Hand Were, B. A. (2008). Sesame. In: Kole, C. et al. (Eds.)
Compendium of transgenic crop plant-Transgenic oilseed
pollination (geitongamy) showed 78% number of capsule
crops., pp. 227-246.
remain followed by Hand cross pollination 68.68 %, then
5. Delaplane, K. S.; Dag, A.; Danka, R. G.; Freitas, B. M.;
Pollination restricted with paper bag 55.00% was Garibaldi, L. A.; Goodwin, R. M.; Hormaza, J. I. Standard
observed in summer. This result indicated that whether methods for pollination research with Apis mellifera. In:
increasing the efficiency of pollen transfer within the same 6. Free, J. B. Insect pollination of crops. 2nd ed. London:
flower or even bringing pollen from other flowers, Academic Press, 1993.
providing cross-pollination, which was also able to set 7. Kearns, C. A.; Inouye, D. W. Techniques for pollination
capsule in summer sesame. biologists. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1993.
8. Kobayashi, T.; Kinoshita, M.; Hattori, S.; Ogawa, T.; Tsuboi,
A higher number of seeds per capsule is a prime Y.; Ishida, M.; Ogawa, S. and Saito, H. (1990).
characteristics in Sesamum both from the commercial Development of the sesame metallic fuel performance
and ecological condition, being an important indicator of code. Nucl. Technol., 89(2): 183-193.
plant reproductive part, since a greater number of seeds 9. Mahfouz, H. M.; Kamel, S. M.; Belal, A. H.; Said, H.
produced will increase the chances of continuity of Pollinators visiting Sesamum ( Sesamum indicum L.) seed
crop whit reference to foraging activity of some be
species. Even though , Sesamum seems to have evolved
especies. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, v. 45, n. 2, p.
to favor self-pollination, but also developed mechanisms 150, 2012.
to attract biotic pollinators like honey bee and such as 10. Wiess, E. A. Sesamum. In: WEISS, E. A. (Ed.). Oilseed
differently flower, showy color, odour and nectar crops. London: Longman, 1983. p. 282-340.
secretion, in order to promote often of cross-pollination. 11. Yermanos, D. M. Sesamum. In: Fehr, W. R.; Hadley, H. H.
(Ed.). Hybridization of crop plants. Madson: ASA, 1980.
p.549-563.

View publication stats