Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

MODULE 2 MECHANICAL SYSTEM

Module covers heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, its components and application.

At the end of the module, the learner will be able to distinguish the Mechanical systems and appraise their parts
and connections, their definitions, different types of AC systems and cooling methods. Formulate and illustrate
graphic ideas from the mechanical concepts and ideas.

1.22. Introduction to HVAC Systems- theory of heat, heat transfer, air conditioning system

Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system designed to maintain desired environmental
conditions in a space. Each represents a systematic attempt to control the various characteristic of the
environment within an enclosure, whether it is a room, a group of rooms, or a building. This need to control
certain environment pushes man to formulate thought which leads to the development of this HVAC system.

H is for Heating V is for Ventilation for AC (Air Conditioning)

each of the following: also means
Boilers
• Types of Boilers conditioning the air in
— Steam the following ways:
• Approximately 20 cfm
— Water
(cubic feet per minute) • Temperature
• Boiler Pressures
— Low of air volume (tempering the air)
— High Cooling (removing heat)
per person of outside air Heating (adding heat)
• Boiler Fuels (OA) for ventilation for
— Natural Gas • Humidity control
non-smoking areas. — Dehumidifying
— Oil
— Coal (removing moisture)
— Electricity • Make-up air (MUA) for — Humidifying (adding
• Boiler Configurations exhaust systems such moisture)
— Fire Tube as: • Volume of air flow
— Water Tube — Kitchen hoods — cfm (cubic feet per
— Fume hoods minute)
Furnaces • Velocity (speed) of
— Toilets
• Furnace Fuels airflflow
— Natural Gas • Natural Ventilation
(passive cooling) — fpm (feet per minute)
— Oil
• Cleaning
— Coal
— LPG (Liquid — Filtering
Petroleum Gas) • Pattern of airflflow
— Electricity4 — Direction
• horizontal
HVAC Fundamentals • vertical
Heating Coils
• Types of Heating Coils
— Steam
— Water
— Electrical

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

The changes in climate and geographical location indicate different approach in controlling heat. Effort at
controlling heat can be dated in the prehistoric times and probably first developed in colder climates, where it
was necessary to make up a certain quantity of heat that is beneficial for both comfort and well-being. As
technology progress through time, heating advanced from simple attempts to keep the body warm to very
sophisticated systems of maintaining stabilized environments in order to reduce heat loss from the body or the
structural surfaces of the room.

Figure 1. Early Heating Technology Timeline

Source: [Link]

It was only in 1600 that people thought that heat was a combination of fire and air. Experiment was conducted by
scientist to find out more about heat. From their observations, they decided that heat must be an invisible fluid
called caloric. They assumed it was a fluid because it seemed to flow from a hotter object to a colder one. This
explanation of heat was called the caloric theory. This has been obsoleted scientific theory due to further study
on heat as a form of energy. With heat energy understood to be essentially mechanical in nature, it remained for
physicists to provide an interpretation of the energy and entropy in terms of molecular properties. This is being
explained by a substance whose molecules and atoms are vibrating faster due to a rise in temperature. As
thermal energy comes from moving particles is a form of kinetic energy. Heat transfer in the other hand
describe as exchange of heat between physical systems. This can attain into various mechanisms, such
as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation. Conduction is the method of transfer of heat within
a physical system from another due to the transfer of heat by molecules vibrating at their mean positions. There must
be a contact to facilitate conduction and mostly associated with heat and solid object. Convection in the other hand
is the mode of heat transfer which occurs mostly in liquids and gases. Radiation is another form of heat transfer that
does not require any medium and can be used for transfer of heat in a vacuum as well. This method uses
electromagnetic waves which transfer heat from one place to the other. This explains the heat and light from the sun
in our solar system which reaches our planet using radiation.

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
1.1 Figure 2. Heat Transfer
Source: [Link]
Boiler
Basically it is described as a shell-and-tube heat exchangers, with water being boiled to steam or
transformed to high pressure hot water. Heat is generated by burning a fossil fuel; the combustion gas
can be ducted around tubes containing the water (water-tube boiler), or the hot gas can pass inside the
tubes with the water being in the shell (fire-tube boiler).

Steam Boilers vs. Hot Water Boilers

How They Work

Both of these types of boilers can use gas, electricity, or oil for power. In addition, they both
use hot water as their main heat source. How they create heat, however, is what sets them
apart:
A steam boiler works to heat water to a boiling point in order to create steam. After this, the
steam travels through a network of pipes to the radiators around your home. A hot water
boiler, on the other hand, heats water just until it’s hot enough. It then pushes the hot water
through a similar network of pipes to the radiators. When the steam condenses or the water
cools, it travels back to the boiler and is reheated.

Energy Usage
Both steam boilers and hot water boilers offer energy efficiency, but in different ways. A
steam boiler uses more energy to boil the water but uses less energy during the transfer of
heat. A hot water boiler uses less energy to create hot water, but more energy during the
transfer of heat. Because steam boilers are so efficient at heat transfer, they’re often used in
extreme levels of cold or in old or under-insulated homes. Many commercial and industrial
buildings also use steam boilers.
Many of today’s hot water boilers are considered more efficient than steam because they
have pumps for circulation. However, you can still find some steam boilers that are just as (or
more) efficient than hot water. Each boiler’s efficiency depends on its manufacturer, heat
source, size, and more.

Furnaces

The process includes the heating of air that is circulated by your buildings Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning (HVAC) system. A thermostat has a direct link to a furnace so that changes in the
thermostat will immediately trigger a furnace to turn on or off. When considering a replacement or
upgrade for your home’s (HVAC) system, the type of furnace that will be best for your home depends on
the way your house is shaped and designed. That is why it is beneficial to know the four different types
of furnaces and to understand the features of each on

Thermal equilibrium and comfort with respect to occupants and equipment should also be considered in studying
heat in a certain area. It is an important factor which collaborates with the inclusion of Ventilation and Air-
Conditioning. Thermal environment may be regulated to permit an easy and comfortable rate of loss for the heat
that is generated by humans for any given activity to avoid body chill in one case and heavy respiration in the
other. The term Environmental comfort has taken on a broad meaning. Factors that can be controlled by air-
conditioning systems include:

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
a. Temperature of the surrounding air.
b. Mean radiant temperature of the surrounding surfaces.
c. The relative humidity of the air.
d. Motion of the air.
e. Odors.
f. Dust

Criteria for thermal comfort is beneficial for health and well-being as well as productivity. In the Philippine context,
Andamon (2005) found out that study show that the office buildings operated have an almost similar temperature
range (20.9°C to 27.7 °C) spectrum of the comfort criteria prescribed by the updated ASHRAE Standard 55-
2017(19.4°C to 27.7°C). There are six primary factors that must be addressed when defining conditions for
thermal comfort.
1. Metabolic rate
2. Clothing insulation
3. Air temperature
4. Radiant temperature
5. Air speed
6. Humidity

Ventilation is defined as the air flow from outdoor into a building or a room and distributes or circulate the air
within. Like heat, utilization of ventilation dates back to very early periods in history. In the Philippines alone,
ventilation, aside from from heat, is considered in Vernacular Dwelling. Spittka (2019) studied that upon
considering the concept of nipa hut “bahay kubo”, passive cooling technique and other passive design strategies
can be derived from it. Nevertheless, it was not until the nineteenth century that any really significant advances
were made in ventilating. During that period, particularly in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution,
ventilating acquired increased importance. Work efficiency and the health of the workers necessitated the
creation of ventilation systems to remove contaminants from the air. Eventually, the interrelationship of heating
and ventilating became such that it is now regarded as a single subject. In the National Building Code (NBC)of
the Philippines, Rule VIII is dedicated to Light and Ventilation which standardized the implementation of building
construction that considers natural light and ventilation. Section 808 of NBC also imposed a free area of
openings equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window should open directly to a court,
yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.

Figure 3. Natural Ventilation

Source:Urban Designer. Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi
[Link]

Air conditioning is a comparatively recent development and encompasses all aspects of environmental control.
In addition to the control of temperature, both humidity (i.e., the moisture content of the air) and air cleanliness
are also regulated by air conditioning. The earliest attempts at air conditioning involved the placing of wet cloths
over air passages (window openings, entrances, etc.) to cool the air. Developments in air conditioning

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
technology did not progress much further than this until the nineteenth century. From about 1840 on, several
systems were devised for both cooling and humidifying rooms. These were first developed by textile
manufacturers in order to reduce the static electricity in the air. Later, adaptations were made by other industries.
Developments in air conditioning technology increased rapidly in the first four decades of the nineteenth century,
but widespread use of air conditioning in buildings is a phenomenon of the post-World War II period (i.e., 1945 to
the present). In the Philippines, Crystal Arcade (inaugurated in June of 1932) designed by Filipino architect
Andrés Pardo de Tavera Luna was the first air-conditioned building in country dated in Today, air conditioning is
found not only in commercial and industrial buildings but in residential dwellings as well. Unlike early forms of air
conditioning, which were designed to cool the air or add moisture to it, modern air conditioning systems can
control temperature, air moisture content, air cleanliness, and air movement. That is, modern systems condition
the air rather than simply cool it.

History Of Air Conditioner and Refrigeration

 1820 Ice was first artificially made as an experiment.
 1824 Michael Faraday discovered the principles for the absorption type of refrigeration.
 1834 Jacob Perkins invented the first artificial ice manufacturing machine which led to our modern
compression systems.
 1902 Willis Haviland Carrier invented the first air conditioner to control the temperature and humidity of
a printing company, marking the first-time effort taken to control the temperature of the surroundings.
This starts the history of air conditioning.
 1906 Stuart W. Cramer come out with the term "Air Conditioning." which was later adopted by Carrier.
 1913 The first international refrigeration expo is held in Chicago.
 1928 The discovery of Freon refrigerant by Thomas Midgley, Jr.
 1930 The White House is air-conditioned.
 1946 The demand for room air conditioners began to increase with more than 30,000 units produced on
this year.
 1953 Room air conditioners sale exceed 1 million units. This is another key milestone in the history of
air conditioner.
 1953 The Refrigeration Equipment Manufacturers Association and The Air-Conditioning and
Refrigerating Machinery Association are formed.
 1957 The first rotary compressor was developed hence making air conditioning units smaller and more
efficient compared to the reciprocating type.
 1977 Heat Pumps equipment developed that allows cooling and heating cycle using the same machine
that can be used to provide cooling during summer and heating during winter.
 1987 Montreal Protocol signed to protect the earth's ozone layer is signed in Montreal, Canada. The
Protocol establishes international cooperation on the phase out of ozone depleting substances,
including the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants used in HVAC equipment.
 1990 Microprocessor control systems are used in all areas of refrigeration and air conditioning due to
the readily available semiconductor technology.
 1992 The R-22 Alternative Refrigeration Evaluation Program (AREP) starts to find alternative
refrigerants to R-502 and R-22.
 1995 Chloroflourocarbon (CFC) manufacturing in the USA ends on December 31.
 1997 Kyoto Protocol signed to protect the earth's climate by reducing greenhouse gases that cause
climate change.
 1998 Unitary air conditioners and heat pumps set a sale record of more than 6 million units.
 2007 A State Council issued a circular to restrict the temperature of air conditioning in public buildings to
26°C (78°F) or higher during summer and 20°C (68°F) and lower during winter. Sale of low efficiency
air conditioning units are also outlawed

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

1.23 Definition of terms

Air-conditioning a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building or vehicle,
typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions.
Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. It is the most commonly measured weather
parameter. More specifically, temperature describes the kinetic energy, or energy of motion, of the gases
that make up air.
ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) is an organization
devoted to the advancement of indoor-environment-control technology in the heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC) industry.
Clothing insulation is the thermal insulation provided by [Link] if the main role of clothing is to
protect from the cold, protective clothing also exists to protect from heat, such as for metallurgical workers
or firemen. As regards thermal comfort, only the first case is considered.
Conduction is a method of heat transfer through a medium or multiple mediums in physical contact due to
a temperature difference. In the HVAC and Refrigeration field, heat transfer due to conduction is most
commonly calculated during cooling load calculations for wall and roof heat loads.
Convection is the second mode of heat transfer and is defined as the transfer of heat through the
movement of fluids. In the HVAC and Refrigeration field, convective heat transfer can be found in heating
and air conditioning systems, whenever a moving fluid passes over a surface at a different temperature.
Heat HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. This system is responsible
for heating and cooling your home and includes products like furnaces, air conditioners, heat pumps as well
as ductwork, thermostats and other home comfort controls.
Humidity For climate control in buildings using HVAC systems, the key is to maintain the relative humidity
at a comfortable range—low enough to be comfortable but high enough to avoid problems associated with
very dry air.
HVAC is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal
comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
Metabolic rate is often used as a measuring unit for human body heat or power production.
Radiation Heat transferred by radiation travels through space without heating the space. Radiation or
radiant heat does not transfer the actual temperature value. The first solid object that the heat rays
encounter absorbs the radiant heat.
Radiant temperature is expressed as this surface temperature and is controlled by enclosure
performances. Maintaining a balance between the operative temperature and the mean radiant
temperature can create a more comfortable space.
Ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality
which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat,
dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases.

Blower: Air flowing from supply registers is the work of the blower. This component, which also works with
your furnace, circulates cooled air into your home and pulls room-temperature air back for re-cooling.

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Evaporator coil: This indoor component, located near the blower, is responsible for extracting heat and
humidity from the air. This is possible thanks to the refrigerant running through the coil.

Compressor: Once it has absorbed heat, the refrigerant is in a gaseous state. It passes through the
compressor, where the gas is pressurized and heated even more. This important step prepares the
refrigerant to give up its heat.

Condensing coil: This is the outdoor equivalent to the evaporator coil. As refrigerant travels from the
compressor to the condenser, it expels the heat collected from indoors to the outside. Once the refrigerant
is cooled to a liquid, it circulates back inside to collect more heat in the evaporator coil.

Fan: The outdoor condensing unit becomes very hot with all that overheated refrigerant running through it.
A fan and fins that act as heat syncs draw the heat away so the unit doesn’t overheat.

Air filter: While an air conditioner can function without the air filter, dust and dirt in the air would quickly
collect on A/C components and possibly damage them without the filter in place. Install an efficient enough
filter and you can even improve indoor air quality while the air conditioner operates.

Thermostat: This is the control center of the entire air conditioning process, reading the indoor temperature
and telling the air conditioner when to turn on and off. You change temperature settings here based on your
needs. The higher you set the thermostat, the lower your cooling bills will be.

1.24 Air-conditioning systems- types, components, and application

The basic operation of air-conditioning system is to cool a certain area or a building through removal of heat from
the indoor air and transfers it outdoors. A chemical refrigerant in the system absorbs the unwanted heat and
pumps it through a system of piping to the outside coil. Fan, located in the outside unit, blows outside air over the
hot coil, transferring heat from the refrigerant to the outdoor air. Most air conditioning systems have five
mechanical components:

• a compressor
• a condenser
• an evaporator coil
• blower/fan
• a chemical refrigerant

Figure 4. Basic Air-conditioning Diagram

Source:[Link]

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Most central air conditioning units operate by means of a split system. That is, they consist of a ‘hot’ side, or the
condensing unit—including the condensing coil, the compressor and the fan—which is situated outside your
home, and a ‘cold’ side that is located inside your home.

Similar to an architectural design , Air-conditioning system should also implemented in response to a certain
need. It also considers building typology, locality, the (Revised) Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code,
standards and guidelines. The process of choosing an air conditioner has three principal steps which in order are;

1. Required Cooling capacity based on the size (Volume) of the area to be supplied
2. Select the type of unit you require
3. Balance the other factors, including physical size, function, noise, aesthetics and cost.

1.24.1 Types of Air-conditioning

1.2 [Link]. Monoblock Air Conditioners

In monoblock air conditioners the two sets of coils are combined in the same body shell. The units are designed
to be located inside the building, however they always have an air pipe to link to outside so that the heated air
can be dispersed to outside.

1.2.1 Portable or Mobile Air Conditioners

These units do not require special mounting but do come with a flexible air pipe which is routed through
a window or hole in the wall. Generally, the diameter of the air pipe is about 5″ and the pipes are about 2
– 3 m long. The air conditioner discharges hot through this pipe when in use. Because the compressor is
located inside the unit rather than in the case of split units, in an external element, the mobile monoblock
air conditioners have the disadvantage of being quite noisy and limited in capacity.

Figure 5. Mobile monoblock air conditioning

Source: [Link]

1.2.2 Floor Mounted Air Conditioners

Floor mounted monoblock air conditioners are installed against the wall in the same way a storage
heater is and they are typically of a similar appearance and size to storage heaters. These type of air
conditioners usually have a heat pump facility, thus providing very cost-effective heating in colder

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
months. These air conditioners typically have 2 air pipes which lead directly from the rear of the unit,
through the wall, where the ends are usually capped with small louvers.

Figure 6. Floor mounted monoblock air conditioner

Source: [Link]

1.2.3 Wall Mounted Air Conditioners

Sometimes called high wall air conditioners, wall mounted monoblock air conditioning is a neat solution
to older buildings where planning does not permit the installation of an external condenser unit. The wall
mounted monoblock air conditioner attaches high on the wall and two air pipes are routed from the back
directly through the wall. The disadvantage of these air conditioners is that they are slightly larger in-
depth compared to split wall mounted unit as the condenser is contained inside the wall mount unit. They
usually feature a heat pump so that air can be heated in winter as well as cooled in summer

Figure 7. Wall mounted monoblock air conditioning

Source: [Link]

1.2.4 Spot Coolers (Industrial Mobiles)

Spot cooling can be provided by these large mobile monoblock air conditioners. They are heavily build,
powerful and designed to be wheeled to ships, boats and aircraft to provide temporary cooling to the
internal air. Spot coolers can also be used to provide cool air to industrial processes. Unlike small
portable air conditioners, spot coolers are designed to be located in the warm outside air and to provide
cool air into areas that they themselves do not occupy. Most have capacity to deliver cold air via a
number of ducts to exactly where the air is required. The snout pipes that are typically fitted to the front
of these units are rigid but adjustable, enabling the flow of cold air to be directed to a preset spot

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

Figure 8. Industrial mobile aka ‘spot cooler’

Source: [Link]

1.2.5 Window Type Air Conditioners

Window air conditioners or window rattlers as they are referred to by the trade, used to be the most
widespread configuration of air conditioner. They are almost standard in apartments, houses, offices and
cabins in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East. The basic ones can only chill the air, the more
expensive have a heat pump mode and a remote-control. Main disadvantages of window air-conditioners
are increased noise and necessity of mounting into the window opening or more usually through a
narrow wall. On the plus side they are reasonably priced and easy to fit. Window air conditioners are
sometimes known as ‘thro the wall air conditioners’, although they generally cannot be mounted in a wall
any thicker than 9″ because then the additional depth of wall impinges and blocks the air flow from the
side vents of the units on the outside. Several of our customers find it much cheaper long-term to run
and replace window air conditioners, that to install and maintain split systems.

Figure 9. Industrial mobile aka ‘spot cooler’

Source: [Link]

1.3 [Link]. Split Air Conditioning

There are a number of air conditioning types that can be described as ‘split’. Split air conditioners consist of an
outer and inner component which are connected by an electric cable and two copper pipes along which the
refrigerant flows to and from the internal and external components. The noisiest and bulkiest part of the air
conditioner which contains the compressor is outside whilst the internal component is much lighter and quieter
and can be placed (depending in the design ), in almost any part of the inside air space.

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
Modern split air conditioning systems are equipped with remote control, and usually are equipped with a heat
pump facility for heating in the winter months. The combination of sophisticated controls and a heat pump means
that the internal air spaces can effectively be ‘climate controlled’ by modern split air conditioning systems
keeping the room temperature to within 1-2 degrees of the temperature setting. Most split air conditioning
systems now have a number of control modes and timers so that the operation of the unit can be
preprogrammed in considerable detail. Even the direction and swing operation of the discharge louvers can
usually be set. On the indoor component there is always a coarse air filter to protect the coils from large particles
and often there are also fine filters and air purification equipment built in to remove fine dust, tobacco smoke,
plant pollen, odours and chemical pollutants, etc.

Wall Mounted Air Conditioner – Engineer Fit

Wall mounted split air conditioners come a variety of styles, capacities and levels of functionality. The
units are engineer fit where there is no interconnecting quick connection pipes supplied with the air
conditioner, which means that the installation of the wall unit and outside condenser is bespoke to
building. Although the installation of these air conditioners is quite expensive, the benefit is that the
installation is neat and exact to the building which inevitably raises the building’s resale value.

There is a far greater variety of engineer fit wall mounted air conditioners on the market compared to
‘easy fit’ types, therefore a wider choice of capacities, functionality and aesthetics. Wall mounted air
conditioners are typically mounted at a high level (above head height) and can come with several
operating modes, including heat pump, timer functionality, remote control and air purification features.

Figure 10. Wall mounted split air conditioner

Source: [Link]

1.3.1 Wall Mounted Air Conditioner – Easy Fit

In contrast to the engineer fit air conditioners the ‘easy fit’ ones are supplied with the
interconnecting pipework and cable in a plastic sheath or ‘umbilical cord’ which has a quick connect end.
The system including the pipe is pre-charged with refrigerant and is designed so that the unit can be
installed be an electrician or even by someone competent in DIY.

However, recent changes in regulations require that these now require fitting by a qualified refrigeration
engineer. This change has meant that the choice of this type of split air conditioner has diminished,
basically because if it has to be fitted by a refrigeration engineer, then they actually work out more
expensive than an engineer fit machine of the type described above. This type of machine will probably
disappear altogether from the market in the next year or so.

All easy fit split air conditioners have a common drawback in that the ‘umbilical cord’ is a fixed length.
This means that either it is too long and the excess length has to be ‘lost’ in the routing of the piping or
that it is too short for the particular application intended. Before buying one of these type of air
conditioners, ensure that the specified pipe length will be suitable for your application

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

Figure 11. Wall mounted split air conditioner - Easy fit

Source: [Link]

1.3.2 Ceiling Cassette Air Conditioner

Commonplace in offices with suspended ceilings, the ceiling cassette air conditioner, sometimes known
as a cartridge air conditioner, is usually designed to be fitted within a one or two ceiling tile spaces. The
bulk of the unit is unseen as it is above the ceiling line and the only visible part is the decorative lower
facing with its central inlet grille and 4 edge outlet louvers. The main advantage of these units is
aesthetics, but also that a centrally mounted unit can deliver an increased cooling (or heating) capacity
across a wide area because of the air being distributed in 4 directions. Typically, a single ceiling cassette
air conditioner can do the same job as 3 or 4 wall mounted units.

There is another type of ceiling air conditioner, which is an under-ceiling air conditioner These are
used where there is no suspended ceiling to install a cassette and where there is sufficient ceiling height
to suspend an under-ceiling unit. As these are designed to be entirely within a room, they are made to be
reasonably aesthetic, however, the under-ceiling air conditioners do inevitably look like overly
cumbersome items to hang from a ceiling. Generally, they are designed to lift air vertically into the unit
and discharge treated air horizontally along the ceiling avoiding direct discharge directly onto occupants,
and some allow air discharge from four sides.

Figure 12. Ceiling suspended air conditioner Figure 13. Ceiling suspended air conditioner
Source: [Link]/proddetail Source: [Link]
suspended-type/

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
1.3.3 Floor Mounted Air Conditioner
Floor mounted split air conditioners can really be subdivided in to two types. Firstly, column air
conditioners which are large, high-capacity units (up to around 45000 BTU) used where a large room is
to be cooled and where there may be building reasons why several smaller outlets cannot be used.
Typical applications include lobbies, reception and waiting areas. The high output of these air
conditioners means that they produce a strong flow of cool air which does not allow occupants to be in
close proximity to the air conditioner.

Secondly, there are smaller cabinet style air conditioners which are far smaller, more like the dimensions
of a storage heater than a tall upright freezer dimensions of a column air conditioner. Typically, their
rated capacities are up to about 15000BTU, and they are ideal for providing high-efficiency climate
control to new extensions and conservatories. These both types of air conditioners are typically installed
by refrigeration engineers as they do not usually have quick connect pipes, therefore the pipe work and
cabling between the inside and outside elements is installed bespoke to the building and then the system
is charged with refrigerant.

Figure 14. Floor Mounted air conditioner

Source: [Link]

Figure 15. Ceiling suspended air conditioner

Source: [Link]

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 Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
1.3.4 Duct Mounted Air Conditioner
Where a building has a ducted air system, duct mounted air conditioning is usually the preferred option.
As the ducting is usually hidden in the ceiling voids, then so to is the duct mounted air conditioning
system. Sometimes known as channel or central air-conditioners they also have the advantage of
being capable of delivering conditioned air to a number of rooms, depending on the air duct layout.
Because these air conditioners work within duct systems, they usually have the facility of cooling fresh
air or a blend of fresh and recirculated air, depending on the layout and control of the air delivery system.
This type of air conditioning is common in applications where there are a number of different rooms or
zones or even separate premises to be cooled.

Figure 16. Duct mounted air conditioner

Source: [Link]

1.3.5 Portable or Mobile Air Conditioners

Portable split air conditioners offer the possibility or higher cooling capacity that similar
size monoblocs and rated capacities for this type of air conditioner can be as high as 16000 BTU. The
design typically has a plastic sheathed ‘umbilical cord’ containing the electrical line and the refrigerant
pipes, one end of which will typically have a quick connect facility. This means that the connection
between the two parts of the system can be broken to allow easy installation so that a pipe end rather
than the complete external element can be passed through a window or hole in a wall. Mobile split air
conditioners have the obvious advantage that they are easy to move and set up in a new room, although
by putting the outside unit on mounting brackets and the umbilical cord through a drilled hole in the wall,
these air conditioners can used for” semi-permanent’ installation.

Figure 17. Split mobile air conditioner

Source: [Link]

Multi Split Air Conditioning

These air conditioning systems are essentially the same as the split systems except that there are a
number of indoor units linked to the same external unit. This type of air conditioning system invariably

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requires a large more powerful condenser unit; however it does allow the same type of indoor unit
variants for the single split systems, and even allows for different types of indoor unit being run from
the same condenser, e.g. a floor mounted unit in one room, ceiling cassette in another and a wall
mount in yet another room.

Typically, multi split systems can link between 2 and 4 internal units to a single external block. The
obvious limitation of this air conditioning configuration is that if the outside block breaks down then all
the internal blocks are rendered inoperative. For this reason, where external space allows, a number
standard split air conditioners are preferable to a multi split system. It is also the case that multi split
air conditioners are seldom much more cost-effective than an equivalent configuration of standard
splits. This is because the installation cost to the multi split air conditioning system is typically double
that of the single splits and typically the maintenance costs are also higher.

Figure 18. Multi-split air conditioner

Source: [Link]

[Link]. Centralized Air Conditioning

Centralize air-conditioning system can be applied to generate cooling and/or heating in one location for
distribution to multiple locations in one building or an entire campus or neighborhood, and represent
approximately 25% of HVAC system applications. Central cooling and heating systems are used in almost all
classes of buildings, but particularly in very large buildings and complexes or where there is a high density of
energy use. They are especially suited to applications where maximizing equipment service life and using energy
and operational workforce efficiently are important.

The following facility types are ideal for Centralize air-conditioning system systems:
 Campus environments with distribution to several buildings
 High-rise facilities
 Large office buildings
 Large public assembly facilities, entertainment complexes, stadiUrban centers (e.g., city center
districts)
 Shopping malls
 Large condominiums, hotels, and apartment complexes
 Educational facilities
 Hospitals and other health care facilities
 Industrial facilities (e.g., pharmaceutical, manufacturing)
 Large museums and similar institutions
 Locations where waste heat is readily available (result of power generation or industrial processes

1.24.2 Types of evaporators

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1. Force convection type

In forced convection type, a fan or a pump is used to circulate the fluid being refrigerated and make
it flow over the heat transfer surface, which is cooled by evaporation of refrigerant.

Figure 19. Forced Convection

Source: [Link]

2. Natural convection type

In natural convection type, the fluid being cooled flows due to natural convection currents arising out of
density difference caused by temperature difference. The refrigerant boils inside tubes and evaporator
is located at the top. The temperature of fluid, which is cooled by it, decreases and its density increases.
It moves downwards due to its higher density and the warm fluid rises up to replace it.

Figure 20. Natural Convection

Source: [Link]

3. Bare tube evaporator

The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing or steel pipes. The copper tubing is used for
small evaporators where the refrigerant other than ammonia is used, while the steel pipes are used with
the large evaporators where ammonia is used as the refrigerant. The bare tube evaporator comprises of
several turns of the tubing, though most commonly flat zigzag and oval trombone are the most common
shapes. The bare tube evaporators are usually used for liquid chilling. In the blast cooling and the freezing
operations, the atmospheric air flows over the bare tube evaporator and the chilled air leaving it used for

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the cooling purposes. The bare tube evaporators are used in very few applications, however the bare tube
evaporators fitted with the fins, called as finned evaporators are used very commonly.

Figure 21. Bare Tube Convection

Source: [Link]

4. Plate type evaporator

In the plate type of evaporators, the coil usually made up of copper or aluminum is embedded in the
plate so as so to form a flat looking surface. Externally the plate type of evaporator looks like a single
plate, but inside it there are several turns of the metal tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The
advantage of the plate type of evaporators is that they are more rigid as the external plate provides
lots of safety. The external plate also helps increasing the heat transfer from the metal tubing to the
substance to be chilled. Further, the plate type of evaporators are easy to clean and can be
manufactured cheaply.

The plate type heat exchangers can be easily formed into various shapes as per the requirement.
Thus in the household refrigerators and the deep freezers, where they are used most commonly, they
can be converted into the box shape to form the closed enclosure, where various food can be kept in
the frozen state. The plates can also be welded together forming the bank of the plate type of
evaporators that can be used the larger evaporators of higher capacities.

Figure 22. Plate type evaporator

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Source: [Link]

1.24.3 Types of condensers

1. Air-cooled condenser

is a direct dry cooling system where steam is condensed inside air-cooled finned tubes. The cool
ambient air flow outside the finned tubes is what removes heat and defines the functionality of an
ACC.

Figure 23. Air-cooled condenser

Source: [Link]

2. Water cooled condenser

Water cooled condenser is a heat exchanger that removes heat from refrigerant vapor and
transfers it to the water running through it. Having the refrigerant vapor condensed on the outside
of a tube achieves this. In doing so, the vapor condenses and gives up heat to the water running
inside the tube.

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Figure 24. Water-cooled condenser

Source: [Link]

3. Evaporative condenser
This is used to remove excess heat from a cooling system when the heat cannot be utilised for
other purposes. The excess heat is removed by evaporating water. The evaporative condenser has
a cabinet with a water-sprayed condenser, and it usually has one or more fans. The excess heat is
removed by evaporating water. In an evaporative condenser the primary coolant of the cooling
system is cooled, which is the opposite of a cooling tower. Evaporator condensers are more
expensive than dry coolers and are primarily used in large cooling systems or systems where the
outdoor temperature is high. In many locations around the world, regulations limit the physical size
of a cooling system and this in turn limits the use of evaporative condensers.

Figure 25. Evaporative condenser

Source: [Link]

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1.24.3 Types of compressors
A compressor is known to be one of the most important parts of an air conditioning system. The
compressor in an HVAC system plays an important role in compressing the refrigerant as it
enters inside the machine to increase its overall temperature. Once the HVAC system is heated,
the gas then leaves the compressor and then goes into the condenser. A condenser is the place
where the process of cooling begins. The HVAC compressors are available in different kinds in
the market today. While all kinds of AC compressors perform the same job, they work in a
different manner. All these HVAC compressors come with their own pros and cons. Listed below
are the different kinds of compressors that are present in the AC units.

1. Reciprocating air conditioner compressor:

This kind of compressor is known as the most popular kind of HVAC compressor available in the
AC units. Under this compressor, a piston helps to compress the air. This is done by the way of
moving up and down inside a cylinder. As the piston begins to move down, it then creates a
vacuum-like effect that sucks in the refrigerant. As the piston begins to move up, the gas
compresses itself and then moves into the condenser. This kind of HVAC compressor is known
to be an efficient choice of an AC compressor. This is because the AC units could have up to
eight cylinders within the compressor.

Figure 26. Reciprocating air conditioner compressor

Source: [Link]

2. Scroll air conditioner compressor:

Scroll air conditioner compressor is known to be the newer kind of compressors available in the
market. These compressors comprise of one fixed coil known as scroll. Scroll is located in the
center of the unit. There is another coil which rotates around the first coil. During the process,
the second coil pushes the refrigerant towards the very center and compresses it. Scroll
compressors are becoming one popular choice of HVAC compressors in the present time. This
is because they do not come with a lot many moving parts. They make one reliable choice of
compressors for an air conditioner.

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Figure 27. Scroll air conditioner compressor

Source: [Link]

3. Screw air conditioner compressor:

This kind of HVAC compressor is considered to be reliable and efficient. This compressor is
used in large buildings where the vast amount of air requires continuous cooling. This kind of air
compressor comes with two different helical rotors moving the air from one end to the other. As
the refrigerant begins to move through the compressor, the space gets small and gets
compressed.

Figure 28. Screw air conditioner compressor:

Source: [Link]

4. Rotary air conditioning compressor:

The next kind of HVAC compressor that is available in a number of air conditioner units is the
rotary AC compressor. This compressor is small in terms of its size and quiet. Thus, this one is
considered to be a favorable choice in all the locations where noise is considered to be a major
concern. Inside the compressor, is located a shaft that comes with many blades attached to the
same. The shaft then rotates inside the cylinder. This helps to push the refrigerant via the
cylinder, thereby compressing it simultaneously.

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2 Figure 29. Twin Rotary Compressor

Source:[Link]

5. Centrifugal air conditioning compressor:

This kind of HVAC compressor makes the use of centrifugal force to pull in the gas of the
refrigerator. After this, it spins the gas rapidly using an impeller which helps to compress the
same. This kind of air conditioning compressor is reserved for all the extra-large HVAC systems.
Different kinds of HVAC compressors are used for different purposes and in different HVAC
systems depending upon their features and applications.

3 Figure 30. Turbocor Compressor Cutaway

Source: [Link]

Inverter Type Air-conditioning Unit

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In inverter type air conditioners, temperature is adjusted by changing motor speed without turning the motor
ON and OFF. This also causes the avoidance of voltage fluctuation caused by compressor. It was
observed to reduce energy consumption up to 30-50%. However, at the moment, inverter unit is still
relatively expensive to repair and maintain due to the expensive service support and the components used
Models are also said to be too powerful for a small room size.

1.25 HVAC application for small and large buildings

An HVAC system is simply a group of components working together to move heat to where it is wanted or
remove the heat and supply a more comfortable temperature. The size and type of HVAC system to be
considered should always be proportional to the sized of area/building to be supplied. But before a mechanical
engineer can design an HVAC system, a building program must be created. This is usually prepared by the client
or his/her consultants. The program establishes space needs and develops a project budget. The building
program should include, but need not be limited to, the following:

• The client’s objectives and strategies for the initial and future functional use of the building, whether
it be a single or multiple-family dwelling or a commercial, industrial, athletic, or other facility.
• A clear description of function(s) for each discrete area within the building.
• The number, distribution, and usage patterns of permanent occupants and visitors.
• The type, distribution, and usage patterns of owner-provide heat-producing equipment.
• The geographic site location, access means, and applicable building and zoning codes.
• The proposed building area, height, number of stories, and mechanized circulation requirements.
• The owner’s capital cost and operating cost budgets.
• A clear statement of anticipated project schedule and/or time constraints.
• A clear statement of required or expected project quality.

In 1.24.1, there are different type of air-conditioning units that should consider based on the size and need of a
certain function of a room or building type. It is also important to understand the different HVAC systems to
properly sort out the ideal system to be applied. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems
according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. The major classification of HVAC systems is central
system and decentralized or local system. Types of a system depend on addressing the primary equipment
location to be centralized as conditioning entire building as a whole unit or decentralized as separately
conditioning a specific zone as part of a building. Therefore, the air and water distribution system should be
designed based on system classification and the location of primary equipment. The criteria as mentioned above
should also be applied in selecting between two systems. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a
central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems
contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and
cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or
adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include local heating, local air-conditioning, local
ventilation, and split systems.

Local HVAC systems

Some buildings can have multiple zones or have a large, single zone, which needs central HVAC
systems to serve and provide the thermal needs. However, other building may have a single zone which
needs equipment located inside the zone itself, such as small houses and residential apartments. This
type of system is considered as local HVAC systems since each equipment serving its zone without
crossing boundaries to other adjacent zones (e.g., using an air conditioner to cool down a bedroom, or
using an electrical heater for the living room). Therefore, a single zone requires only one-point control
point connected to a thermostat to activate the local HVAC system. Some buildings have multiple local
HVAC systems as proper equipment serving specific single zones and controlled by the one-point

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control of the desired zone. However, these local systems are not connected and integrated to central
systems, but still part of a large full-building HVAC systems.

4 Figure 31. Horizontal hierarchy representation of the main types of local HVAC systems.
Source: [Link]

Central HVAC systems

A central HVAC system may serve one or more thermal zones, and its major equipment is located
outside of the served zone(s) in a suitable central location whether inside, on top, or adjacent to the
building. Central systems must condition zones with their equivalent thermal load. Central HVAC
systems will have as several control points such as thermostatsfor each zone. The medium used in the
control system to provide the thermal subclassifies the central HVAC system. The thermal energy
transfer medium can be air or water or both, which represent as all-air systems, air-water systems, all-
water systems. Also, central systems include water-source heat pumps and heating and cooling panels.
All of these subsystems are discussed below. Central HVAC system has combined devices in an air
handling unit, which contains supply and return air fans, humidifier, reheat coil, cooling coil, preheat coil,
mixing box, filter, and outdoor air.

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5 Figure 32. Horizontal hierarchy representation of the main types of central HVAC systems.
Source: [Link]

1.25.1 Zoning & System Anatomy

All-air systems

The thermal energy transfer medium through the building delivery systems is air. All-air systems
can be sub-classified based on the zone as single zone and mult-izone, airflow rate for each
zone as constant air volume and variable air volume, terminal reheat, and dual duct.

Single zone
A single zone system consists of an air handling unit, a heat source and cooling source,
distribution ductwork, and appropriate delivery devices. The air handling units can be
wholly integrated where heat and cooling sources are available or separate where heat
and cooling source are detached. The integrated package is most-commonly a rooftop
unit and connected to ductwork to deliver the conditioned air into several spaces with
the same thermal zone. The main advantage of single zone systems is simplicity in
design and maintenance and low first cost compared to other systems. However, its
main disadvantage is serving a single thermal zone when improperly applied.

6 Figure 33. All-air HVAC system for single zone.

Source: Seyam S. (1996)

In a single zone all-air HVAC system, one control device such as thermostat located in
the zone controls the operation of the system, as shown in Figure 33. Control may be
either modulating or on–off to meet the required thermal load of the single zone. This
can be achieved by adjusting the output of heating and cooling source within the
packaged unit. Although few buildings can be a single thermal zone, a single zone can
be found in several applications. One family residential building can be treated as single
zone systems, while other types of residential buildings can include different thermal
energy based on the occupation and building structure. Movements of occupants affect
the thermal load of the building, which results in dividing the building into several single
zones to provide the required environmental condition. This can be observed in larger

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residences, where two (or more) single zone systems may be used to provide thermal
zoning. In low-rise apartments, each apartment unit may be conditioned by a separate
single zone system. Many sizeable single-story buildings such as supermarkets,
discount stores, can be effectively conditioned by a series of single zone systems. Large
office buildings are sometimes conditioned by a series of separate single zone systems.

Multi-zone
In a multi-zone all-air system, individual supply air ducts are provided for each zone in a
building. Cold air and hot (or return) air are mixed at the air handling unit to achieve the
thermal requirement of each zone. A particular zone has its conditioned air that cannot
be mixed with that of other zones, and all multiple zones with different thermal
requirement demand separate supply ducts, as shown in Figure 34. Multi-zone all-air
system consists of an air handling unit with parallel flow paths through cooling coils and
heating coils and internal mixing dampers. It is recommended that one multi-zone serve
a maximum of 12 zones because of physical restrictions on duct connections and
damper size. If more zones are required, additional air handlers may be used. The
advantage of the multi-zone system is to adequately condition several zones without
energy waste associated with a terminal reheat system. However, leakage between the
decks of air handler may reduce energy efficiency. The main disadvantage is the need
for multiple supply air ducts to serve multiple zones.

7 Figure 34. All-air HVAC system for multiple zones.

Source: Seyam S. (1996)

 Terminal reheat
A terminal reheat all-air system is a multiple zone, which considers an
adaptation of single zone system, as shown in Figure 35. This can be
performed by adding heating equipment, such as hot water coil or electric
coil, to the downstream of the supply air from air handling units near each
zone. Each zone is controlled by a thermostat to adjust the heat output of
heating equipment to meet the thermal condition. The supply air from air
handling units is cooled to the lowest cooling point, and the terminal reheat
adds the required heating load. The advantage of terminal reheat is flexible
and can be installed or removed to accommodate changes in zones, which
provides better control of the thermal conditions in multiple zones. However,

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the design of terminal reheat is not energy-efficient system because a
significant amount of extremely cooling air is not regularly needed in zones,
which can be considered as waste energy. Therefore, energy codes and
standards regulate the use of reheat systems.

8 Figure 35. All-air HVAC system for Termal Heat.

Source: Seyam S. (1996)

 Dual duct
The dual duct all-air system is a terminal-controlled modification of the multi-
zone concept. A central air handling unit provides two conditioned air
streams such as a cold deck and a hot deck, as shown in Figure 36. These
air streams are distributed throughout the area served by the air handling
unit in separate and parallel ducts. Each zone has a terminal mixing box
controlled by zone thermostat to adjust the supply air temperature by mix the
supply cold and hot air. This type of system will minimize the disadvantages
of previous systems and become more flexible by using terminal control.

9 Figure 36. All-air HVAC dual-duct system.

Source: Seyam S. (1996)

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 Variable Air Volume

Some spaces require different airflow of supply air due to the changes in
thermal loads. Therefore, a variable-air-volume (VAV) all-air system is the
suitable solution for achieving thermal comfort. The previous four types of all-
air systems are constant volume systems. The VAV system consists of a
central air handling unit which provides supply air to the VAV terminal control
box that located in each zone to adjust the supply air volume, as shown in
Figure 37. The temperature of supply air of each zone is controlled by
manipulating the supply air flow rate. The main disadvantage is that the
controlled airflow rate can negatively impact other adjacent zones with
different or similar airflow rate and temperature. Also, part-load conditions in
buildings may require low air-flow rate which reduces the fan power resulting
in energy savings. It may also reduce the ventilation flow rate, which can be
problematic to the HVAC system and affecting the indoor air quality of the
building.

10 Figure 37. All-air HVAC systems with VAV terminal units..

Source: Seyam S. (1996)

 Constant Air Volume

Deliver conditioned air around a building. It is becoming less common in new
buildings simply because VAV, Variable Air Volume, systems are replacing
them due to their superior zone control and much reduced energy
consumption. Smaller buildings, especially older ones still prefer this type of
air-conditioning. The reason you will find them in smaller buildings is
because they are fairly cheap to install and they’re much simpler to install
and operate. CAV systems do have some limitations because the supply air
temperature is varied, but the volume flow rate (supply) of air is constant.

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11 Figure 39. All-air HVAC systems with CAV terminal units.

Source: [Link]

1.25.2 Basic HVAC System Tasks and Components

HVAC systems are categorized by the method used to produce, deliver, and control heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning in the conditioned area. It should be understand that this is being affected my the
system to be consider. Many built, expanded, and/or renovated buildings may be ideally suited for
decentralized or local HVAC systems, with equipment located in, throughout, adjacent to, or on top of
the building. The alternative to this decentralized approach is to use Primary Component located in a
central plant (either inside or outside the building) with water and/ or air required for HVAC needs
distributed from this plant.

The Primary Component of the HVAC system depends on factors presented in the selection report as
per the professional/consultant in [Link] includes the refrigeration equipment,; and air, water, and
steam delivery equipment.

Refrigeration equipment

It consists of the main refrigeration and ancillary equipment. The main refrigeration consists of
Chillers, that is compressiorized chillers and /or absorption-cycle chillers. Ancillary Refrigeration
Equipment (Heat Rejection Equipment) consists of the cooling towers, condensers, air-cooled
condensers and/or evaporative condensers.

Main Refrigeration
Chiller - Chillers are used to generate chilled, or cold, water which is pumped around
the building to provide air conditioning by collecting unwanted heat. There are two main
types of chillers, Air cooled and Water cooled. The term “Air” or “Water” cooled chillers
condenser is rejecting heat from the building.

 Compressiorized chillers - Also known as mechanical chiller system is most often

used. This type of system uses a reciprocating, screw, or centrifugal compressor.
The other components in the mechanical system are a condenser, an evaporator,
and various control devices. Significant changes in centrifugal chiller
technologies include the introduction of magnetic bearings in lieu of oil-lubricated
bearings. Compressor selection may change based on size, first cost, and
lifecycle cost.

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 Absorption-cycle chillers - may be single- or double-effect, fired by steam or

direct-fired by gas, oil, or waste heat. Like centrifugal chillers, absorption chillers
are built to perform with remote water-cooled ancillary heat rejection equipment
(e.g., cooling towers).

12 Figure 40. Absorption-cycle chillers (left) & Compressiorized chillers (right)

Source: [Link]

Figure 41 Chiller location (. Water-Cooled)

13 Source: The Engineering [Link]

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Figure 42. Chiller location (Air-Cooled)

14 Source: The Engineering [Link]

Compressors - may be purchased as part of a refrigeration chiller that also includes the
drive, evaporator, condenser, and necessary safety and operating controls.
Reciprocating and helical rotary compressor units can be field-assembled and include
air- or water-cooled (evaporative) condensers arranged for remote installation.

Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment (Heat Rejection Equipment)

Cooling towers - cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to
the atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. provide
the same means of heat rejection as evaporative condensers but pass outdoor air
through an open. Condenser return water spray to achieve similar adiabatic cooling
performance.

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15 Figure 43. Cooling tower
Source: [Link]
water-efficiency-video/

Condensers - The compressor’s discharge pressure depends on how rapidly the

condenser cooling medium, that is, the air or the water, will carry away the heat of the
refrigerant vapor. This heat transfer rate depends on both the temperature of the
condenser cooling medium and the volume of flow of the medium across or around the
heat transfer surfaces of the condenser.

 Air-cooled condensers - pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the
refrigerant. This results in a higher condensing temperature and thus a larger
power input at peak condition (although peak time may be relatively short over 24
h). Air-cooled condensers are popular in small reciprocating and helical rotary
compressor units because of their low maintenance requirements. Air-cooled
equipment may also be appropriate in high-wet-bulb environments because the
cooling tower supply water temperature is a function of the wet-bulb temperature.

 Evaporative condensers - pass outdoor air over coils sprayed with water, thus
taking advantage of adiabatic saturation to lower the condensing temperature. As
with cooling towers, freeze prevention and close control of water treatment are
required for successful operation.

Heating Equipment

The major heating equipment used in central heating plants, boilers vary in type and application,
and include combined heat and power (CHP) and waste heat boilers.

Main Heating Equipment

Boiler - adds heat to the working medium, which is then distributed throughout the
building(s) and/or campus. The working medium may be either water or steam, which
can further be classified by its temperature and pressure range. boiler may be
purchased as a package that includes the burner, fire chamber, heat exchanger section,
flue gas passage, fuel train, and necessary safety and operating controls. Cast-iron and
waterside boilers can be field-assembled, but fire-tube, scotch marine, and waste-heat
boilers are usually packaged units. The energy used by a boiler may be electricity,
natural gas, oil, coal, or combustible waste material, though natural gas and fossil-fuel
oil

Steam - often used to transport energy long distances, is converted to low-temperature

hot water in a heat exchanger near the point of use. Although steam is an acceptable
medium for heat transfer, low-temperature hot water is the most common and more
uniform medium for providing heating and process heat (e.g., heating water to 200°F for
domestic hot water).

Ancillary Heating Equipment

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Steam Plants - Ancillary equipment associated with central steam heating plants
consists primarily of the boiler feed unit, deaerator unit (both with receiver and pumps),
chemical feed, and possibly a surge tank and/or heat exchanger(s).

Boiler feed equipment, including the receiver(s) and associated pump(s), serve as a
reservoir for condensate and makeup water waiting to be used by the steam boiler. The
boiler feed pump provides system condensate and water makeup back to the boiler on
an as-needed basis.

Deaerators - help eliminate oxygen and carbon dioxide from the feed water

Chemicals - can be fed using several methods or a combination of methods, depending

on the chemical(s) used (e.g., chelants, amines, oxygen scavengers).

Surge tanks - are also applicable to steam boiler plants to accommodate large
quantities of condenser water return and are primarily used where there is a rapid
demand for steam

Hot-Water Plants - Ancillary equipment associated with central hot-water heating plants
consists primarily of pumps and possibly heat exchanger(s). Water pumps move boiler
feed water and hotwater supply and return to and from the boiler equipment and
associated ancillary equipment.

Air, water, and steam delivery equipment

Primary air delivery equipment for HVAC systems is classified as packaged, manufactured and
custom-manufactured, or field fabricated (built-up). Most air delivery equipment for large
systems uses centrifugal or axial fans; however, plug or plenum fans are often used. Centrifugal
fans are frequently used in packaged and manufactured HVAC equipment. One system rising in
popularity is a fan array, which uses multiple plug fans on a common plenum wall, thus reducing
unit size. Axial fans are more often part of a custom unit or a field-fabricated unit. Both types of
fans can be used as industrial process and high-pressure blowers.

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The basic air-handling system is an all-air, single-zone HVAC system consisting of an

air-handling unit and an air distribution system. The air-handling unit may be designed
to supply constant or variable air volume for low-, medium-, or high-velocity air
distribution. Normally, the equipment is located outside the conditioned area in a
basement, penthouse, or service area. The equipment can be adjacent to the primary
heating and refrigeration equipment or at considerable distance, with refrigerant, chilled
water, hot water, or steam circulated to it for energy transfer.

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16 Figure 44. Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations

Source:RDK Engineers

Primary Equipment

Cooling - Either central station or localized equipment, depending on the application,

can provide cooling. Most large systems with multiple central air-handling units use a
central refrigeration plant. Small, individual air-handling equipment can (1) be supplied
with chilled water from central chillers, (2) use direct-expansion cooling with a central
condensing (cooling tower) system, or (3) be air-cooled and totally self-contained.

Heating - The same criteria described for cooling are usually used to determine whether
a central heating plant or a local one is desirable. Usually, a central, fuel-fired plant is
more desirable for heating large facilities. In facilities with low heating loads, electric is
often economical, particularly where care has been taken to design energy-efficient
systems and buildings.

Air-Handling Equipment

Packaged air-handling equipment is commercially available in many sizes, capacities,

and configurations using any desired method of cooling, heating, humidification, filtration,
etc. These systems can be suitable for small and large buildings. In large systems, air-
handling equipment is usually custom-designed and fabricated to suit a particular
application. Air-handling units may be either centrally or remotely located.

Air-Handling Unit Components

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 Return Air Fan - A return air fan is optional on small systems, but is essential for
proper operation of air economizer systems for free cooling from outdoor air if the
return path has a significant pressure drop (greater than approximately 0.3 in. of
water). It provides a positive return and exhaust from the conditioned area,
particularly when mixing dampers allow cooling with outdoor air in intermediate
seasons and winter. The return air fan ensures that the proper volume of air
returns from the conditioned space. It prevents excess building pressure when
economizer cycles introduce more than the minimum quantity of outdoor air, and
reduces the static pressure against which the supply fan must work. The return
air fan should handle a slightly smaller amount of air to account for fixed exhaust
systems, such as toilet exhaust, and to ensure a slight positive pressure in the
conditioned space.

 Relief Air Fan - In many situations, a relief (or exhaust) air fan may be used
instead of a return fan. A relief air fan relieves ventilation air introduced during air
economizer operation and operates only when this control cycle is in effect.
When a relief air fan is used, the supply fan must be designed for the total supply
and return pressure losses in the system. During economizer mode, the relief fan
must be controlled to ensure a slight positive pressure in the conditioned space,
as with the return air fan system. The section on Economizers describes the
required control for relief air fans.

 Automatic Dampers - The section on Mixing Plenums discusses conditions that

must be considered when choosing, sizing, and locating automatic dampers for
this critical mixing process. These dampers throttle the air with parallel- or
opposed-blade rotation. These two forms of dampers have different airflow
throttling characteristics

 Relief openings - in large buildings, it should be constructed similarly to outdoor

air intakes, but may require motorized or self-acting backdraft dampers to prevent
high wind pressure or stack action from causing airflow to reverse when the
automatic dampers are open. Pressure loss through relief openings should be
0.10 in. of water or less. Low-leakage dampers, such as those for outdoor intakes,
prevent rattling and minimize leakage. The relief air opening should be located so
that air does not short-circuit to the outdoor air intake.

 Outdoor Air Intakes - Resistance through outdoor air intakes varies widely,
depending on construction. Frequently, architectural considerations dictate the
type and style of louver. The designer should ensure that the louvers selected
offer minimum pressure loss, preferably not more than 0.10 in. of water. High-
efficiency, low-pressure louvers that effectively limit carryover of rain are
available. Flashing installed at the outer wall and weep holes or a floor drain will
carry away rain and melted snow entering the intake. Cold regions may require a
snow baffle to direct fine snow to a low-velocity area below the dampers. Outdoor
air dampers should be low-leakage types with special gasketed edges and
endseals. A separate damper section and damper operator are strongly
recommended for ensuring minimum ventilation. The maximum outdoor air
damper controls the air needed for economizer cycles.

 Economizers - An air-side economizer uses outdoor air to reduce refrigeration

requirements. Whereas a logic circuit maintains a futed minimum of ventilation

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outdoor air in all weather, the air-side economizer is an attractive option for
reducing energy costs when weather conditions allow. The air-side economizer
takes advantage of cool outdoor air either to assist mechanical cooling or, if
outdoor air is cool enough, to provide total system cooling. When weather allows,
temperature controls systems can modulate outdoor air and return air in the
correct proportion to produce desired supply air temperatures without the use of
mechanical heating or cooling.

 Mixing Plenums - Mixing plenums provide space for airstreams with different
properties to mix as they are introduced into a common section of ductwork or
air-handling unit, allowing the system to operate as intended. If the airstreams
are not sufficiently mixed, the resulting stratification adversely affects system
performance. Some problems associated with stratification are nuisance low-
temperature safety cutouts, frozen cooling coils, excess energy use by the
preheat coil, inadequate outdoor air, control hunting, and poor outdoor air
distribution throughout occupied spaces. A common example of a mixing plenum
is the air-handling unit mixing box, in which outdoor and recirculated airstreams
are combined. In air-handling units, mixing boxes typically have one inlet, with
control dampers, for each airstream.

 Static Air Mixers - Static air mixers are designed to enhance mixing in the mixing
plenum to reduce or eliminate problems associated with stratification.

 Filter Section - A system’s overall performance depends heavily on the filter.

Unless the filter is regularly maintained, system resistance increases, and airflow
diminishes. Accessibility for replacement is an important consideration in filter
arrangement and location.

 Preheat coils - these are heating coils placed upstream of a cooling coil; they can
use steam, hot water, or electric resistance as a medium. Some air-handling
units do not require a preheat coil at all, particularly if the percentage of outdoor
air is low and if building heating is provided elsewhere

 Cooling Coil - Sensible and latent heat are removed from the air by the cooling
coils. The cooling medium can be either chilled water or refrigerant, in which case
the refrigerant coil serves as the evaporator in a vapor compression refrigeration
cycle.

 Reheat coils - these are heating coils placed downstream of a cooling coil.
Reheat systems are strongly discouraged, unless recovered energy is used.
Positive humidity control is required to provide comfort conditions for most
occupancy. Either reheat or desiccant is usually required to dehumidify outdoor
air. Reheating is necessary for laboratory, health care, or similar applications
where temperature and relative humidity must be controlled accurately.

 Humidifiers - these may be installed as part of the air-handling unit, or in

terminals at the point of use, or both. Where close humidity control of selected
spaces is required, the entire supply airstream may be humidified to a low
humidity level in the air-handling unit. Terminal humidifiers in the supply ducts
serving selected spaces bring humidity up to the required levels. For comfort
installations not requiring close control, moisture can be added to the air by
mechanical atomizers or point-of-use electric or ultrasonic humidifiers.

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 Dehumidifiers - For most routine applications in dry or limited-cooling climates,

such as offices, residences, and schools, the air-handling unit's cooling coil
provides adequate dehumidification. For humid climates, separate dehumidifiers,
or some form of reheat or desiccant is usually necessary. Where a specialty
application requires additional moisture removal, desiccant dehumidifiers are an
available accessory. Dust can be a problem with solid desiccants, and lithium
contamination is a concern with spray equipment.

 Supply Air Fan - Axial-flow, centrifugal, or plenum (plug) fans may be chosen as
supply air fans for straight-through flow applications. In factory-fabricated units,
more than one centrifugal fan may be tied to the same shaft. If headroom allows,
a single-inlet fan should be chosen when air enters at right angles to the flow of
air through the equipment. This allows direct airflow from the fan wheel into the
supply duct without abrupt change in direction and loss in efficiency. It also
allows a more gradual transition from the fan to the duct and increases static
regain in the velocity pressure conversion. To minimize inlet losses, the distance
between casing walls and fan inlet should be at least the diameter of the fan
wheel. With a single-inlet fan, the length of the transition section should be at
least half the width or height of the casing, whichever is longer. If fans blow
through the equipment, air distribution through the downstream components
needs analyzing, and baffles should be used to ensure uniform air distribution.

Ductwork Design

Ductwork should deliver conditioned air to each zone as directly, quietly, and economically
as possible. Air distribution ductwork and terminal devices must be compatible, or the
system will either fail to operate effectively or incur high first, operating, and maintenance
costs. Duct systems can be designed for high or low velocity. A high-velocity system has
smaller ducts, which save space but require higher pressures and may result in more noise.
In some low-velocity systems, medium or high fan pressures may be required for balancing
or to overcome high pressure drops from terminal devices. In any variable-flow system,
changing operating conditions can cause airflow in the ducts to differ from design flow.
Thus, varying airflow in the supply duct must be carefully analyzed to ensure that the
system performs efficiently at all loads. This precaution is particularly needed with high-
velocity air. Return air ducts are usually sized by the equal friction method.

 Single-duct systems contain the main heating and cooling coils in a series-flow air path.
A common duct distribution system at a common air temperature feeds all terminal
apparatus. Capacity can be controlled by varying air temperature or volume.

 Dual-duct systems contain the main heating and cooling coils in parallel-flow or Series
parallel-flow air paths with either (1) a separate cold- and warm-air duct distribution
system that blends air at the terminal apparatus (dual-duct systems), or (2) a separate
supply air duct to each zone with the supply air blended at the main unit with mixing
dampers (multizone). Dual-duct systems generally vary the supply air temperature by
mixing two airstreams of different temperatures, but they can also vary the volume of
supply air in some applications.

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16.1.1 Figure 45. Air Handling Units

17 Source: The Engineering [Link]

17.1.1 Rooftop Units (RTU)

As the name suggests, rooftop units are located on the roof of the supermarket and you’ll
usually find multiple units depending on the size of the store. Inside the unit is a large fan which
pulls fresh air into the unit and also pushes this into the building, some units use this pushing
force to also push the dirty used air out of the building. The air passes through a filter to remove
any dust and dirt, it then passes through a heat exchanger where it will be heated or cooled to
meet the required conditions.

17.1.2 Figure 46 . Rooftop Units Location

18 Source: The Engineering [Link]

AHU vs RTU

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These two systems both serve a very similar purpose and can look fairly alike. Both of these are
used to distribute air around the building and will contain fans to achieve this. They will both take
in fresh ambient air and clean this through a filter before heating or cooling the air to suit the
demands within the building. The main difference between the two is how the air is heated or
cooled and we’ll look at each of these to learn the basics of how the work.

Figure 47. AHU vs RTU

19 Source: The Engineering [Link]

19.1.1 Fan Coil Units (FCU)

If you look up at the ceiling in large stores you might see a large box connected to a short run of
ductwork. This box is a fan coil unit. Inside the fan coil unit is a fan with a small motor, a filter
and also one or two heat exchangers. The fan coil just circulates air locally within the building
and tops up the heating or cooling to this local area as needed. They also help to distribute fresh
air within the building.

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19.1.2 Figure 48 . Fan coil Unit

20 Source: The Engineering [Link]

Air Curtain HVAC Systems

The air curtain is suspended above the doorway or it might be built into the ceiling. Inside the
unit is a blower fan which is driven by a small electric motor, this forces air into a funnel to
provide a powerful jet of air. You can also get versions which provide heated and or cooled air.

Figure 49 . Air Curtain HVAC Systems detail

21 Source: The Engineering [Link]

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Figure 50. Air Curtain HVAC Systems Location

22 Source: The Engineering [Link]

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1.25.3 Equipment Location

In the initial phase of building design, the design engineer seldom has sufficient information to render the
optimum HVAC design for the project, and its space requirements are often based on percentage of total
area or other experiential rules of thumb. The final design is usually a compromise between the engineer’s
recommendations and the architectural considerations that can be accommodated in the building.

Equipment Rooms

Total mechanical and electrical space requirements range between 4 and 9% of gross building area,
with most buildings in the 6 to 9% range (ASHRAE Handbook, 2012). These ranges include space for
HVAC, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection equipment and may also include vertical shaft space
for mechanical and electrical distribution through the building. Most equipment rooms should be
centrally located to (1) minimize long duct, pipe, and conduit runs and sizes; (2) simplify shaft layouts;
and (3) centralize maintenance and operation. With shorter duct and pipe runs, a central location
could also reduce pump and fan motor power requirements, which reduces building operating costs.

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Equipment rooms generally require clear ceiling height ranging from 3 meters to 5.5 meters
depending on equipment sizes and the complexity of air and/or water distribution. The main electrical
transformer and switchgear rooms should be located as close to the incoming electrical service as
practical. If there is an emergency generator, it should be located considering (1) proximity to
emergency electrical loads and sources of combustion and cooling air and fuel, (2) ease of properly
venting exhaust gases to the outdoors, and (3) provisions for noise control.

Primary Equipment Rooms - The heating equipment room houses the boiler(s) and possibly a boiler
feed unit (for steam boilers), chemical treatment equipment, pumps, heat exchangers,
pressurereducing equipment, air compressors, and miscellaneous ancillary equipment. The
refrigeration equipment room houses the chiller(s) and possibly chilled-water and condenser water
pumps, heat exchangers, air-conditioning equipment, air compressors, and miscellaneous ancillary
equipment. Design of these rooms needs to consider (1) equipment size and weight, (2) installation,
maintenance, and replacement, (3) applicable regulations relative to combustion air and ventilation air,
and (4) noise and vibration transmission to adjacent spaces.

Most air-conditioned buildings require a cooling tower or other type of heat rejection equipment. If the
cooling tower or water-cooled condenser is located at ground level, it should be at least 100 ft away
from the building to (1) reduce tower noise in the building, (2) keep discharge air and moisture
carryover from fogging the building’s windows and discoloring the building facade, and (3) keep
discharge air and moisture carryover from contaminating outdoor air being introduced into the building.
Cooling towers should be kept a similar distance from parking lots to avoid staining car finishes with
atomized water treatment chemicals. It is often economical to locate the heating and/or refrigeration
plant in the building, on an intermediate floor, in a roof penthouse, or on the roof. Electrical service
and structural costs are higher, but these may be offset by reduced costs for piping, pumps and
pumping energy, and chimney requirements for fuel-fired boilers. Also, initial cost of equipment in a
tall building may be less for equipment located on a higher floor because some operating pressures
may be lower with boilers located in a roof penthouse.

Fan Rooms

Fan rooms house HVAC air delivery equipment and may include other miscellaneous equipment. The
room must have space for removing the fan(s) , shaft(s), coils, and filters. Installation, replacement,
and maintenance of this equipment should be considered when locating and arranging the room. Fan
rooms in a basement that has an airway for intake of outdoor
air present a potential problem. Low air intakes are a security concern, because harmful substances
could easily be introduced. Placement of the air intake louver(s) is also a concern because debris and
snow may fill the area, resulting in safety, health, and fan performance concerns. Parking areas close
to the building’s outdoor air intake may compromise ventilation air quality. Fan rooms located at the
perimeter wall can have intake and exhaust louvers at the location of the fan room, subject to
coordination with architectural considerations. Interior fan rooms often require intake and exhaust
shafts from the roof because of the difficulty (typically caused by limited ceiling space) in ducting
intake and exhaust to the perimeter wall. Fan rooms on the second floor and above have easier
access for outdoor and exhaust air. Depending on the fan room location, equipment replacement may
be easier. The number of fan rooms required depends largely on the total floor area and whether the
HVAC sytem is centralized or decentralized. Buildings with large floor areas may have multiple
decentralized fan rooms on each or alternate floors. High-rise buildings may opt for decentralized fan
rooms for each floor, or for more centralized service with one fan room serving the lower 10 to 20
floors, one serving the middle floors of the building, and one at the roof serving the top floors.

Horizontal Distribution

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Most decentralized and central systems rely on horizontal distribution. To accommodate this need, the
design engineer needs to take into account the duct and/or pipe distribution criteria for installation in a
ceiling space or below a raised floor space. Systems using water distribution usually require the least
amount of ceiling or raised floor depth, whereas air distribution systems have the largest demand for
horizontal distribution height. Steam systems need to accommodate pitch of steam pipe, end of main
drip, and condensate return pipe pitch. Another consideration in the horizontal space cavity is
accommodating the structural members, light fixtures, rain leaders, cable trays, etc., that can fill up
this space.

Vertical Shafts

Vertical shafts in the building provide space for air distribution ducts and for pipes. Air distribution
includes HVAC supply air, return air, and exhaust air ductwork. If a shaft is used as a return air
plenum, close coordination with the architect is necessary to ensure that the shaft is airtight. If the
shaft is used to convey outdoor air to decentralized systems, close coordination with the architect is
also necessary to ensure that the shaft is constructed to meet mechanical code requirements and to
accommodate the anticipated internal pressure. The temperature of air in the shaft must be
considered when using the shaft enclosure to convey outdoor air. Pipe distribution includes heating
water, chilled water, condenser water, and steam supply and condensate return.

Other distribution systems found in vertical shafts or located vertically in the building include electric
conduits/closets, telephone cabling/ closets, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), plumbing, fire
protection piping, pneumatic tubes, and conveyers. Vertical shafts should not be adjacent to stairs,
electrical closets, and elevators unless at least two sides are available to allow access to ducts, pipes,
and conduits that enter and exit the shaft while allowing maximum headroom at the ceiling. In general,
duct shafts with an aspect ratio of 2:l to 4:l are easier to develop than large square [Link]
rectangular shape also facilitates transition from the equipment in the fan rooms to the shafts. In
multistory buildings, a central vertical distribution system with minimal horizontal branch ducts is
desirable. This arrangement (1) is usually less costly; (2) is easier to balance; (3) creates less conflict
with pipes, beams, and lights; and (4) enables the architect to design lower floor-to-floor heights.
These advantages also apply to vertical water and steam pipe distribution systems. The number of
shafts is a function of building size and shape.

In larger buildings, it is usually more economical in cost and space to have several small shafts rather
than one large shaft. Separate HVAC supply, return, and exhaust air duct shafts may be desirable to
reduce the number of duct crossovers. The same applies for steam supply and condensate return
pipe shafts because the pipe must be pitched in the direction of flow. When future expansion is a
consideration, a pre-agreed percentage of additional shaft space should be considered for inclusion.
This, however, affects the building’s first cost because of the additional floor space that must be
constructed. The need for access doors into shafts and gratings at various locations throughout the
height of the shaft should also be considered.

Rooftop Equipment

For buildings three stories or less, system analysis and selection frequently locates HVAC equipment
on the roof or another outdoor location, where the equipment is exposed to the weather.
Decentralized equipment and systems are more advantageous than centralized HVAC for smaller
buildings, particularly those with multiple tenants with different HVAC needs. Selection of rooftop
equipment is usually driven by first cost versus operating cost and/or maximum service life of the
equipment.

Equipment Access

Properly designed mechanical and electrical equipment rooms must allow for movement of large,
heavy equipment in, out, and through the building. Equipment replacement and maintenance can be

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very costly if access is not planned properly. Access to rooftop equipment should be by means of a
ship’s ladder and not by a vertical ladder. Use caution when accessing equipment on sloped roof

1.25.4 Equipment space allocations

A plant room is a room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and its
associated electrical equipment, as opposed to rooms intended for human occupancy or storage.

Plant rooms typically house the following equipment:

- Air handlers
- Boilers
- Chillers
- Heat exchangers
- Water heaters and tanks
- Water pumps (for domestic, heating/cooling, and firefighting water)
- Main distribution piping and valves
- Sprinkler distribution piping and pumps
- Back-up electrical generators
- Elevator machinery
- Other HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) equipment

Equipment in plant rooms is monitored by the BMCS (Building Management and Control System) and
must be administered by staff from Property.

22.1 Components Planning

Site factors - Ensure ease of access for maintenance and/or replacement of
equipment is addressed in locating new plant rooms.
- Consider future expansion possibilities when locating and sizing plant
rooms.

Room and Spaces - Allow 800mm minimum circulation width through plant room space - 1m
Planning preferred.
Requirements - Consider equipment and parts replacement when planning circulation
zones.

Other - Allow for a minimum of 20% additional space on boards and in cabinets
for equipment expansion.

22.1.1

22.1.2 Building fabric

General - To suit overall building fabric.
- Consider ventilation requirements to plant rooms.

Design principles - Provide appropriate protection for plant equipment.

- Provide appropriate amenity for service technicians.

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Materials & - Louvred facades are generally acceptable.
finishes

[Link] Roof

General - Required where plant room is exposed and equipment is not

recommended for external placement.
- Light weight roof to designer's specification.

[Link] External Walls

General - Louvred or naturally ventilated facade preferred.

- Screening devices to be used where plant is externally located and in
public view.

[Link] Internal Walls

Impact Resistance - Ensure walls are durable enough to withstand minor impacts with tools
and equipment.

Fire Rating - To suit overall building design.

Wall Finish - Unfinished walls are acceptable.

- Painted finish preferred.

[Link] Floors

General Selection - Floors are to be low maintenance finish and comply with slip resistance
Requirements standards.

Preferred Material - Painted and/or sealed concrete preferred

Selection - Preferred colour: Taubmans Stone Age

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Concrete - Painted or sealed concrete finish.

Resilient Floor - Floor to be spill resistant.

Finishes

[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Ceilings

Ceiling Finishes - Unfinished concrete acceptable

Ceiling Heights - To suit equipment.

Non Combustible / Fire Rated - Non combustible ceiling linings are required

22.1.3 Openings Windows

Window Selection - Louvred or ventilated facades are preferred.
Requirements

Glazing - Glazing not required.

Visual Privacy - Equipment to be concealed from public view.

[Link] Doors

Doors Type - Louvre doors where external

Door Function - Lockable - swipe access preferred.

Fire / Acoustic Rated - Fire rated / acoustic doors as required.

- Fire rated door if required to BCA requirements

Frame Type - Steel or aluminium framed

Door Hardware Lock type

Storeroom lock
Keying / locking
-
Master keying
-
Other

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22.1.4 Services Ventilation
Natural - Preferred. Plant rooms require constant ventilation.
ventilation

Supply air - Natural/passive preferred.

Exhaust - Required in plant rooms where equipment generates heat.

Controls - Localised and via BMS.

[Link] Drainage

Sanitary drainage - Floor waste required.

- Drain to taps for hose connection.

References:

Salvan, G. (1999). Architectural Utilities 2 Electrical & Mechanical Eouipment. JMC PRESS, INC.
388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.

Wang, S. (2001). Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Two Penn
Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298

Seyam, S. (2018). Types of HVAC Systems. [Link]

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers (2009). ASHRAE Handbook.
Fundamentals: SI edA. mer Society of Heating, Atlanta, GA; [Link]

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