Name Class Date
CHAPTER 5 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION 5.1 What are igneous rocks?, continued
In your textbook, read about the mineral composition of igneous rocks.
Complete the table by filling in one of the following terms: felsic, mafic, intermediate, or ultramafic.
Description Type of Igneous Rock
28. May be formed by fractional crystallization of olivine and pyroxene ultramafic
ultramafic
29. Contains moderate amounts of biotite, amphibole, and pyroxene intermediate
intermediate
30. Light-colored, high silica content, contains quartz felsic
felsic
31. Contains plagioclase, biotite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine mafic
mafic
32. Peridotite and dunites are examples. ultramafic
ultramafic
33. Dark-colored, low silica content, rich in iron and magnesium mafic
mafic
34. Diorite in an example. intermediate
intermediate
35. Gabbro is an example. mafic
mafic
36. Granite is an example. felsic
felsic
37. Low silica content, very high iron and magnesium content ultramafic
ultramafic
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
In your textbook, read about the grain size of igneous rocks.
Answer the following questions.
38. Does obsidian, a glassy rock, have a large grain size or a small grain size?
Obsidian has a very
Obsidian typically has asmall grainsize
small grain size.
as it is formed by the rapid cooling of lava.
39. Is obsidian an intrusive or extrusive igneous rock? How do you know?
Obsidian
Obsidian isis
anextrusive; its glassy
extrusive igneous texture
rock as the lavawithout
that formsobvious grains
it erupts out probably
and cools
down at the Earth's surface.
formed as lava cooled quickly on Earth’s surface.
40. How does the texture of gabbro compare to that of obsidian?
Gabbro hasislarge
As obsidian crystals,
an extrusive in contrast
igneous to aobsidian’s
rock, it has fine-grainedcrystals,
or glassy texture. Meanwhile, gabbro
is an intrusive igneous rock which has a coarse-grained texture.
which are very small.
41. Is gabbro an intrusive or extrusive igneous rock? How do you know?
Gabbro isan
Gabbro is intrusive; its large
intrusive igneous grains
rock. probably
as it is, formed
formed from magmaasthat
magma cooled
solidifies beneath the Earth's
surface.
slowly below Earth’s surface.
30 Chapter 5 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery
Name Class Date
CHAPTER 5 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION 5.2 Classifying Igneous Rocks, continued
In your textbook, read about igneous rocks as resources.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
12. Igneous rocks are strong because of their
a. temperature. c. water content.
b. color. d. interlocking grain textures.
13. Which of the following is one of the most durable igneous rocks?
a. granite c. marble
b. sandstone d. limestone
14. Igneous rocks tend to be
a. radioactive. c. resistant to weathering.
b. full of gold. d. vulnerable to weathering.
15. Igneous intrusions often are associated with valuable
a. radioactive elements. c. oil reservoirs.
b. ore deposits. d. fossil deposits
16. Ore deposits sometimes are found as a(n)
a. layered intrusion. c. obsidian deposit.
b. extrusion. d. molten rock.
17. Metal-rich quartz veins are formed at the end of
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
a. volcanic eruptions. c. magma crystallization
b. radioactive decay. d. the cooling of Earth’s crust.
18. What are pegmatites?
a. veins of extremely large-grained minerals c. microscopic, interlocking crystal grains
b. magmas of differing densities d. small volcanoes
19. What are kimberlites?
a. felsic rocks c. intermediate rocks
b. mafic rocks d. ultramafic rocks
20. Diamonds can form only
a. under very low pressure. c. above ground.
b. under very high pressure. d. near radioactive elements.
32 Chapter 5 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery
Name Class Date
CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Sedimentary and
Metamorphic Rocks
SECTION 6.1 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
In your textbook, read about the processes that form sedimentary rocks.
Use each of the terms below to complete the following statements.
cementation chemical weathering clastic sediments deposition
lithification physical weathering sedimentary rock sorted deposits
sediment unsorted deposits
1. Sediment
Sediments consists of solid material that has been deposited on
Earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation.
2. Glaciers and landslides tend to create unsorted deposits
unsorted deposits in which
sediments of different sizes are mixed together.
3. During chemical
chemical weathering
weathering , the minerals in a rock are dissolved or
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
otherwise chemically changed.
4. The process by which mineral growth binds sediment grains together into solid
rock is cementation
cementation .
5. Weathering produces clastic sediments
clastic sediments , which are rock and mineral fragments.
6. When sediments become cemented together, they form sedimentary
sedimentary rock
rocks .
7. As a result of deposition
deposition , sediments are laid down on the ground
or on the bottom of bodies of water.
8. The physical and chemical process called lithification
lithification transforms
sediments into sedimentary rocks.
9. During physical weathering , minerals remain chemically unchanged, and rock fragments
physical weathering
simply break off of the solid rock along fractures or grain boundaries.
10. Sediments tend to form sorted
sorted deposits
deposits when transported by water and wind.
Study Guide for Content Mastery Chapter 6 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 33
Name Class Date
CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION 6.1 Formation of Sedimentary Rocks, continued
In your textbook, read about lithification.
For each statement below, write true or false.
false
False 11. Lithification begins with erosion.
true
True 12. Muds may contain up to 60 percent water and shrink as excess water is
squeezed out.
false
False 13. Sands are usually poorly compacted during deposition, and they tend
to compact a great deal during burial.
true
True 14. Groundwater, oil, and natural gas are commonly found within pore
spaces in sedimentary rocks.
false
False 15. The temperature in Earth’s crust decreases with depth.
true
True 16. Sediments buried 3 to 4 km deep experience temperatures that start the
chemical and mineral changes that cause cementation.
true
True 17. In one type of cementation, a new mineral grows between
sediment grains.
true
True 18. In one type of cementation, existing mineral grains grow larger as the
same mineral precipitates and crystallizes around them.
In your textbook, read about the features of sedimentary rocks.
Use each of the terms below to complete the passage.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
cross-bedding fossils graded bedding lithification
ripple marks sand dunes transport bedding
The primary feature of sedimentary rocks is (19) bedding
bedding , or horizontal layering.
The type of bedding that occurs depends upon the sediment’s method of (20) transport
transport .
Bedding is called (21) graded bedding when the heaviest and coarsest material is on the bot-
graded bedding
tom. A second type of bedding called (22) cross-bedding
cross-bedding forms as inclined layers of sediment
migrate forward across a horizontal surface. Large-scale cross-bedding can be formed by migrating
(23) sand dunes
sand dunes . When sediment is moved into small ridges by wind or wave action,
(24) ripple marks
ripple marks can form. Many sedimentary rocks contain (25) fossils
fossils ,
the preserved remains, impressions, or any other evidence of once-living organisms. During
(26) lithification
lithification , parts of an organism can be replaced by minerals and turned into rock.
34 Chapter 6 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery
Name Class Date
CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION 6.3 Metamorphic Rocks
In your textbook, read about metamorphic rocks.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
Aa 1. Occurs when rocks come into contact with a. contact metamorphism
molten rock
d
D b. foliated metamorphic rock
2. Rock whose texture, mineralogy, or chemical
composition has been altered without melting it c. nonfoliated metamorphic rock
g
G 3. Metamorphism resulting from high temperature
and pressure that affects a large region d. metamorphic rock
Ff 4. Large crystals of new metamorphic minerals e. hydrothermal metamorphism
e
E 5. Occurs when very hot water reacts with rock
f. porphyroblasts
Bb 6. Characterized by wavy layers and bands of light
and dark minerals g. regional metamorphism
c
C 7. Composed mainly of minerals with blocky
crystal shapes
In your textbook, read about types of metamorphism.
Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Regional Metamorphic Grades
0
Lithification
200
Low grade 10
Pressure (MPa)
400
Depth (km)
Intermediate
600 grade 20
High grade
Partial melting
800 of granites
30
1000
200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (°C)
8. What grades of regional metamorphism are shown on the graph?
low, intermediate,
Low, andgrade
intermediate, high high grades
9. Which grades represent the highest pressure conditions?
intermediate
Intermediate and highgrade
and high grades
10. Which grade generally occurs between 0 and 20 km below Earth’s surface?
lowHigh
grade
grade
36 Chapter 6 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery
Name Class Date
CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION 6.3 Metamorphic Rocks, continued
In your textbook, read about causes and types of metamorphism.
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
11. The pressure required for metamorphism can be generated by
a. pressure from weight of overlying rock.
b. heat from magma bodies in contact with surrounding rock.
c. cementation and lithification.
d. hydrothermal solutions.
12. A regional metamorphic belt is divided into zones based upon
a. the number of volcanoes in the area. c. types of fossils found in the rocks.
b. mineral groups found in the rocks. d. current underground temperatures.
13. Contact metamorphism occurs under conditions of
a. high temperature and high pressure.
b. high temperature and moderate-to-low pressure.
c. low temperature and very high pressure.
d. low temperature and moderate-to-low pressure.
14. Minerals that crystallize at higher temperatures as a result of contact
metamorphism tend to be found near
a. coal deposits. b. bodies of water. c. coral reefs. d. igneous intrusions.
15. The type of metamorphism that occurs when very hot water reacts with and alters
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the mineralogy of rock is
a. contact. b. regional. c. hydrothermal. d. local.
16. Metamorphic rocks in which the long axes of their minerals are perpendicular to
the pressure that altered them are described as
a. marble-like. b. quartzite-like. c. foliated. d. nonfoliated.
17. Metamorphic rocks that lack mineral grains with long axes oriented in one
direction are described as
a. marble-like. b. quartzite-like. c. foliated. d. nonfoliated.
18. Porphyroblasts differ from the minerals surrounding them in terms of
a. size. b. color. c. axis of orientation. d. shape.
19. Hot fluids migrating into and out of a rock during metamorphism can change the
rock’s
a. chemistry. c. grade.
b. energy. d. fossil content.
Study Guide for Content Mastery Chapter 6 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe 37
Name Class Date
CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION 6.3 Metamorphic Rocks, continued
In your textbook, read about the rock cycle.
Label each blank below as igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, or metamorphic rocks.
Weathering External
and erosion processes
Uplift
Sediments
Deposition,
Uplift burial,
20. igneous
igneous rocksrocks lithification
Cooling and Heat
crystallization
and 21. sedimentary
sedimentary rocks
rocks
pressure
Magma
Heat and
Melting pressure
Internal
processes
22. metamorphic
metamorphic rocks
rocks
Answer the following questions.
23. How are igneous rocks formed?
Igneous
Igneousrocks
rockscool and crystallize
are formed through the from magma.
solidification and cooling of molten magma or lava.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
24. What happens to igneous rocks that undergo weathering and erosion?
The igneous
When rocks
igneous rocksbecome sediments.
undergo weathering and erosion, they break down into smaller particles
and eventually contribute to the formation of sediments.
25. How do sediments become sedimentary rock?
Sediments
The processundergo deposition,
by which sediments burial,
become and lithification
sedimentary to become
rock is known as lithification. Lithification
involves the transformation of loose sediments into solid rock through compaction and cementation.
sedimentary rock.
26. What forces cause sedimentary rocks to be transformed into metamorphic rocks?
heat and pressure
The transformation of sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks is primarily driven by the forces of heat and
pressure that act deep within the Earth's crust,
27. How can metamorphic rock be transformed into igneous rock?
Possible response:
If metamorphic rocksThe
are metamorphic rock can
subjected to extremely high melt to formand
temperatures magma
melting, they may turn into magma,
which, upon cooling and crystallization, can become igneous rock.
that cools and crystallizes to form igneous rock.
28. How can sandstone be transformed into sediment without becoming metamorphic
or igneous rock first?
The sandstone
Sandstone can
can be be uplifted,
transformed weathered,
into loose sediment and eroded
without to form
becoming sediments.
a metamorphic or igneous rock first by
undergoing uplifting, weathering, erosion, and transportation processes.
38 Chapter 6 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery
Name Class Date
UNIT 2 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Complete the concept map by filling in the missing information.
Major Types
of Rocks
formed by weathering, formed by cooling and formed by application of
erosion, deposition, crystallization of high heat and temperature
burial, and lithification magma to existing rocks
sedimentary
sedimentary rocks
19. ___________________ igneous
igneous rocks
20. ___________________ metamorphic
21. ___________________
metamorphic rocks
clastic chemical organic
physical
22. ___________________
foliated nonfoliated
non-foliated
27. ___________________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
forms at or near forms inside
Earth's surface Earth's crust
extrusive
23. ___________________
Extrusive rock intrusive
24. ___________________
Intrusive rock
felsic
25. ___________________
felsic
intermediate
mafic
ultramafic
26. ___________________
ultramafic
40 Unit 2 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe Study Guide for Content Mastery