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Solid State

The document discusses the types of solids, focusing on crystalline and amorphous solids, and explains the concept of unit cells and crystal lattices. It details various types of unit cells, such as primitive, body-centered, and face-centered, along with their packing efficiencies and coordination numbers. Additionally, it covers close packing arrangements in one, two, and three dimensions, as well as the structures of ionic solids and their voids.

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9 views13 pages

Solid State

The document discusses the types of solids, focusing on crystalline and amorphous solids, and explains the concept of unit cells and crystal lattices. It details various types of unit cells, such as primitive, body-centered, and face-centered, along with their packing efficiencies and coordination numbers. Additionally, it covers close packing arrangements in one, two, and three dimensions, as well as the structures of ionic solids and their voids.

Uploaded by

woved76277
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
‘Types of Solid Crystalline Solid ‘These are the solids having regular arrangement of constituent particles throughout the solid. Unit Cell Amorphous Solid ‘The smallest possible portion or part of the erystal lattice which repeats itself in These are the solids which do not have —_ different directions of the lattice is regular arrangement of particles or have called the Unit Cell. regular arrangement only in small distances. Crystal Lattice (AR SES? BBC Primitive Unit Cells ‘The diagrammatic representation of the three dimensional crystal, in which each constituent particle is represented by a point, is called a crystal lattice. Lattice Pints Crystal Lattice ‘The unit cell in which the constituent particles are located only on the corner of the lattice Call called Primitive Unit JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Face Centred Unit Cells ‘The unit cell which contains constituent Particles on each face of the unit cell and other constituent particles on the corners is called the Face Centred Unit Cell End Centred Unit Cells In an End Centred Unit Cell, one constituent particle is present at the centre of opposite faces besides the ones located on the corners. Body Centred Unit Cells ‘The unit cell which contains one constituent particle at its body centre and other constituent particles are located on the corners is called Body Centred Unit Cells. eee aa wSaral ‘Crystal Spstem] Possible Variations [Axial Distance | Axial angles | Examples or Edge lengths Cubic or | Primitive, anbme 90° | NaCl, Zine Regular Body-centered blende, Cu Face centered Diamond, Alum] Tetragonal | Primitive, Body [a=bre @=P=y= 90° | White tn, Sn0,, centered TIO, Caso, Orthorhombic | Primitive, arbee Rhombie or Rhombie | Body-centered, sulfur, KNO,, Face-centered, aso, PE. End-centied Hexagonal | primitive sabre a=p=90% | Graphite, PE. 120° Zn0, CaS, Toe TRhombokeara | Primitive anbme apa ye9 | Calets (CaCO), Tor Trigonal Magnesite (@tgCO) ww > wSaral Solid States ATA BY tan3o° Soy = Y= oxT 72 Base Area fist xsl =6|+22x 2 _ 6a? 4 Close Packing In Three Dimension When two dimensional packing structure are arranged one above the other, depending upon type of two dimensional arrangement in a layer and the relative positions of spheres in above or below layer, various types of three dimensional packing results. imple Cubic Packing (AAA. 2. Hexagonal Close Packing (AB AB AB ju) 3. Cubic Close Packing or Face Centred Cubie (ABC ABC. Three Dimensional Close Packing From Two Dimensional Square Packing Simple Cubic Packing In Three mension The two dimensional square close packed layer are placed, in such a ‘manner that spheres in each layer comes immediately on top of below layer. eee aa JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Front View & Top View “see's A A Se ene (@ In this packing, only 52% of wes available space is occupied by atoms. A (ii) Coordination number = 6 Side View First neighbour = 6 at a distance =a mensional Close Packing From ‘Two Dimensional Hexagonal Packing Hexagonal Close Packing (HCP) (i) The spheres of the second layer are placed in the depressions of the first layer. Second neighbour = 12 ‘The spheres of the third layer lie on er the spaces of second layer in such a oe wtaletancnol2a, ‘way that they lie direetly above thase inthe frst layer. Third neighbour = 8 at distance = y3a JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 edad The third layer becomes identical to the first layer. If this arrangement is continued definitely in the same order this is represented as AB Solid States AB AB. Unit Cell Cubic Close Packing (FCC) ‘ In second way, the spheres of the third Exploded View layer lie on the second layer in such a way that they lie over the unoccupied spaces of the second layer. If this arrangement is continuous in the ole Ettecege nut ats (2) same order this is represented as ABC ABC ABC... This type of arrangement represents Cubic Close Packed (CCP) structure. Front View Za3+2xde12 xt = 2 6 =3+142 Top View = JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 edad This structure has 3-fold axes of symmetry which pass through the diagonal of the cube, Exploded View 4 layer spheres 3° layer spheres 24 layer spheres 1 layer spheres wSaral Solid States The spheres occupy 74% of the total volume and 26% is the empty space in both (hep and eep) structures. First neighbour = 12 at a distance = (a/V2) EN Second neighbour = at distance = a Third neighbour = 24 at distance = (372 a) a Body Centred Cubie ‘There is another possible arrangement of packing of spheres known as Body Centred Cubie (BCC) arrangement. eee aa This arrangement is observed in square close packing . In bee arrangement the spheres of the second layer lie at the space in the first layer. First neighbour = 8 a distanc Second neighbour = 6 at distance = @ wSaral ‘Third neighbour = 12 at distance = (Za) Interstices or Voids or Holes In Crystals ‘When particles are closely packed in the erystals even then there is some ‘empty space left in between the spheres. This is known as interstices (interstitial site or hole or empty space or Voids). In three dimensional close packing (CCP & HCP), the interstices are of two types - 1. Tetrahedral Voi 2. Octahedral Voids ‘Tetrahedral Voids In HCP and CCP each sphere of second layer touches with three spheres of first layer. ‘They leave a small space in between spheres, which is known as Tetrahedral Site or Interstices. ‘Tetrahedral Void "Te ry eee aa JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ‘An Octahedral Site does not mean that the hole is Octahedral in shape but ‘means that this site is surrounded by six nearest neighbour lattice points arranged Octahedrally. Tetrahedral void In another words, the vacant space between 4 touching spheres is called as Tetrahedral Void. Positions of Tetrahedral Voids In Y RCC Unit Cell Y ean Siralvctal In FCG, one corner and its three face centred atom of faces meet at that corner to form a Tetrahedral Void. Octahedral Voids HCP and CCP also form another type of interstices which is called as Octahedral Site. In another words, the vacant space between 6 touching spheres is called as Octahedral Void. Octahedral geometery JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ay In FCC, two Tetrahedral Voids are obtained along one Cube diagonal. In FCC total number of atoms = 4 In FCC total number of Tetrahedral Voids Positions of Octahedral Voids In FCC Unit Cell In FCC, 6 face centres form a Octahedral Void at Body Centre, JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 wSaral Solid States ‘One more position of Octahedral Void is at mid point of each edge. Each Octahedral Void located at mid point of edge contributes 1/4 to the unit cell. ‘The Octahedral Void situated at the centre contributes 1. In FCC, total number of Octahedral Voids are ax1 + (2x} =14+3=4 Cube Centre edge In FCC, number of particles = 4 -. Effective number of Octahedral Void ‘Tetrahedral And Octahedral Voids In HCP (i) Number of Tetrahedral Void/unit cell 2 (ii) Number of OV/unit cel Note In any closed packing of maximum efficiency, there are two TV & one OV per particle. Packing In Tonic Soli (i Normally anions are bigger than cations hence ionic solids are considered as the packing of anions and cations are supposed to occupy the voids. Gi) Oppositely charged particles should lie closer and similarly charged particles should be away each other. (iii) Each ion tend to maximise its coordination number (Number of oppositely charged ions around it). Point (ii) and (iii) contradict each other because on increasing the CN, the repulsion between like charges will also increase, eee aa Hence, in all the fonie solids, there must be balance with the help of relative size of ions to ensure maximum CN and minimum repulsion between like charges. oe Limiting or Ideal Radius Ratio (€) The minimum “values for the existence ofa cation in a particular void is called limiting radius ratio for that void. Voids CX [Himiting Fe] Ramee Fie Triangular | 3 [0.85 185-0235 Tetrahedral | 4 | 0.225 ons-0sis Octahedsal | 6 | o-sns oats—02732 Cubie 8 ors 0732-1 Structure of Ionic Solids [Link] Salt 6. Corundum NaCl ALO, 2. Zine Blende _—_7- Rutile ZnS Tio, 3. Caesium Halide 8 Pervoskite csc caTio, 4. Fluorite 9. Spinel and car, Havers Spline 5. Antifluorite ee wSaral Structure of NaCl ‘The bigger Cl- forms Cubic Close Packing and small Na+ occupy positions ofall Octahedral Voids. The radius ratlo™Hie in the range 0414-0732. () Bach Na’ is surrounded by six C- and each Cl is surrounded by six Na+ ion. [6:6 coordination] (i) No, of Na* and Cl in each unit cell isd. Number of formula units of NaCl per unit cell is equal to 4. Structure of a face Zinc blende (Sphalerite) Structure Larger anions S® form cep arrangement and smaller cations Zn** fill alternate ‘Tetrahedral Voids. () GN. of Zn =4 ; CN. of S? [4:4 coordination} (i) Formuta units of ZnS per unit cell = av3 (Hii) rye Fg = eee aa JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ‘The erystal is FCC for C atom & alternate tetrahedral voids are also ‘occupied by earbon atoms. Caesium Halide Structure Chat the corners of Cube and Cs' in the center. (i) CN, of Cs* = 8 3C.N, of Ch [8 : 8 coordination} Antifluorite Structure z= x 846 x} a (ii) Formula units of CsCl per unit cell = 1 (Li,0) 0% ion forming CCP and Li* a3 ii, — =8 ii) roy, g CL Hiner Sirsa (CN. of Lit =4 GN. of OF ones (CaF,) Ca** forming CCP arrangement and F filling all Tetrahedral Voids. ii) Formuta units of LiO Per unit cell of Cx?=8. =4 () CN. of F [8 4 coordination] (ii) Formula units of CaF; per unit cell “a avs Gi) roger + = eee aa

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