Mechatronics Engineering

Department
Design of Machine
Elements

Lecturer:
Dr. Farag I. haider

Syllabus

[Link] and Stress Analysis

[Link] Resulting from Static Loading
[Link] Failure Resulting from Variable Loading
[Link] and Shaft Components
[Link], Fasteners, and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints
[Link], Bonding, and the Design of Permanent Joints
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After completing this chapter, you will:
1. Have reviewed the principles of stress and deformation analysis
for several kinds of stresses, including the following:
Normal stresses due to direct tension and compression
forces
Shear stress due to direct shear force
Shear stress due to torsional load for both circular and non-
circular sections
Shear stress in beams due to bending
Normal stress in beams due to bending
2. Be able to interpret the nature of the stress at a point by
drawing the stress element at any point in a load carrying
member for a variety of types of loads.
3. Have reviewed the importance of the flexural center of a beam
cross section with regard to the alignment of loads on beams.

4. Have reviewed beam-deflection formulas.

5. Be able to analyse beam-loading patterns that produce abrupt

changes in the magnitude of the bending moment in the beam.

6. Be able to use the principle of superposition to analyze machine

elements that are subjected to loading patterns that produce
combined stresses.

7. Be able to properly apply stress concentration factors in stress

analyses.

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Introduction

Mechanical design is a complex undertaking, requiring many skills.

Extensive relationships need to be subdivided into a series of simple
tasks. The complexity of the subject requires a sequence in which
ideas are introduced and iterated. To design is either to formulate a
plan for the satisfaction of a specified need or to solve a problem. If
the plan results in the creation of something having a physical
reality, then the product must be functional, safe, reliable,
competitive, usable, manufacturable, and marketable.
The complete design process, from start to finish, is often
outlined as in Fig.(1).The process begins with an identification of a
need and a decision to do something about it. After many iterations,
the process ends with the presentation of the plans for satisfying the
need. Depending on the nature of the design task, several design
phases may be repeated throughout the life of the product, from
inception to termination.

Figure (1)
The phases in design, acknowledging the many feedbacks and
iterations

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1. Load and Stress Analysis

The ability to quantify the stress condition at a critical location in a

machine element is an important skill of the engineer. Why?
Whether the member fails or not is assessed by comparing the
(damaging) stress at a critical location with the corresponding
material strength at this location.

1-1. Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

(a) (b)

Figure (1-1)

Suppose the dx dy dz element of Fig. (1–1a) is cut by an oblique

plane with a normal n at an arbitrary angle ϕ counterclockwise from
the x axis as shown in Fig. (1–1b). This section is concerned with the
stresses σ and τ that act upon this oblique plane. By summing the
forces caused by all the stress components to zero, the stresses σ and
τ are found to be

1-1

1-2

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Equations (1–1) and (1–2) are called the plane-stress transformation

equations. Differentiating Eq. (1–1) with respect to ϕ and setting the
result equal to zero gives

1-3

Equation (1–3) defines two particular values for the angle 2ϕp, one
of which defines the maximum normal stress σ1 and the other, the
minimum normal stress σ2. These two stresses are called the
principal stresses, and their corresponding directions, the principal
directions. The angle between the principal directions is 90°. It is
important to note that Eq. (1–3) can be written in the form

Comparing this with Eq. (1–2), we see that τ = 0, meaning that the
surfaces containing principal stresses have zero shear stresses. In a
similar manner, we differentiate Eq. (1–2), set the result equal to
zero, and obtain

1-4

Equation (1–4) defines the two values of 2ϕs at which the shear
stress τ reaches an extreme value. The angle between the surfaces
containing the maximum shear stresses is 90°. Equation (1–4) can
also be written as

Substituting this into Eq. (1–1) yields

1-5

Equation (1–5) tells us that the two surfaces containing the

maximum shear stresses also contain equal normal stresses of

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(σx + σy)/2. Comparing Eqs. (1–3) and (1–4), we see that tan 2ϕs is
the negative reciprocal of tan 2ϕp. This means that 2ϕs and 2ϕp are
angles 90° apart, and thus the angles between the surfaces containing
the maximum shear stresses and the surfaces containing the principal
stresses are ±45◦. Formulas for the two principal stresses can be
obtained by substituting the angle 2ϕp from Eq. (1–3) in Eq. (1–1).
The result is

1-6

In a similar manner the two extreme-value shear stresses are found

to be

1-7

Your particular attention is called to the fact that an extreme value of

the shear stress may not be the same as the actual maximum value.
It is important to note that the equations given to this point are
quite sufficient for performing any plane stress transformation.
However, extreme care must be exercised when applying them. For
example, say you are attempting to determine the principal state of
stress for a problem where σx = 14 MPa, σy = −10 MPa, and
τxy = −16 MPa. Equation (1–3) yields ϕp = −26.57◦ and 63.43° to
locate the principal stress surfaces, whereas, Eq. (1–6) gives
σ1 = 22 MPa and σ2 = −18 MPa for the principal stresses. If all we
wanted was the principal stresses, we would be finished. However,
what if we wanted to draw the element containing the principal
stresses properly oriented relative to the x, y axes? Well, we have
two values of ϕp and two values for the principal stresses. How do
we know which value of ϕp corresponds to which value of the
principal stress? To clear this up we would need to substitute one of
the values of ϕp into Eq. (1–1) to determine the normal stress
corresponding to that angle. A graphical method for expressing the
relations developed in this section, called Mohr’s circle diagram, is
a very effective means of visualizing the stress state at a point and

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keeping track of the directions of the various components associated

with plane stress. Equations (1–1) and (1–2) can be shown to be a set
of parametric equations for σ and τ, where the parameter is 2ϕ. The
relationship between σ and τ is that of a circle plotted in the σ, τ
plane, where the center of the circle is located at
C = (σ, τ ) = [(σx + σy)/2, 0] and has a radius of
2
  x   y    2 . A problem arises in the sign of the shear
R=   xy
 2 
stress. The transformation equations are based on a positive ϕ being
counterclockwise, as shown in Fig. (1–2). If a positive τ were plotted
above the σ axis, points would rotate clockwise on the circle 2ϕ in
the opposite direction of rotation on the element. It would be
convenient if the rotations were in the same direction. One could
solve the problem easily by plotting positive τ below the axis.
However, the classical approach to Mohr’s circle uses a different
convention for the shear stress.

1-2. Mohr’s Circle Shear Convention

This convention is followed in drawing Mohr’s circle:

• Shear stresses tending to rotate the element clockwise (cw) are
plotted above the σ axis.
• Shear stresses tending to rotate the element counterclockwise (ccw)
are plotted below the σ axis.
For example, consider the right face of the element in Fig. (1–1a).
By Mohr’s circle convention the shear stress shown is plotted below
the σ axis because it tends to rotate the element counterclockwise.
The shear stress on the top face of the element is plotted above the
σ axis because it tends to rotate the element clockwise. In Fig. (1–2)
we create a coordinate system with normal stresses plotted along the
abscissa and shear stresses plotted as the ordinates. On the abscissa,
tensile (positive) normal stresses are plotted to the right of the origin
O and compressive (negative) normal stresses to the left. On the
ordinate, clockwise (cw) shear stresses are plotted up;
counterclockwise (ccw) shear stresses are plotted down.
Using the stress state of Fig. (1–1a), we plot Mohr’s circle,
Fig. (1–2), by first looking at the right surface of the element
containing σx to establish the sign of σx and the cw or ccw direction
of the shear stress. The right face is called the x face where ϕ = 0◦. If

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σx is positive and the shear stress τxy is ccw as shown in Fig. (1–1a),
we can establish point A with coordinates (σ x , xyccw ) in Fig. (1–2).

Figure (1-2)
Mohr’s circle diagram.

Next, we look at the top y face, where ϕ = 90◦, which contains σy ,

and repeat the process to obtain point B with coordinates (σ y ,  xyccw )
as shown in Fig. (1–2). The two states of stress for the element are
∆ϕ = 90◦ from each other on the element so they will be 2∆ϕ = 180◦
from each other on Mohr’s circle. Points A and B are the same
vertical distance from the σ axis. Thus, AB must be on the diameter
of the circle, and the center of the circle C is where AB intersects the
σ axis. With points A and B on the circle, and center C, the complete
circle can then be drawn. Note that the extended ends of line AB are
labeled x and y as references to the normals to the surfaces for which
points A and B represent the stresses. The entire Mohr’s circle

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represents the state of stress at a single point in a structure. Each

point on the circle represents the stress state for a specific surface
intersecting the point in the structure. Each pair of points on the
circle 180° apart represent the state of stress on an element whose
surfaces are 90° apart. Once the circle is drawn, the states of stress
can be visualized for various surfaces intersecting the point being
analyzed. For example, the principal stresses σ1 and σ2 are points D
and E, respectively, and their values obviously agree with Eq. (1–6).
We also see that the shear stresses are zero on the surfaces
containing σ1 and σ2. The two extreme-value shear stresses, one
clockwise and one counterclockwise, occur at F and G with
magnitudes equal to the radius of the circle. The surfaces at F and G
each also contain normal stresses of (σx + σy)/2 as noted earlier in
Eq. (1–5). Finally, the state of stress on an arbitrary surface located
at an angle ϕ counterclockwise from the x face is point H.
At one time, Mohr’s circle was used graphically where it was
drawn to scale very accurately and values were measured by using a
scale and protractor. Here, we are strictly using Mohr’s circle as a
visualization aid and will use a semigraphical approach, calculating
values from the properties of the circle. This is illustrated by the
following example.

EXAMPLE 1–1

A stress element has σx = 80 MPa and τxy = 50 MPa cw, as shown in

Fig. (1–3a).
(a) Using Mohr’s circle, find the principal stresses and
directions, and show these on a stress element correctly aligned with
respect to the xy coordinates. Draw another stress element to show τ1
and τ2, find the corresponding normal stresses, and label the drawing
completely.
(b) Repeat part a using the transformation equations only.

Solution

(a) In the semigraphical approach used here, we first make an

approximate freehand sketch of Mohr’s circle and then use the
geometry of the figure to obtain the desired information.
Draw the σ and τ axes first (Fig. 1–3b) and from the x face
locate σx = 80 MPa along the σ axis. On the x face of the element,
we see that the shear stress is 50 MPa in the cw direction. Thus, for

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the x face, this establishes point A (80, 50cw) MPa. Corresponding

to the y face, the stress is σ = 0 and τ = 50 MPa in the ccw direction.
This locates point B (0, 50ccw) MPa. The line AB forms the
diameter of the required circle, which can now be drawn. The
intersection of the circle with the σ axis defines σ1 and σ2 as shown.
Now, noting the triangle ACD, indicate on the sketch the length of
the legs AD and CD as 50 and 40 MPa, respectively. The length of
the hypotenuse AC is

Ans.

and this should be labeled on the sketch too. Since intersection C is

40 MPa from the origin, the principal stresses are now found to be

σ1 = 40 + 64 = 104 MPa and σ2 = 40 − 64 = −24 MPa Ans.

The angle 2ϕ from the x axis cw to σ1 is

Ans.

To draw the principal stress element (Fig. 1–3c), sketch the x and y
axes parallel to the original axes. The angle ϕp on the stress element
must be measured in the same direction as is the angle 2ϕp on the
Mohr circle. Thus, from x measure 25.7° (half of 51.3°) clockwise to
locate the σ1 axis. The σ2 axis is 90° from the σ1 axis and the stress
element can now be completed and labeled as shown. Note that there
are no shear stresses on this element. The two maximum shear
stresses occur at points E and F in Fig. (1–3b). The two normal
stresses corresponding to these shear stresses are each 40 MPa, as
indicated. Point E is 38.7° ccw from point A on Mohr’s circle.
Therefore, in Fig. (1–3d), draw a stress element oriented 19.3° (half
of 38.7°) ccw from x. The element should then be labeled with
magnitudes and directions as shown. In constructing these stress
elements it is important to indicate the x and y directions of the
original reference system. This completes the link between the
original machine element and the orientation of its principal stresses.

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Figure (1-3)
All stresses in MPa.

(b) The transformation equations are programmable. From

Eq. (1–3),

From Eq. (1–2), for the first angle ϕp = −25.7◦,

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which confirms that 104.03 MPa is a principal stress. From

Eq. (1–1), for ϕp = 64.3◦,

Substituting ϕp = 64.3◦ into Eq. (3–9) again yields τ = 0, indicating

that −24.03 MPa is also a principal stress. Once the principal stresses
are calculated they can be ordered such that σ1 ≥ σ2. Thus,
σ1 = 104.03 MPa and σ2 = −24.03 MPa. Ans.

Since for σ1 = 104.03 MPa, ϕp = −25.7◦, and since ϕ is defined

positive ccw in the transformation equations, we rotate clockwise
25.7° for the surface containing σ1. We see in Fig. (1–3c) that this
totally agrees with the semigraphical method.
To determine τ1 and τ2, we first use Eq. (1–4) to calculate ϕs :

For ϕs = 19.3◦, Eqs. (1–1) and (1–2) yield

Ans.
Remember that Eqs. (1–1) and (1–2) are coordinate transformation
equations. Imagine that we are rotating the x, y axes 19.3°
counterclockwise and y will now point up and to the left. So a
negative shear stress on the rotated x face will point down and to the
right as shown in Fig. (1–3d). Thus again, results agree with the
semigraphical method. For ϕs = 109.3◦, Eqs. (1–1) and (1–2) give
σ = 40.0 MPa and τ = +64.0 MPa.
Using the same logic for the coordinate transformation we find that
results again agree with Fig. (1–3d).

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Homework

For each of the plane stress states listed below, draw a Mohr’s circle
diagram properly labeled, find the principal normal and shear
stresses, and determine the angle from the x axis to σ1. Draw stress
elements as in Fig. (1–3c and d) and label all details.

(1) σx = 12, σy = 6, τxy = 4 cw

(2) σx = 16, σy = 9, τxy = 5 ccw
(3) σx = 10, σy = 24, τxy = 6 ccw
(4) σx = 9, σy = 19, τxy = 8 cw
(5) σx = −4, σy = 12, τxy = 7 ccw
(6) σx = 6, σy = −5, τxy = 8 ccw
(7) σx = −8, σy = 7, τxy = 6 cw
(8) σx = 9, σy = −6, τxy = 3 cw
(9) σx = 20, σy = −10, τxy = 8 cw
(10) σx = 30, σy = −10, τxy = 10 ccw
(11) σx = −10, σy = 18, τxy = 9 cw
(12) σx = −12, σy = 22, τxy = 12 cw

1-3. General Three-Dimensional Stress

As in the case of plane stress, a particular orientation of a stress

element occurs in space for which all shear-stress components are
zero. When an element has this particular orientation, the normals to
the faces are mutually orthogonal and correspond to the principal
directions, and the normal stresses associated with these faces are
the principal stresses. Since there are three faces, there are three
principal directions and three principal stresses σ1, σ2, and σ3. For
plane stress, the stress-free surface contains the third principal stress
which is zero. The process in finding the three principal stresses
from the six stress components σx , σy , σz , τxy , τyz, and τzx , involves
finding the roots of the cubic equation

1-8

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Figure (1-4)
Mohr’s circles for three-dimensional stress

In plotting Mohr’s circles for three-dimensional stress, the principal

normal stresses are ordered so that σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3. Then the result
appears as in Fig. (1–4a). The stress coordinates σ, τ for any
arbitrarily located plane will always lie on the boundaries or within
the shaded area. Figure (1–4a) also shows the three principal shear
stresses τ1/2, τ2/3, and τ1/3. Each of these occurs on the two planes, one
of which is shown in Fig. (3–12b). The figure shows that the
principal shear stresses are given by the equations

1-9

Of course, τmax = τ1/3 when the normal principal stresses are ordered
(σ1 > σ2 > σ3), so always order your principal stresses. Do this in any
computer code you generate and you’ll always generate τmax.

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1-4. Elastic Strain

Normal strain ε is given by the equation ϵ = δ/l , where δ is the total

elongation of the bar within the length l. Hooke’s law for the tensile
specimen is given by the equation

σ = Eϵ 1-10

where the constant E is called Young’s modulus or the modulus of

elasticity.
When a material is placed in tension, there exists not only an
axial strain, but also negative strain (contraction) perpendicular to
the axial strain. Assuming a linear, homogeneous, isotropic material,
this lateral strain is proportional to the axial strain. If the axial
direction is x, then the lateral strains are ϵy = ϵz = −νϵx . The constant
of proportionality v is called Poisson’s ratio, which is about 0.3 for
most structural metals.
If the axial stress is in the x direction, then from Eq. (1–10)

1-11

For a stress element undergoing σx , σy , and σz simultaneously, the

normal strains are given by

1-12

Shear strain γ is the change in a right angle of a stress element when

subjected to pure shear stress, and Hooke’s law for shear is given by

τ =Gγ 1-13

where the constant G is the shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of

rigidity.

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It can be shown for a linear, isotropic, homogeneous material;

the three elastic constants are related to each other by

E = 2G(1 + ν) 1-14

1-5. Uniformly Distributed Stresses

The assumption of a uniform distribution of stress is frequently

made in design. The result is then often called pure tension, pure
compression, or pure shear, depending upon how the external load is
applied to the body under study. The word simple is sometimes used
instead of pure to indicate that there are no other complicating
effects.
For pure tension and pure compression

1-15
and for pure shear

1-16

1-6. Normal Stresses for Beams in Bending

Figure (1-5)
Bending stresses according to Eq. (1–17)

The bending stress varies linearly with the distance from the neutral
axis, y, and is given by

1-17

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where I is the second moment of area about the z axis. That is

1-18

So, the maximum magnitude of the bending stress is

or 1-19

where Z = I/c is called the section modulus.

1-7. Torsion

Figure (1-5)

The angle of twist, in radians, for a solid round bar is

1-20

where T = torque, l = length, G = modulus of rigidity, and J = polar

second moment of area.
Shear stresses develop throughout the cross section. For
a round bar in torsion, these stresses are proportional to the radius ρ
and are given by

1-21

Designating r as the radius to the outer surface, we have

1-22

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Equation (1–22) applies only to circular sections. For a solid round

section,
1-23

where d is the diameter of the bar. For a hollow round section,

1-24

where the subscripts o and i refer to the outside and inside diameters,
respectively.
In using Eq. (1–22) it is often necessary to obtain the torque T
from a consideration of the power and speed of a rotating shaft. For
convenience when U. S. Customary units are used, three forms of
this relation are

1-25

where H = power, hp, T = torque, lbf · in, n = shaft speed, rev/min,

F = force, lbf, and V = velocity, ft/min.

When SI units are used, the equation is

H = Tω 1-26

where H =power, W, T =torque, N.m, and ω=angular velocity, rad/s

The torque T corresponding to the power in watts is given

approximately by
1-27

where n is in revolutions per minute.

There are some applications in machinery for noncircular-

cross-section members and shafts where a regular polygonal cross
section is useful in transmitting torque to a gear or pulley that can
have an axial change in position. Because no key or keyway is
needed, the possibility of a lost key is avoided. Saint Venant (1855)

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showed that the maximum shearing stress in a rectangular b × c

section bar occurs in the middle of the longest side b and is of the
magnitude
1-28

where b is the longer side, c the shorter side, and α a factor that is a
function of the ratio b/c as shown in the following table. The angle
of twist is given by
1-29

where β is a function of b/c, as shown in the table.

In Eqs. (1–28) and (1–29) b and c are the width (long side) and
thickness (short side) of the bar, respectively. They cannot be
interchanged. Equation (1–28) is also approximately valid for equal-
sided angles; these can be considered as two rectangles, each of
which is capable of carrying half the torque.

EXAMPLE 1-2

Figure (1–6) shows a crank loaded by a force F = 300 lbf that causes
twisting and bending of a 3/4-in-diameter shaft fixed to a support at
the origin of the reference system. In actuality, the support may be
an inertia that we wish to rotate, but for the purposes of a stress
analysis we can consider this a statics problem.
(a) Draw separate free-body diagrams of the shaft AB and the arm
BC, and compute the values of all forces, moments, and torques that
act. Label the directions of the coordinate axes on these diagrams.
(b) Compute the maxima of the torsional stress and the bending
stress in the arm BC and indicate where these act.
(c) Locate a stress element on the top surface of the shaft at A, and
calculate all the stress components that act upon this element.
(d) Determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at A.

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Figure (1-6)

Solution

(a) The two free-body diagrams are shown in Fig. (1–7). The results
are
At end C of arm BC: F = −300j lbf, TC = −450k lbf · in
At end B of arm BC: F = 300j lbf, M1 = 1200i lbf · in, T1 = 450k lbf · in
At end B of shaft AB: F = −300j lbf, T2 = −1200i lbf · in, M2 = −450k lbf · in
At end A of shaft AB: F = 300j lbf, MA = 1950k lbf · in, TA = 1200i lbf · in

Figure (1-7)

(b) For arm BC, the bending moment will reach a maximum near the
shaft at B. If we assume this is 1200 lbf · in, then the bending stress
for a rectangular section will be

Ans.

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Of course, this is not exactly correct, because at B the moment is

actually being transferred into the shaft, probably through a
weldment.

For the torsional stress, use Eq. (1–28). Thus

Ans.
This stress occurs at the middle of the 1 1 -in side.
4

(c) For a stress element at A, the bending stress is tensile and is

Ans.

The torsional stress is

Ans.

where the reader should verify that the negative sign accounts for the
direction of τxz .

(d) Point A is in a state of plane stress where the stresses are in the xz
plane. Thus the principal stresses are given by Eq. (1–6) with
subscripts corresponding to the x, z axes.

The maximum normal stress is then given by

Ans.

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The maximum shear stress at A occurs on surfaces different than the

surfaces containing the principal stresses or the surfaces containing
the bending and torsional shear stresses. The maximum shear stress
is given by Eq. (1–7), again with modified subscripts, and is given
by

Ans.

1-8. Stress Concentration

In the development of the basic stress equations for tension,

compression, bending, and torsion, it was assumed that no geometric
irregularities occurred in the member under consideration. But it is
quite difficult to design a machine without permitting some changes
in the cross sections of the members. Rotating shafts must have
shoulders designed on them so that the bearings can be properly
seated and so that they will take thrust loads; and the shafts must
have key slots machined into them for securing pulleys and gears.
A bolt has a head on one end and screw threads on the other end,
both of which account for abrupt changes in the cross section. Other
parts require holes, oil grooves, and notches of various kinds. Any
discontinuity in a machine part alters the stress distribution in the
neighborhood of the discontinuity so that the elementary stress
equations no longer describe the state of stress in the part at these
locations. Such discontinuities are called stress raisers, and the
regions in which they occur are called areas of stress concentration.
The distribution of elastic stress across a section of a member
may be uniform as in a bar in tension, linear as a beam in bending,
or even rapid and curvaceous as in a sharply curved beam. Stress
concentrations can arise from some irregularity not inherent in the
member, such as tool marks, holes, notches, grooves, or threads. The
nominal stress is said to exist if the member is free of the stress
raiser. This definition is not always honored, so check the definition
on the stress-concentration chart or table you are using.
A theoretical, or geometric, stress-concentration factor Kt or
Kts is used to relate the actual maximum stress at the discontinuity to
the nominal stress. The factors are defined by the equations

1-30

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where Kt is used for normal stresses and Kts for shear stresses. The
nominal stress σ0 or τ0 is more difficult to define. Generally, it is the
stress calculated by using the elementary stress equations and the net
area, or net cross section. But sometimes the gross cross section is
used instead, and so it is always wise to double check your source of
Kt or Kts before calculating the maximum stress.
The subscript t in Kt means that this stress-concentration
factor depends for its value only on the geometry of the part. That is,
the particular material used has no effect on the value of Kt. This is
why it is called a theoretical stress-concentration factor.
The analysis of geometric shapes to determine stress-
concentration factors is a difficult problem, and not many solutions
can be found. Most stress-concentration factors are found by using
experimental techniques. Though the finite-element method has been
used, the fact that the elements are indeed finite prevents finding the
true maximum stress. Experimental approaches generally used
include photoelasticity, grid methods, brittle-coating methods, and
electrical strain-gauge methods. Of course, the grid and strain-gauge
methods both suffer from the same drawback as the finite-element
method.
Stress-concentration factors for a variety of geometries may
be found in the following charts.

Figure (1-8)
Bar in tension or simple compression with a transverse hole.
σ0 = F/A, where A = (w − d)t and t is the thickness.

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Figure (1-9)
Rectangular bar with a transverse hole in bending.
σ0 = Mc/I, where I = (w − d)h3/12.

Figure (1-10)
Notched rectangular bar intension or simple compression.
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t is the thickness.

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Figure (1-11)
Notched rectangular bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2, I = td3/12, and t is the thickness.

Figure (1-12)
Rectangular filleted bar in tension or simple compression.
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t is the thickness.

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Mechanical Engineering Design

Figure (1-13)
Rectangular filleted bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2, I = td3/12, t is the thickness.

Figure (1-14)
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd2/4.

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Figure (1-15)
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in torsion. τ0 = Tc/J, where
c = d/2 and J = πd4/32.

Figure (1-16)
Round shaft with shoulder fillet in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where
c = d/2 and I = πd4/64.

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Mechanical Engineering Design

Figure (1-17)
Grooved round bar in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd2/4.

Figure (1-18)
Grooved round bar in bending. σ0 = Mc/l, where
c = d/2 and I = πd4/64.

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Figure (1-19)
Grooved round bar in torsion. τ0 = Tc/J, where
c = d/2 and J = πd4/32.

Figure (1-20)
Plate loaded in tension by a pin through a hole. σ0 = F/A,
where A = (w − d)t .

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EXAMPLE 1-3

Considering the stress concentration at point A shown in Fig. (1–21),

determine the maximum normal and shear stresses at A if
F = 200 lbf.

Solution

From Fig. (1–15):

From Fig. (1–16):

Figure (1-21)

Ans.

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