is available, higr atmospher

presence of sunlight and certain

NOx in the
factors: formation as
maximum
temperature
Effect of various

1. Compression
ratio: Higher
compression ratio increase NOx
reduces maximum
temperature and NOx formation eincreas
Higher air fuel ratio
2. Air fuel ratio: timingdecreases NOx formation.
timing:Retarding spark
3. Retard spark the maximum temperature and hence
reduces
NOx formation
recirculation: It reduces gives
4. Exhaust gas pressure and temperature
Temperature and pressure of the inlet
charge: Ahigher higher No
5.
formation.
Engine
4. Performance and Testing of IC

engine of 10 cm x 12 cm (bore stroke) with a compressicr

spark ignition
4.1 Asix cylinder, four stroke spark
4800 rpm on a dynamometer of arm 55 cm. During a 10 minute tec
ratio of6 is tested at
petrol of C.V. 45 MJ/kg. The carbureto
dynamometer reads 45 kg and engine consumed 5 kg of
receives air at 29°C and 1bar at the rate of 10 kg/min.
Calculate:
1. Brake power 2. Brake mean effective pressure
3. Brake specific fuel consumption 4. Brake specific air consumption
5. Brake thermal efficiency 6. Air fuel ratio [20 marks : 2004|
 Internal Combustion Engines 141
A D EE R S Y

solutlon:
G0vend a t a :
4 stroke: Bore=10 cm = 0.1 m, Stroke = 0.12 m, n=6, N= 4800 rpm,
kg
=55 cm =0.55 m, Dynamometer reads 45 kg, Mass offuel consumed=5
6cylinde,
dynamometer

Arms of
value offuel|= 45 MJ/Kg, Airtemperature =29°C, Air pressure =1bar
= 10 kg/min
Caloric

rate of air
flow
Mass
1,B r a k ep o w e r

2rN
Brake power, BP = Txo= TxN
60
T= Fxr= 45 x 9.81 x 0.55 = 242.79 Nm
where,

BP = 242.79(2xIx4800 122.039 kW
1000 60
mean effective pressure
2. Brake
Brake pOWer =
60

122.039 x10 x60x2 = 5.39 bar

0.12xx0. }x4800x6x10
consumption
9 Brake specific fuel
5
BSFC BP
m,= 10
x60
30
30 kg/hr = 122.039 =0.245 kg/kWh

4, Brake specific air consumption

600 (where m, = 10 x 60 kg/h)
BSAC = = 4.92 kg/kWh
BP 122.039

5. Brake thermal efficiency

Brake pOwer 122.039
= 32.54%
MBth m, C.V. 5x45x1O
10x60
6. Air fuel ratio
- 20: 1

coefficient of discharge as 0.6 is used to

12 Asharp edged circular orifice of diameter 3.8 cm and
Pressure drop through the orifice is 145 mm
Measure air consumption of a four stroke petrol engine.
ratio of the engine is 6 and the piston
of water and barometer reads 75.5 cm of Hg. The compression
26°C. At2600 rpm,the engine
displacement volume is 2000 cm®. The temperature of air is taken to be
and the calorific value of fuel
Drake power recorded is 29.5 kW. The fuel consumption is 0.14 kg/min
Used is 43960 kJ/kg.
Calculate the following:
1. Volumetric efficiency 2 Air-fuel ratio
3. Brake mean effective pressure 4 Brake thermal efficiency
5. Relative efficiency [15 marks : 2005]
142 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering " Paper

Solution:
eowenSoved
Given: Diameter of orifice = 3.8 cm,Coefficient
of discharge = 0.6
reading =75.5 cm
Pressure drop = 145 mm of water =1,422.45 N/m, Baronmeter of Hg
=1,00,
Compression ratio = 6, Stroke volume= 2000 cm,Temperature of
air = 299 K
kJ/kg
BP = 29.5 kW at 2600 rpm, m, = 0.14 kg/min, CV= 43960
1. Volumetric efficiency
Actual volume inhaled/cycle
n,= Swept volume
1.00729x 10
Pair = RT = 1.1738 kg/m3
287x 299
Now in orifice meter air inhaled per second (Refer Q. 11 for detailed analysis of
orificemeter)
= 0.03932 kg/s
ldeal volume inhaled per sec. = 2000 x 109 X
2600 =0.0433 m³/s
60
Actual mass inhaled/s 0.03932 kg/s
0.03932
Actual volume inhaled/s = = 0.3349 m/s
1.1738

Actual volume inhaled per second 0.03349

n,=
ldeal volumeinhaled per second 0.0433 =0.7736 =77361
2. Air-fuel ratio

m, = 0.03932 kg/s
0.14
SFC = m, = 0.14 kg/min = kg/s =2.33 x 10 kg/s
60
0.03932
= 16.85
2.33x 10-3
3. Brake means effective pressure

BP =

Pme 60 x2x29.5 x 10 = 6.81 bar

2000 x 10 x2600 x105
4. Brake thermal efficiency

BP 29.5x 10 29.5x10x100 = 28.80%

m, x CV 2.33 x 10x43960 x10° 102.4x103
5. Relative efficiency

TRe
Actual thermal efficiency
Air standard efficiency
1
Air standard efficiency air = 1
ADE BRSY
Internal CombustionEngines

where, r= 6, Y= 1.4
1
=1 =0.5116 = 51.16%
Mair 60.4
28.8
Mrelative 51.16 =0.5628 =56.28%

Derive an expression for the diameter of the injector orifice to spray fue
erms of injection pressure p (kN/m), combustion chamber pressure p
(kg/cm³) and period of injection t seconds. Calculate the diameter of
linder, 4-stroke C.I. engine using the following data:
he power = 250kW, Engine speed = 1500 rpm, BSFC=0.3 kg/kW h
Snecific arAv
 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering " Paper
148

Indicated mean effective pressure,

Convent inal
Solved Papers
31.64 -x 60
IMEP =
2000 =537.14 kPa = 5.37 bar
0.2xx0.15²
4
x 2
-x1

mm and stroke 292 mm.

4.8 Afour cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine has a bore of 212 At full
720 rpmthe break mean effective pressure is 5.93 bar and specificfuel l consumption is0.226
( load at
kglKWH.
The air fuel ratio as determined by exhaust gas analysis iss 25: 1. Calculate the break
efficiency and volumetric efficiency of the engine. Atmospheric conditions are 1.01 bar andtherma
The calorific value of fuel may be taken as 44200 kJ/kg. [10 15°C,
Solution: marks : 2014]
Given data: n=4,4 stroke; d= 212 mm; 1=292 mm; =120 rpm; b =5.93 bar
SFC = 0.226 kg/kW hr.; A/F= 12, C.V = 44.2 MJ/kg; p= 1.01 bar, I, = 288 K

5.93 x10x0.292x n/4x0.2122

PbmLANK
bp =
60000 x2 60000 = 146.69 kW

bp

m, =0.226 x 146.69 = 33.15 kg/h

146.69 x 3600
=0.36 = 36%
33.15 x 44200

p= RTp_1.01x 105
287 x288 =1.2219kg/m
A
= 25

m, = n, x 25 = 828.75 kg/h
Volume flow rate at intake condition:

maRT 828.75 1 = 11.300m/min

Va =
1.221960
LNK
4 x0.2122x0.292 x 360 x 4 =14.84 m/min

11.300
n, = 'a
V
x100 = 14.84 x 100=76.15%

4.9 Asample bituminous coal gave the following ultimate analysis by mass:
Carbon 81.9%; Hydrogen 4.9%; Oxygen 6%; Nitrogen 2.3% and Ash 4.9%
Calculate:
(i) the stoichiometric air fuel ratio for complete combustion and
(üi) the volumetric analysis of wet and dry products of combustion when
the air supplied is 25%% in
excess of that required for complete combustion.
Solution:
[10 marks : 2014]
Coal contain 81.9% C, 4.9% H, 6% O, 2.3% N,. 4.9% Ash.
Thus combustion reaction are
 and d
full load loss increase at part loads. such as
friction
the auxiliaries
rubbing
friction loosses: It includes both
rubbing and pumping losses dueto driving considered loss as the
This is
etc.
lubricating oil pump, fuel pump, cooling fan, generator,
Auxiliary
pump,
water
presenceofeache of these components reduce the net output of the engine.
of 12: 1.
with a compression ratio of 18: 1 and expansion ratio
e n g i n e is working is
the relative efficiency of the engine
A
dlesel
the air-standard cycle efficiency, Assume y= 1.4. If
A.12 consumption of the
45000 kJ/kg, find out the specific fuel
Calculate

calorific value of diesel fuel is ful|-load

50% and DG set of 500 kW rating at
kg/kWh. If this engine has its
application for purpose
requirement of
engine in hours every day, work out the inventory
andd is expected to operate for two per litre is
condition
fuel cost of diesel for 15 days period if cost of fuel
next 15 days. Also Work out
diesel for
suitable assumptions if required. Consider diesel density as
0.83 kg/litre.
60. Make [12marks : 2018]

kJ/Kg
Expansion ratio, r = 12:1.y= 1.4, CV= 45000
Solution:

Cen data: Compression ratio, r= 18: 1,

Irelative = 50%

Compression ratio
Cut-off ratio =
Expantionratio
r 18:1
=1.5
-

12:1

1.4(18)14-1
(1.514
15-1=0.6565
1
Nairstd

Nactual 0.50
Tlrelative Tlair-std
0.3282
lactual 0.5 no =0.50 x 0.6565 =

m, x CV xNactual Power

Specific fuel consumption is fuel rate required for unit power

m, x 45000x 0.3282 = 1 kW
kg/kW-s =0.2437 kg/kWh
Specific fuel consumption, Hm, = 6.77x 105
kW=0.2437 x 500 = 121.86 kg/hr
’ Fuel requirement forpower ratio of 500
operation = 121.86 >x 15 x 2 3655.8 kg
’ Fuel requirement for 15 days period for 2hours daily
Density of diesel = 0.83 kg/L
3655.8
= 4404.61
Volume of diesel required 0.83
Fuel cost for diesel = 4404.6 x 60 =264274.7
 1

(Range of Psychrometric Process with an AirWasher)

2000
Cooling load on coil = m,(h,- h,) = D00161-2)
0.87 =1532.56 kW
KW
(iv) (a) 60

(b) m, c, (T, -T,) = 1532.56

1532.56
=73.33 kg/s
4.18(12-7)
54 Calculate all the psychrometriC properties of air at
1 bar and 25°C dbt and 15°C wbt. The following
properties of water may be assumed:

Sp. Volume Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Sat.
Temp Pressure
of vapour
(°C) (bar)
(mTkg)
Sat. liq. Sat. vap.

43. 40 2547.3
25 0.03166
15 0.01703 77.98 62.94
10 0.01078
0 0.01002

The followingexpression may be used, ifnecessary:

(p-Prsat)(dbt-wbt) x 1.8 [10marks :2010]
P, =(Pvsat).o 2854- 1.325(1.8tdbt + 32)
 ESE-Mains
Engineering
Mechanical
" Paper-l
Qonvent ionas
Solved Paper MAL

112 5.

Solution:
= 15°C, p = 1 bar
Given:dbt= 25°C, wbt (p-Padbt - wbt) x1.8
28541.325(1.8t + 32) Sa
Py = (P)utr
17.43
(1-0.03166) (25-15)x
1.8 = 0.017307.
2751.975
= 0.017307 2854-1.325(1.8x 25+32)
= 0.01097 bar
Psychrometric properties
0.01097

[Link] humidity: O= 0.622 P = 0.622.1-0.01097

= 0.006899 kg of vapour/kg of dry air

2. Relative humidity (0)
0.01097 x100 %=34.65%
= Px100 %= 0.03166
Pvs
[Link] of saturation (u)
1-0.03166| = 0.3465| 0.96834
(P-Ra
p-R
=0.3485| i-0.01097 0.9890
= 0.339=33.9%

[Link] of moist air,

h= Cpal t o[2500 +1.881]
where Coa = 1.005 kJ/kgk
t= dbt =25°C
h =(1.005 x 25) + 0.006899 [2500 + (1.88 x 25)]
= 25.125 + 0.006899 (2547) = 42.696
kJ/kg of dry air
5.5 (i) Discuss the measurement of wet
bulb temperature by means
How is it related to dry-bulb temperature wick-covered bulb of a
and specific humidity of moist air and thermometer.
factors does it depend? on ther
() Define thermodynamic wet
bulb temperature. How is it
measured wet-bulb temperature? determined? How does
-lution:
Humidity: It is the mass of water vapour
gram per kg of dry air (gm/kg of dry present in 1 kg of dry air, and is
air). It is also called specific generally expre
Dry bulb temperature: It is the humidity or humidity ratio.
temperature
moisture present in the air. The dry bulb of air recorded by a thermometer, when it
temperature is not affe
Wet bulb depression: It is (briefly written as DBT) is
point. The wet bulb depression difference between dry bulb temperature and generally denoted b
the
wet bulb temperature
Thermodynamic wet bulb ter indicates relative humidity of the
114 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering Paper
Convent ional
Solved Papers
5.8 One kg of air at 35°C DBT and 60% RH is mixed with 2 kg of air at 20°C DBT and 13°
temperature. Calculate the specific humidity, temperature and enthalpy of the mixture.
dew
poi
heat ofsteam as 1.88 kJ/kg-K and the following properties may be used:
Assume Speciic,
Enthalpy
Saturation of saturated
t (°c) pressure P, (bar) steam h, (kJIkg)|

13 0.0150 2525.4

20 0.0234 2538.2
26 0.0336 2549.1
27 0.0356. 2550.9
35 0.0563 2564.4

Solution:
[10 marks: 2014])
For the air at 35°C DBT and 60% RH: m, =1kg/unit time
Corresponding to 35°C, from steam table, m, =2 kg/unit time
Pvs = 0.0563 bar

Relative humidity, =
P, = 0.6 x 0.0563 = 0.0338 bar

0.622 py 0.622 x 0.0338

p-p 1.0132 0.0338 0.0214 kg/kg of dry air
Corresponding to 0.0338 bar, from the given table, we have to interpolate for dpt.
(0.0338 - 0.0336) = 26.1°C
'dp = 26+(27-26)
(0.0356 0.0336)
ng@do = 2549.1+ (2550.9 -2549.1) x0.1=2549.28
27-26
Enthalpy, h, = Cp'ab t 0, hapour
h, =1.005 x 35 +0.0214 [h, + 1.88 (tob-tgl
= 1.005 x35 + 0.214 [2549.28 + 1.88 (35 26.1)]
h, = 90.08 kJ/kg of dry air
For the air at 20°C DBT and 13°C DTP:
Pya1seo = 0.015 bar

, =
0.622pv 0.622 x 0.015
p-py 1.01320.015 =0.00935 kg/kg of dry air
Enthalpy, ng = Cp'db +@, hyapour =1.005x 20 +0.0095 [2525.4+ 1.88 (20-13))
= 44.216 kJ/kg of air

1x0.0214 +2x 0.00935 = (3)0my

= 0.013366
m, h, + m, hy = (m, + m,)hmix
 (iv) Humidifying efficiency
oy-0x
where o, is specitic humidity air RH 100% (point y on char)
from chart, 0y = 0.0105 kg w.v/kg da
3.2x 103
MH = 0.7111 =71.1 1%
0.0105-0.006
S.14 Anatural draught cooling tower used ina large coldstorage plant receives water from the condenser
outlet at a flow rate of35000 kgls and 40°Cc temperature. The ratio of flowrate of water to air is
1.2:1in the cooling tower. Inlet condition of the air entering the cooling tower is dry-bulb temperature
(DBT) of 20°C and wet-bulb temperature (WBT) of 10°C. Air leaves the cooling tower at DBT of 35°C
with relative humidity of 90%. For this cooling tower
() draw the inlet and exit conditions of air in psychrometric chart and name the process;
(iü) determine the rate of evaporation of water in kg/s;
(iii) determine the heat carried away bythe air;
(iv) determine the maximum possible temperature drop of water realizable.
[ESE-2018: 12 Marks]
118 ESE-Mains Mechanical
Engineering Paper Conueni
Solved Papersnal
refer your own
Solution:
Note: This psychrometric chart is
povidedin exam. but for solution yoU can
psychrometric
chart. 90%
humidification.
() The process used is heating and of w.v/kg of dA
O.032
(i) 0, = 0.0035 kg [Link] of dA
0.032 kg of
, = (From Psychrometric chart)
20%
35000 kg/s
= 1.2 and m, =
0.0036
35000 = 29166.666 kg/ s
1.2
m(0, - 0)
Rate of evaporation of water == 29166.666(0.032
20°C 35°C
-0.0035) DBT

w.v/s
= 831.25 kgof
(ii) h, = 29.5 kJkg (From Psychrometric chat)
h, = 117kJkg
29166.666(117- 29.5)
carried away by air = m,(h, -h) =
Heat
kJ/s = 2552.08 MJ/s
= 2552083.275
water
(iv) Maximum possible temperature drop of temperature - WBT of
incoming air = 40°C--10°C
=30°C
= Water inlet
Atmospheric conds.
condition for a human being is 20°C DBT with relative humidity of 50%.
5.15 Comfort
peak summer:
at two places are given below during
Place DBT Relative Humidity
Jaisalmer45C 10%
Chennai 35C 80%
condition ir t
processes in a plain paper applicable to convert the atmospheric
() Draw the
comfort condition.
these processes.
(ii) Suggest suitable air-conditioning devices to achieve
added/removed per kg of air in these places
(ii) Determine the quantity of moisture needed to be
[ESE-2018: 20 Marks)
Solution:
Note: This psychrometric chart is povided in exam, but for solution yoU can refer your own psychrometric
chart.
Attach the Psychrometric chart shown below. 80% 0.02888

(i) For Jaisalmer: Cooling coil with humidifier is required

For Chennai: Cooling coil with dehumidifier is required.
kg of Water vapour
(ii) For Jaisalmer: per kgof dry air
Moisture added = 0,-0, 60% RH!
= 0.0076-0.0060 0.0076
10%
= 0.0016 kg of w.v./kg of d.a. 0.0060

= 1.6 gm of w.v./kg of d.a.

20°C 35°C 45°C
For Chennai:
DBT
Moisture removed= 0,-0,
= 0.0288-0.0076 =0.0212 kg of [Link] of d.a. =21.2gm of [Link] of d.a.
 Wo3 Wo2 Wo
Fig. (1) Fig. (2)
snmaller pOwer plant produces steam at 3 MPa, 600°C in the boiler. It keepsthe condenser at 45°C
23 A 10 MW out as heat transfer. The first turbine section expands to 500 kPa andthen flow
transferfor
by
is aheated followed by the expansion in the flow pressure turbine. Find the reheat temperature so
Le thurbine output is saturated vapour. For this reheat find the total turbine power output and the
boiler heeat transfer. Properties of water are given in the Table below:
p, kPa
t, °C V,, m/kg V, mkgh, kJ/kg| h, kJIkg S,, kJ/kgk s,, kglkgK
45 9.59 (Psat) 0.00101 15.252 188.422583.19 0.63861 8.1647

233.85 3000(Psa0.0012167| 0.66664 1008.29 2803.99 2.6455 6.1870

600 3000 0.13245 3682.34 7.5084

[10marks : 2014]
Solution:
5
From the given table, 3
At 1:45°C, 3 MPa
x = 0, h, = 188.42 kJ/kg 500 KPa
V, = 0.00101 mkg
Psat = 9.59 KPa
At state 3. 3 MPa. 600°C
45°C
h, = 3682.34 kJ/ka
S,= 7.5084 kJ/kgk S
174 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering Paper-l
Cowent ional
Solved Papers
At state 6, 45°C
x = 1, ha = 2583, 19 kJ/kg
s = 8.1647 kJ/kgk
+ 0.00101 (3000 -9.59)
h, =D+ Wpump =188.42 + V,(p,-p)= 188.42
= 191.44 kJ/kg
For process 3’4, S = S
(for HP turbine,
Properties at 500 KPa: (state 4) from steam table
Toat = 151.83°C = 424.98 K
h, = 640.21 kJ/kg, h,= 2748.7 kJ/kg
S, = 1.8606 kJ/kgk, S,= 6.8212 kJ/kgk,
o = 2.41267 kJ/kgk
3-4 is isentropic
Sg = S
Sg = S +x (s,- s)
7.5084 = 1.8606 + x(6.8212-1.8606)
X= 1.1385

.:. Point 4 is in superheated region

7.5084 = 6.8212 + 2.4126 In

424.98)
T,= 565K
h, = hyy t C,(T-sat
=2748.7 +2.4126 (565424.98)
= 3086.58 kJ/kg
5-6 isentropic process

8.1647 = 6.8212+ 2.4126In5

424.98)
I; = 741.6 K
h = hsyt G,(7;-Tea
= 2748.7+2.4126 (741.6424.98)
= 3512.75 kJ/kg
Heat rejected in condenser 10 MW
mlh, -,) = 10x 103
10x 108
m = = 4.175 kg/s
(2583.19 -188.42)
Power output = m[(h, -h,) +(h5 -h)] =4.175 (3682.34 3086.58+ 3512.75-2583.19)
Power = 6368.211kW
Heat suppliedin boiler = mlh, -h] =4.175 (3682.34-191.44)
= 14574.50kW
Heat supplied in boiler = 14.574 MW
 10kVW
178 680 x
h kg) kJ/kg (of steam)
i, xWa
660x103
= 1100
600
3600
= 3.273kg/kWh
3600
Wher 1 1 0 0
S p e c l cs t e a mc o n s u m p t l o n

() 660 MVW
supplied =
Totalheat 660x10°,
()
im, x(CV), =
042
660x 103
kg/s
0.42x 10000
kg/hour
565714.30
157.143kg/s =
required, ri, =
ofcoal per hour
flow rate 565.714 tonne
Mass = 157.143 = 1571.43 kg/s
10x
m, =
air required =(AFR) X
(i) Mass flow rate of ir 1x 3600
kJ/KWh = 8571.4286
kJ/kWh
generation = 0.42
unit power
(iv) Heat required for 565.714 x109 0.857 kg/ kWh
-
generation = (660)× 103
unit power
(V) Coal required for
pressure receives
500 ka/s of water from
150 bar boiler
boiler operating at steam leaves the boiler at 550
2,9 Economizer of a power
340 kJ/kg.
Superheated °C with
pump with specific enthaloy of is 90% and calorific value of the
Coal
Teed
kJ/kg. Efficiency of the boler used
specificenthalpy of 3448.6
is 10000kJ/kg. Find the following: superheater in kJ/s
economizer, evaporator and superheater out of total het
() Heat added in economizer, evaporator and
heat added in
( ) Percentage of
(ii) Rate of coal consumption in kg/s different components and heat
added.
T-s plot showing the position of
Also draw
For 150 bar pressure, use the following table :
(kJ/ kg)
P(bar) 7,(°c) h,(kJ/ ko) h(kJI kg)h,2610.5
150 324.24 1610.5 1000
[ESE-2018:20 Marks]
Solution:
Given:p,holar = 150 bar, m=500 kg/s, h, = 340 kJ/kg, h, = 3448.6 KJkg, npoler = 90%, CV= 10000 kJ/ka.
From steam table; h,=1610.5 kJ/kg, h, = 2610.5 kJ/kg, h, - h, = 1000 kJ/kg

Pboller =150 bqr

550°C
T

32424"C -
M A D EE R S Y
Power Plant Engineering 179

economizer= mh, - h,) = 500 (1610.5 -340) = 635250 kJ/s

()
ovaporator = mh, -h,) = 500 (1000) kJ/s = 500000 kJ/s
*superheater mh, h,) = 500 (3448.6 2610.5) kJ/s
= 419050 kJ/s
Total heat added = Q.,+Q.23 + Q, = 1554300 kJ/s

Component Heat added (kJ/s)) Percentage %

Economizer 635250 40.87

Evaporator 500000 32.17

Superheater 419050 26.96

consumption.
(i) Rate of coal
Qrotal
Mboler Meoal x(CV)
1554300
0.9 =
meoal x 10000

Mcoal = 172.7 kg/s

combined gas steam power cycle shown in the figure. The topping cycle is
a gas
Considerthe
210 300 K and the turbine at
turbine cycle that has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at
that of the gas turbine is 85
1300K. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent, and
between the pressure limits
percent. The bottoming cycle is a sample ideal Rankine cycle operating
a temperaUre ol
of7 MPa and 5 kPa. Steam is heated in a heat exchanger bythe exhaust gases to
Determine (i) The ratio of the mass
500°C. The exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 450 K.
thermal efficiencyof the combined cycle.
flow rates of the steam and the combustion gases. (ii) The
1300|

3
500°C
7 MPa

7 MPa
450 5

300 5 kPa
1

Assume specific heat of gas as 1.005 kJ/kgK

(Fluid property tables were provided in the question paper)
[20 marks: 2019]
 Qs = 699.186 m, kW
Thermal efficiency of combined cycle,
Total work W, + Wa 191.65rm, + 1331.37 n,
Total heat supplied 699.186rmg
191.65 1331.37 01092
+ x0.1092
699.186 699.186 g
n= 0.4820 = 48.20%
300°C and
Consider an jdeal steam regenerative cycle in which steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa,
h11
Axhausts to
the condenser at 10 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.8 MPa and supplied to
as saturated liquid. The appropriate
water heater. The feed water leaves the heater as
feed
an open rate
pumps are
Used
used for the water leaving the condenser and feed wa heater. If the mass flow
nughthe boiler is 1 kg/s, determine the amount of steam extracted (kg/s), the total pump oN
turbine work (kW). Draw the schematic of this set-up.
(kW) and total
(Fluid property tables were provided in the question paper) [20 marks:20191

Solution:

Ideal Regenerative Steam Cycle

1) 3000 KPa State 1 (Turbine inlet)
Turbine 3 MPa, 300°C
1kg superheated steam
h, = 2993.48 kJ/kg
2 S, =6.5389 kJ/kgkK
Boiler 800 KPa

tOFWH 10KPa
rm kg/s
Pump 6)

+ (1- m)kg/s
P) Pump

4
Condenser
 ESE-Mains Mechanical Engineering Paper
182

3 MPa
8
0.8 MPa
2
6
5
(1-m)
10kPa 3

Assumptlons
1. There are no pressure losses in pipings and equipments
2.
Turbine and pumps have 100% isentropic efficiency.
3. No heat loss in OFWH.
Process 1’2 isentropic
S = S,
6.5389 = [s, + x,Sgle08MPa
At 0.8 MPa (From table)
S, = 2.0461 kJ/kgk

Sig = 4.6166 kJ/kgk

h 721.10 kJ/kg
hg = 2048.04 kJ/kg
v, = 0.001115 m°|kg
6.5389 = 2.0461 + x,(4.6166)
Xy = 0.97318

(dryness fraction of steam entering

OFWH from
h, = h, +xzg tut
h, = 721.1 +0.97318(2048.04)
h, = 2714.21 kJ/kg
enthalpy of steam entering OFWH from t°tn
Process 1-3 isentropic
S = S
6.5389 = [s, + XgSiol@10 kPa
At 10 kPa (From table)
Sf = 0.6492 kJ/kgk
Sfg = 7.5010 kJ/kgk
191.81 kJ/kg
nig 2392.82 kJ/kg
Vf = 0.001010 m/kg
6.5389 = 0.6492 + x(7.501)
Xy = 0.78518
Conders

(dryness fraction of steam entering

 ADEERSY
Power Plant Engineering 183

h, = h, t xghg
191.81 + 0.78518 x (2392.82)
h, = 2070.6 kJ/kg
condenser
enthalpy of steam entering

Let mbe the mass of steam per second extracted from turbine for regeneration.
So. (1-m) kg/s mass flow through condenser.

Energy Balance at
open feed water heater (OFWH)
(2)
OFWH A kg/s
1 kg/s (6)
(5)
T(1-m)kgls
rmby +(1-m)hs = h
h, = (h)ano kPa + (800 - 10) x Vie10 kPa
h = 191.81 + 790 x 0.00101
= 192.6079 kJ/kg
h, = h@0.8 MPa =721.10 kJ/kg
m2714.21) + (1-m)(192.6079) = 721.10
m = 0.20958 ka/s
Turbine for regeneration
mass of steam extracted from

Total Turbine Work, W, = 1x (hh -,) +(1- m) x (h -h,)

x (2714.21 - 2070.6)
W, = (2993.48- 2714.21) + (1 - 0.20958)
788 kW
W, = 787.992 kW
1x(AP,) x V6
Total purip work, Wp = We + Wp = (1-A)(AP)x V;4 +
0.00101
= (1-0.20958) x (800 - 10) x
0.001115
+ 1x (3000 - 800) x
Wp = 3.083 kW
3. Steam Turbine
and
one of the stages the rotor diameter is 125 cm
reaction turbine at
1 Ina multi-stage Parson's
rotor is 3000rpm. Determine:
speed ratio [Link] speed of the
blade outlet angle is 22°.
) The blade inlet angle if the
turbine is designed to run
at
(0) Diagram efficiency. rotor speed of the
diagram efficiency and [20 marks : 2000]
() rercentage increase in
the best theoretical speed.
olution:
() Parson's reaction turbine
rpm
D, = 1.25 m, N= 3000
uV, = 0.72 m, B, = ?, B,
= 22°
For Parson's reaction turbine