NAAC A+ Accredited

This is to certify that the students from Class SE for the

Mini-Project entitled “Engineering Mathematics –IV and
Subtopic – “Probability Distribution: Poisson & Normal
Distribution” have been successfully completed by the
following students:

Sr No Name Roll No.

1. Aditya Dattatray Dhembare 26
2. Anurag Nitin Dhembare 27
3. Sujal Kamleshkumar Dubey 30
4. Aayush Sitaram Gaikwad. 32

In partial fulfillment of Sem –IV, Bachelor of Engineering of

Mumbai University in Computer Engineering of Saraswati college
of Engineering , Kharghar during the academic year 2024-25.

Internal Guide Head of Department

(Subject In charge) Dr. Sujata Bhairnallykar
[Link] G. R.

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Probability Distributions: Poisson & Normal Distribution

[Link] Distribution:-
Definition:
The Poisson distribution is a probability distribution that expresses the likelihood of a given number of events
occurring in a fixed interval of time or space, given a known constant mean rate, and independent occurrences.
Formula:

𝑒 𝜆
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) =
𝑥!

 𝑥 = number of occurrences
 𝜆 = average rate of occurrences
 𝑒 ≈ 2.718

Applications:
 Number of customer arrivals per hour
 Calls received at a call center
 Number of decay events per second in radioactive material.

Properties:
 Discrete distribution
 Mean = Variance = 𝜆
 Skewed for small 𝜆, becomes symmetric as 𝜆 increases

2. Normal Distribution:-

Definition:
The Normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetrical and describes data that
clusters around a mean. It is also known as the Gaussian distribution.
Formula:

1 ( )
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒
√2𝜋𝜎

 𝜇 = mean
 𝜎 = standard deviation

Applications:
 Heights, weights, test scores
 Measurement errors
 Stock market returns.

Properties:
 Symmetrical about the mean
 Mean = Median = Mode
 68% of data within 1σ, 95% within 2σ, 99.7% within 3σ

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Q1. It is known from the past experience that in a certain plant there are on the
average 4 industrial accidents per year. Find the probability that in a given year
there will be less than 4 accidents. Assume Poisson distribution.
Solution:-
Let the random variable X denote the number of industrial accidents per year.
Given: Average number of accidents (λ) = 4
We are required to find P(X < 4) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3)

Using the Poisson probability formula: P(X = x) = where λ = 4

!

Now calculate each probability:

⋅
 P(0) = =e = 0.0183
!

⋅
 P(1) = = 4e = 0.0733
!

⋅
 P(2) = = 8e = 0.1465
!

⋅
 P(3) = = = 0.1953
!

Adding them: P(X < 4) = 0.0183 + 0.0733 + 0.1465 + 0.1953 = 0.4334.

P(X < 4) + 0.4334.

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Q2. The probability that a man aged 40 years will die within next year is 0.001. What is
the probability that out of 100 such persons at least 99 will survive till next year?
Solution:
Let X be the number of persons who will die.
Given:
 Probability of death p = 0.001
 Number of persons n = 100
 Mean λ = np = 100 × 0.001 = 0.1
We want the probability that at most 1 person dies, i.e. P(X ≤ 1) = P(0) + P(1)

Using Poisson distribution:

. ⋅ .
 P(0) = =e .
= 0.9048
!

. ⋅ .
 P(1) = = 0.1e .
= 0.0905
!

P(X ≤ 1) = 0.9048 + 0.0905 = 0.9953

Hence, the probability that at least 99 persons survive = 0.9953.

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Q3. Between the hours of 2 and 4 p.m., the average number of phone calls per minute
coming into the switchboard of a company is 2.5. Find the probability that during a
particular minute there will be (i) no phone call at all, (ii) 4 or less calls.
Solution:
Given: λ = 2.5 calls per minute Let X be the number of phone calls received in one minute.

(i) P(X = 0)
.
e ⋅ 2.5 .
P(0) = =e = 0.0821
0!

(ii)P(X ≤ 4) = P(0) + P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4)

. ⋅ .
 P(1) = = 2.5e .
= 0.2053
!

. ⋅ .
 P(2) = = 3.125e .
= 0.2566
!

. ⋅ .
 P(3) = = 2.6042e .
= 0.2138
!

. ⋅ .
 P(4) = = 1.6276e .
= 0.1336
!

Total: P(X ≤ 4) = 0.0821 + 0.2053 + 0.2566 + 0.2138 + 0.1336 = 0.8914

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[Link] a certain manufacturing process, 5% of the tools produced turn out to be

defective. Find the probability that in a sample of 40 tools, at most 2 will be defective.
𝟐
(Given: 𝐞 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓)
Solution:-
This is a Binomial to Poisson approximation problem.
 Let X be the number of defective tools in a sample of 40.
 Given:
o n = 40 (sample size),
o p = 0.05 (probability of a tool being defective),
o q = 1 − p = 0.95
We calculate the Poisson parameter:
λ = np = 40 × 0.05 = 2
We are asked to find:
P(X ≤ 2) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)
Using the Poisson formula:
e λ
P(X = x) =
x!
So,
e ⋅2 1
P(X = 0) = = 0.135 ⋅ = 0.135
0! 1
e ⋅2
P(X = 1) = = 0.135 ⋅ 2 = 0.270
1!
e ⋅2 4
P(X = 2) = = 0.135 ⋅ = 0.270
2! 2
Add them:
P(X ≤ 2) = 0.135 + 0.270 + 0.270 = 0.675.

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Q5. If the probability that an individual suffers a bad reaction from a particular
injection is 0.001, determine the probability that among 2,000 individuals:
(i) exactly 3,
(ii) more than 2 individuals suffer a bad reaction.
(Given: 𝐞 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟑)
Solution:
Let X be the number of people suffering bad reactions.
Given:
 n = 2000,
 p = 0.001,
 λ = np = 2000 × 0.001 = 2
Use Poisson distribution:
e ⋅2
P(X = x) =
x!
(i) P(X = 3)
e ⋅2 8
P(X = 3) = = 0.1353 ⋅ = 0.1353 ⋅ 1.333 = 0.1804
3! 6
(ii) P(X > 2)

P(X > 2) = 1 − P(X ≤ 2) = 1 − P(0) + P(1) + P(2)

Now calculate:
2
P(0) = e ⋅ = 0.1353 ⋅ 1 = 0.1353
0!
2
P(1) = e ⋅ = 0.1353 ⋅ 2 = 0.2706
1!
2
P(2) = e ⋅ = 0.1353 ⋅ 2 = 0.2706
2!
P(X ≤ 2) = 0.1353 + 0.2706 + 0.2706 = 0.6765
P(X > 2) = 1 − 0.6765 = 0.3235
(Ans: (i) 0.1804, (ii) 0.3235)

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Q6. In sampling a large number of parts manufactured by a machine, the number of

defectives in a sample of 40 is 2. Out of 1000 such samples, how many would be expected
to contain 3 defective parts by using
(i) Binomial distribution,(ii) Poisson distribution.
Solution:
Let X be the number of defective parts in a sample of 40.
Given:
 n = 40,
 p= = 0.05,

 Number of samples = 1000.

i) Using Binomial Distribution
40
P(X = 3) = ⋅ (0.05) ⋅ (0.95)
3
Using calculator:
⋅ ⋅
 = = 9880

 (0.05) = 0.000125
 (0.95) ≈ 0.1472
P(X = 3) = 9880 ⋅ 0.000125 ⋅ 0.1472 ≈ 0.181
Expected number of samples:
1000 ⋅ 0.181 = 181

(ii) Using Poisson Distribution

First find λ = np = 40 ⋅ 0.05 = 2
e ⋅2 8
P(X = 3) = = 0.1353 ⋅ = 0.1804
3! 6
Expected number of samples:
1000X0.1804 = 180

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Q7. The heights of 1000 cakes baked with a certain mix have a normal distribution with
a mean of 5.75 cm and a standard deviation of 0.75 cm.
(i) Find the number of cakes having heights between 5 cm and 6.25 cm.
(ii) Also find the maximum height of the flattest 200 cakes.
Solution:
Let the random variable X denote the height of a cake.
We are given:
 Mean μ = 5.75 cm
 Standard deviation σ = 0.75 cm
 Total number of cakes = 1000
(i) Cakes with height between 5 cm and 6.25 cm
We convert X-values to Z-scores using the formula:
X−μ
Z=
σ
 For X = 5:
5 − 5.75 −0.75
Z = = = −1
0.75 0.75
 For X = 6.25:
6.25 − 5.75 0.5
Z = = ≈ 0.67
0.75 0.75
From standard normal tables:
 Area between Z = −1 and Z = 0 = 0.3413
 Area between Z = 0 and Z = 0.67 = 0.2486
So, total area between Z = −1 and Z = 0.67 =
0.3413 + 0.2486 = 0.5899
Now, number of cakes =
1000 × 0.5899 = 589.9 ≈ 590 cakes

(ii) Maximum height of the flattest 200 cakes

Flattest 200 means the lowest 200 cakes, i.e., bottom 20% of the distribution.
We find Z corresponding to cumulative area = 0.20

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From Z-table:
 Z ≈ −0.84
Now convert Z back to X using:
X = μ + Zσ = 5.75 + (−0.84)(0.75)
X = 5.75 − 0.63 = 5.12cm

Final Answers:
(i) Number of cakes between 5 cm and 6.25 cm = 590 cakes
(ii) Maximum height of flattest 200 cakes = 5.12 cm

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Q8. The local authorities in a certain city installed 10,000 electric lamps in the streets.
The lamps have average life of 1000 burning hours with a standard deviation of 200
hours.
Find the number of lamps that might be expected to fail:
(i) in the first 800 hours
(ii) between 800 and 1200 hours
(iii) After what period of burning hours would you expect that only 10% of the lamps
would fail?
Solution:
Let the random variable X denote the life (in hours) of a lamp.
Given:
 Mean μ = 1000 hours
 Standard deviation σ = 200 hours
 Total number of lamps = 10,000
(i) Lamps failing in first 800 hours
800 − 1000 −200
Z= = = −1
200 200
From standard normal table:
 Area left of Z = −1 = 0.1587
Expected number of lamps =
10,000 × 0.1587 = 1587lamps

(ii) Lamps failing between 800 and 1200 hours

Find Z for 800 and 1200:
800 − 1000 1200 − 1000
Z = = −1, Z = =1
200 200
From Z-table:
 Area between Z = −1 and Z = 1 = 0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826
Expected number of lamps =
10,000 × 0.6826 = 6826lamps

(iii) Time by which only 10% of lamps fail

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If only 10% fail, then 90% survive.

So, we want the time at which cumulative area = 0.10
→ Z = −1.28 from Z-tables
Now convert back to X:
X = μ + Zσ = 1000 + (−1.28)(200) = 1000 − 256 = 744hours
Thus, before 744 hours, 10% of lamps would fail.
Therefore,
(i) Fail within first 800 hours = 1587 lamps
(ii) Fail between 800–1200 hours = 6826 lamps
(iii) 10% failure time = 744 hours

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Q9. The monthly income of 3000 primary teachers follows a normal distribution with:
Mean 𝛍 = ₹𝟔𝟎𝟎. Standard deviation 𝛔 = ₹𝟏𝟎𝟎
Find:
(i) Percentage of teachers earning more than ₹800
(ii) Number of teachers in the lowest-paid 100
(iii) Maximum income of the lowest-paid 100 teachers
(iv) Minimum income of the top-paid 100 teachers
Solution:
(i) Income > ₹800
800 − 600
Z= =2
100
From standard normal tables:
 Area to the left of Z = 2 is 0.9772
 So area to the right = 1 − 0.9772 = 0.0228
2.28% teachers earn more than ₹800
(ii) Number of teachers in the bottom 100
100
= 0.0333 = 3.33%
3000
So, the lowest 3.33% of the distribution.
Find Z-value for area = 0.0333 ⇒ Z ≈ −1.83
(iii) Income at Z = –1.83 (max of bottom 100)
X = μ + Zσ = 600 + (−1.83)(100) = 600 − 183 = ₹417
(iv) Income of the highest-paid 100 teachers
Top 100 out of 3000 ⇒
100
= 0.0333 ⇒ Z = +1.83
3000
X = 600 + (1.83)(100) = 600 + 183 = ₹783
Therefore,
(i) 2.28% teachers earn more than ₹800
(ii) Bottom 100 teachers = 3.33%
(iii) Max income of bottom 100 = ₹417
(iv) Min income of top 100 = ₹783

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Q10. Qualifying marks = 35

Distinction marks = 74
 25% of students fail (score < 35)
 6.681% of students score distinction (score > 74)
Find the mean and standard deviation, assuming a normal distribution.
Solution:
Let the distribution of marks be normal with mean μ and standard deviation σ.
We are given two conditions:

Condition 1: 25% fail ⇒ score < 35

So,
35 − μ
P(X < 35) = 0.25 ⇒ Z =
σ

From Z-tables:
Area = 0.25 ⇒ Z = −0.674
Thus,
35 − μ
−0.674 = (1)
σ
Condition 2: 6.681% get distinction ⇒ score > 74

So,
P(X > 74) = 0.06681 ⇒ P(X < 74) = 1 − 0.06681 = 0.93319
From Z-tables:

Area = 0.93319 ⇒ Z = 1.5

74 − μ
1.5 = (2)
σ
Solving equations (1) and (2):
From (1):
35 − μ = −0.674σ ⇒ μ = 35 + 0.674σ (3)

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Substitute (3) into (2):

74 − (35 + 0.674σ) 39 − 0.674σ
1.5 = ⇒ 1.5 = ⇒ 1.5σ = 39 − 0.674σ ⇒ 2.174σ = 39
σ σ
39
⇒σ= ≈ 18
2.174

Now, use (3):

μ = 35 + 0.674 × 18 = 35 + 12.13 = 47.13 ≈ 47

Therefore,
 Mean μ = 47
 Standard deviation σ = 18

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Q11. Marks obtained by students in an examination follow a normal distribution. If

30% of students got below 35 marks and 10% got above 60 marks, find the mean and
the % of students who got marks between 40 and 50.
Solution:-
Given:
 30% of students score below 35
 10% score above 60
 Assume normally distributed scores
 Let mean μ and standard deviation σ be unknown

Step 1: Use Z-table for given percentages

For 30% below 35:
35 − μ
P(X < 35) = 0.30 ⇒ Z = −0.524 ⇒ = −0.524 (1)
σ
For 10% above 60:
60 − μ
P(X > 60) = 0.10 ⇒ P(X < 60) = 0.90 ⇒ Z = 1.28 ⇒ = 1.28 (2)
σ

Step 2: Solve equations

From (1):
35 − μ = −0.524σ ⇒ μ = 35 + 0.524σ (3)
Substitute (3) into (2):
60 − (35 + 0.524σ) 25 − 0.524σ
= 1.28 ⇒ = 1.28 ⇒ 25 − 0.524σ = 1.28σ ⇒ 25
σ σ
25
= 1.804σ ⇒ σ = ≈ 13.86
1.804
Now substitute back:
μ = 35 + 0.524 × 13.86 = 42.25

Step 3: Find % of students between 40 and 50

Z-scores:

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40 − 42.25 50 − 42.25
Z = = −0.16, Z = = 0.56
13.86 13.86
From Z-table:
 Area to left of –0.16 = 0.4364
 Area to left of 0.56 = 0.7123
So,
P(40 < X < 50) = 0.7123 − 0.4364 = 0.2759 ≈ 28%
Therefore,
 Mean μ = 42.15
 Standard deviation σ = 13.86
% scoring between 40 and 50 = 28%

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Q12. The mean and standard deviation (s.d.) of marks obtained by students in
Mathematics and Physics are given below:
Maths: Mean = 50, S.D. = 10 ,Physics: Mean = 55, S.D. = 12
Assuming marks in both subjects are independent and normally distributed, find the
probability that a student scores between 100 and 130 marks in the two subjects taken
together.
Solution:-
Given:
 Maths: μ = 50, σ = 10
 Physics: μ = 55, σ = 12
Let total marks be T = M + P
Step 1: Distribution of Sum of Normals
Since M and P are independent normal variables, their sum is also normally distributed:
 Mean:
μ = μ + μ = 50 + 55 = 105
 Variance:
σ = σ + σ = 10 + 12 = 100 + 144 = 244 ⇒ σ = √244 ≈ 15.62
Step 2: Find P(100 < T < 130)
Z-scores:
 For 100:
100 − 105
Z = = −0.32
15.62
 For 130:
130 − 105
Z = = 1.60
15.62
From tables:
 Area to left of –0.32 = 0.3745
 Area to left of 1.60 = 0.9452
So,
P(100 < T < 130) = 0.9452 − 0.3745 = 0.5707
Therefore, P(100 < Total Marks < 130) = 0.5707.\

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