Frequency Dependent Selection: Natural Selection favors type depending on frequency.
Advantage when p or A is common: A favored when common AA 1+ps 1+s 1 Aa 1+ps 1+s 1 aa 1+qs (fitness depends on f(q)) 1 (q is close to zero, qs cancels out) 1+s
when p is close to 1 (common): when p is close to 0 (rare):
Advantage when p or A is rare: A favored when rare AA 1-ps 1 1-s Aa 1-ps 1 1-s aa 1-qs 1-s 1
when p is close to 0 (rare): when p is close to 1 (common):
*Over time, when p is low or below (based on graph from notes), it is rare, and will increase, and if it is above , it is selected against and will decrease.
Advantage when rare, this is a graph of p versus time. On another graph, Fitness of AA versus p indicates that as p approaches 1, the fitness decreases to 1-s.
Advantage when common, this graph is p versus time. Fitness of AA will be graphed against p, where as p approaches 1 (on x line), line increases above 1 as it reaches 1+s.
Advantage when rare example: When batter and pitcher has same handedness, pitcher has the advantage. Manager should pick left hand batters to have advantage over the right hand pitchers. Now the other manager knows to find left hand pitchers to have advantage over left hand batters. This type of advantage is dependent on frequency of handedness in population. Left hand only has advantage when it is rare, and is frequency dependent.
Advantage When Common Example 1: Monarch butterfly: As a caterpillar, feeds off milkweed that is poisonous, and emerges as a poisonous butterfly. Birds throw up if they eat the butterfly and learn to stop eating them, which gives the butterfly an advantage. They have red and black patterns, which animals now associate as bad and are now warning colors (aka aposomatic) to animals that they are poisonous. Birds have learned to avoid them. First mutant is unlucky and will be eaten. So how does the bird learn? In order for warning colors to evolve, frequency dependent selection must occur. This is a disadvantage when rare, and will become extinct (if p<1/2 based on graph above). This is advantage when common because enough butterflies needed so birds will learn not to eat them. One in thousands will have the colorful mutation, and genetic drift is what will kick the percentage of color by up to 50%. Selection is not the agent, and Meiotic drive is not, it has to be genetic drift. Other butterflies evolve to look like monarch butterflies to increase fitness, which is mimicry. Example 2: Stinging insects, bees wasps: Have black and yellow color. Toad eats the fly and learns not to. Other insects like flies will evolve to look black and yellow. Example 3: Coral snake is poisonous and King snake not poisonous, but looks like Coral snake.
Advantage When Rare:
Example 1: Rift lakes in Africa, where plates have pulled apart to make two lakes. Cichlids have evolved there. Member of species, the Angel fish. A species evolved from cichlids called Perissopus. They eat scales and slime off other fish (this is their evolutionary niche, their profession of an organism). Perissopus evolved to have mouth angled left or right, so they attack and eat only left or right. Frequency varies around .5 or 50% because if everyone eats on right side, no advantage when rare. Its evolved to about 50/50. Their AA Aa is right, and aa is left. Sex ratio is 1:1. Example 2, Sex Ratio: ratio of male to female and vice versa. At middle age, ratio is 1:1. We should want to make one female to many males because its more beneficial. There are three genotypes: A: Female bias (have primarily daughters) B: Even bias (1:1) C: Male bias (have primarily males) 1: 30 Females, 70 Males: If each female produces 1 offspring then 30 will have 30 offspring, making a Fitness=1 for females. For males, there are 30 offspring per 70 males, so Fitness = .42 for males. 2: There are 50 females and 50 males: they will both have a Fitness=1.
3. There are 30 males and 70 females: 30 males will produce 70 offspring so Fitness=2.3 for males. 70 Females will have 70 offspring so Fitness=1 for females.