Electromagnetism
3 Electric and Magnetic Forces on Particles
REVIEW Recall and write the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY
Newton’s second law states that the acceleration of an object is
Newton’s second law
proportional to the net force on the object and inversely proportional to
the object’s mass
NEW VOCABULARY Use your book to define each term.
isotope
isotope each form of the same atom that has the same chemical
mass spectrometer
properties and number of protons, but a different mass and number of
neutrons
mass spectrometer device that uses both electric and magnetic fields
to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of positive ions within a material
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Science Notebook • Electromagnetism
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3 Electric and Magnetic Forces on Particles (continued)
Summarize how Thomson was able to extract electrons from various
materials.
Thomson evacuated nearly all the air from a cathode-ray tube. A battery
connected to the tube produced a large potential difference between the
cathode and the anodes. At the end of the tube opposite the cathode,
Thomson observed a glowing spot, made by an invisible beam that was
accelerated from the cathode toward the anodes by the potential
difference. Thomson realized that the ray consisted of negatively charged
particles from the tiny amount of air remaining in the tube. He concluded
that the particles were negative constituents of all atoms—electrons.
Get It? Apply How could you change the magnetic field so the
electrons deflected upward?
You would reverse the direction of the magnetic field, but still maintain it
at right angles to the electric field.
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Write the equation for the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron in a
magnetic field and explain what each term means.
_ q _v
m =
Br
In a magnetic field, the ratio of an electron’s charge to its mass is equal to
the ratio of the electron’s velocity divided by the product of the magnetic
field strength and the radius of the electron’s circular path.
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3 Electric and Magnetic Forces on Particles (continued)
Identify who confirmed Thomson’s value for the charge of an
electron. What was that value?
In 1909, Robert Millikan confirmed the value for the charge of an electron
is −1.602×10−19 C.
Describe how Thomson isolated a proton and determined its mass.
Thomson added a small amount of hydrogen gas to his cathode-ray tube
and reversed the direction of the electric field between the cathode and
the anode. The high electric field pulled electrons off the hydrogen
atoms, leaving only the positive ions, which are the nucleus of the
hydrogen atom. This positive ion was later named a proton. He
determined its mass the same way that he determined the mass of the
electron: using its charge-to-mass ratio.
Write the equation for the charge-to-mass ratio of an ion in a mass
spectrometer.
_ _q 2Vaccel
m = 2 2
B r
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Explain what you must do in the equation above if more than one
electron is removed from the atoms of a gas in the ion source.
The fundamental charge must be multiplied by the number of electrons
removed.
Get It? Calculate W
hat is the charge on an ion that has three
electrons removed?
4.806×10−29 C
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3 Electric and Magnetic Forces on Particles (continued)
se with Example
U TRY IT!
Problem 4.
Problem
Use this column for MASS OF AN ARGON ATOM The operator of a mass spectrometer
scratch work and produces a beam of argon ions from which two electrons have been
sketches. removed. The ions are doubly ionized. The ions first are accelerated
by a potential difference of 42 V. When they pass through a magnetic
field of 0.035 T, the radius of their path is 0.12 m. Determine the mass
of the argon atom to the closest whole number of proton masses.
1. ANALYZE AND SKETCH THE PROBLEM
KNOWNS UNKNOWNS
Vaccel = 42 V mproton = 1.67×10−27 kg margon =?
B= 0.035 T r= 0.12 m Nproton =?
−19 −19
q = 2(1.602×10 C) = 3.20×10 C
2. SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWNS
Use the equation for the charge-to-mass ratio of an ion in a mass
spectrometer.
_
m
q _ 2V
accel
=
2 2
argon B r
qB2r 2 (3.20×10−19 C) (0.035 T)2 (0.12 m)2
margon = _
= ____
= 6.7×10−26 kg
2Vaccel 2(42 V)
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Divide the mass of argon by the mass of a proton to find the numbers
of proton masses.
6.7×10−26 kg
Nproton = __
≅ 40 protons
1.67×10−27 kg/proton
3. EVALUATE THE ANSWER
Mass should be measured in grams or
• Are the units correct?
kilograms. The number of protons is not represented by any unit.
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3 Electric and Magnetic Forces on Particles (continued)
Explain A single element is analyzed using a mass spectrometer and
the electron detector shows four distinct marks. What does this
indicate?
The appearance of four distinct marks indicates that four isotopes of that
element are present.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
32. Mass Spectrometer The radius of the circular path of an ion in a mass spectrometer
2Vaccelm
is given by r = _
_
√
1
q . Use this equation to explain how a mass spectrometer
B
is able to separate ions of different masses.
Assuming all of the ions have the same charge, the only variable that is not constant in the equation
is the ion mass (m). As m increases, the radius of the ion’s path also increases. This results in
separate paths for each unique mass.
33. Cathode-Ray Tube Describe how the cathode-ray tube used by J.J. Thomson
forms an electron beam.
Electrons are emitted by the cathode, accelerated toward the (positive) anodes by a potential
difference, and pass through slits to form a beam at the end of the tube.
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34. Magnetic Field A mass spectrometer can analyze molecules having masses of
hundreds of proton masses. If the singly charged ions of these molecules were
produced using the same accelerating potential difference as used for smaller ions,
how would the mass spectrometer’s magnetic field have to be changed for the ions
to hit the detector?
2Vaccelm
Because r = _
_
1
q , B must increase if m increases. If m is raised by a factor of 4, B would
B
m .
have to increase by a factor of 2 because, to keep r constant, B must increase as r = √
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3 Electric and Magnetic Forces on Particles (continued)
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS (CONTINUED)
35. Path Radius A proton moves at a speed of 8.4×104 m/s as it passes through
a magnetic field of 12.0 mT. Find the radius of the circular path.
7.3 cm
36. Mass A beam of doubly ionized (2+) oxygen atoms is accelerated by a potential
difference of 232 V. The oxygen then enters a magnetic field of 75 mT and follows
a curved path with a radius of 8.3 cm. What is the mass of the oxygen atom?
2.7×10−26 kg
37. Critical Thinking In Example Problem 4 (in your textbook), the mass of a neon
isotope is determined. Another neon isotope has a mass of 22 proton masses.
How far apart on a detector would these two isotopes land?
3 mm
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Science Notebook • Electromagnetism
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