1. Nucleoplasm 11.
Centriole
2. Nucleus 12. Vesicle
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum 13. Chloroplast
4. Rough ER 14. Cell Wall
5. Cell Membrane 15. Vacuole
6. Lysosome
7. Golgi Apparatus
8. Mitochondria
9. Cytoplasm
10. Ribosome
Cells
- basic structures of all living organisms
- Every organism is composed of 1 or 2 structurally
different types of cells:
1. prokaryotic cells
2. eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cell
simple, single-celled (unicellular) organism
lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound
organelle.
Prokaryotes
Greek term pro meaning “before” and karyon
meaning “kernel” referring to the nucleus
no nucleus
genetic material (DNA) is concentrated in a region
called the nucleoid w/c does not have a
membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.
Include cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, and a
nucleoid.
Two domains of organisms comprise prokaryotes:
Bacteria
make up most of the prokaryote
Archaea are found in extreme environments such
as hot springs or near volcanoes.
The difference between Bacteria and Archaea is
their type of cell wall.
have a more permeable cell wall that provides
less protection from high temperatures or
extreme pH, but takes less energy to build.
Archaea
have a thicker cell wall that is very strong and
protects it from the heat and chemicals found in
harsh environments.
Both Bacteria and Archaea consist of unicellular
organisms.
Prokaryotes are important to all life on Earth for a
number of reasons:
1. play a critical role in the recycling of nutrients
by decomposing dead organisms and allowing
their nutrients to be re-used
2. important for many metabolic processes
3. Bacteria in our guts & mouth help with the
digestion of food by breaking down difficult-to-
digest carbohydrates & other compounds.
Prokaryotic DNA is found in the central part of the cell: a
darkened region called the nucleoid
Eukaryotes
oldest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is about 2 byo
combination of 2 Greek terms eu meaning “true”
and karyon meaning “nucleus”
eukaryote means “true kernel” or “true nucleus,”
presence of the membrane-bound nucleus in
these cells.
organelle means “little organ”
organelles have specialized cellular functions, just
as the organs of your body have specialized
functions.
cell has a membrane-bound nucleus and other
membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called
organelles.
have specialized functions
both unicellular /multicellular eukaryotes
major organelles found in a eukaryotic cell:
o cell membrane
o cell wall
o ribosomes
o nucleus
o mitochondria
o endoplasmic reticulum
o lysosomes
4 kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms are:
Plants
photosynthetic organisms containing cell walls
and specialized reproductive tissue.
Animals
organisms that lack cell walls
capable of locomotion
have a digestive tract
Fungi
digest their food externally
absorb it through their cell walls
Plants, animals, and fungi are all multicellular
organisms
Protists
single-celled motile organisms that can be either
photosynthetic or heterotrophic
Animals
capable of movement
not all animals have muscles used for movement
In the most commonly encountered animals, the
mobile stage is the adult
some animals (such as corals and sponges) have
sessile (or nonmobile) adult phases and mobile
juvenile forms.
Both animal & plant evolutionary history show the
development of multicellularity and they move
from water to land (as well as a secondary
adaptation back to water, for example dolphins,
whales, duckweed, and elodea).
developed external or internal skeletons to
provide support, skin to prevent or lessen water
loss, muscles that allowed them to move to
search for food, brains and nervous systems for
integration of stimuli, and internal digestive
systems
Animal tissues
4 main types:
1. Epithelial Tissue
commonly seen outside as coverings
as linings of organs and cavities
characterized by closely joined cells with tight
junctions tightly packed
tight junctions serve as barriers for pathogens,
mechanical injuries and fluid loss.
Cells that make up epithelial tissues have distinct
arrangements:
A. Cuboidal
- for secretion
B. Simple columnar
- brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active
absorption
C. Simple squamous
- plate-like cells; for the exchange of material
through diffusion
D. Stratified squamous
- multilayered and regenerates quickly for
protection
E. Pseudo-stratified columnar
- single layer of cells; may just look stacked
because of varying height; for lining of respiratory
tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell
modification that sweeps the mucus)
2. Connective Tissue
These tissues are composed of the following:
Blood
made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular
matrix): contains water, salts and dissolve
proteins, erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC),
leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for
blood clotting.
Connective Tissue Proper (CTP)
made up of loose connective tissue that is found
in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is
made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons
and ligaments
Adipose Tissues
are also examples of loose connective tissues that
store fats which functions to insulate the body and
store energy
Cartilage
characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in
chondroitin sulfate
Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen
and chondroitin sulfate
Cartilage functions are cushion between bones
3. Muscle Tissue
composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow
the body to move voluntary or involuntary
gives rise to muscles' ability to contract
opposed to other components or tissues in muscle
such as tendons or perimysium
formed during embryonic development through a
process known as myogenesis
Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells also called
muscle fibers
responsible for movements in our body
movement of muscles is a response to signals
coming from nerve cells
In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into
the following:
a) Skeletal
- striated: voluntary movements, attached to the
skeleton
b) Cardiac
- striated with intercalated disk for synchronized
heart contraction, involuntary, located in the walls of
the heart
c) Smooth
- not striated; involuntary, located in walls of hollow
visceral organs
4. Nervous Tissue
composed of nerve cells called neuron and glial cells
that function as support cells
neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals
throughout the animal body
connect to other neuron that receives impulses from
other neurons
axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to
other neurons