The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an

ignitable mixture in air. The flash point is often used as a descriptive characteristic of liquid fuel, and it is
also used to help characterize the fire hazards of liquids. Liquids with a flash point less than 60.5 or 37.8
°C (140.9 or 100.0 °F) — depending upon the standard being applied — are considered flammable, while
liquids with a flash point above those temperatures are considered combustible.
Gasoline (petrol): −43 °C (−45 °F)
Diesel fuel: > 52 °C (126 °F), flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C
NG: Flash point: -188 °C
Boiling point: -161.5 °C
Melting point: -181.2 °C
Density: 0.717 kg/m3, 0.656g/L at 25°C, 1 atm
0.716g/L at 0°C, 1 atm
0.42262 g cm −3 (at 111 K)
Calorific value: 1000btu/ft3 of NG

14.7psi= 30 inches mercury

The cloud point of a fluid is the temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely soluble,
precipitating as a second phase giving the fluid a cloudy appearance.

The pour point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes semi solid and loses its flow
characteristics. In crude oil a high pour point is generally associated with high paraffin content.

The hydrocarbon dew point is the temperature (at a given pressure) at which the hydrocarbon
components of any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such as natural gas, will start to condense out of the
gaseous phase. It is often also referred to as the HDP or the HCDP.

the hydrocarbon dew point of processed, pipelined natural gas is related to and characterized by the
term GPM which is the gallons of liquifiable hydrocarbons contained in 1,000 cubic feet (28 m3) of
natural gas at a stated temperature and pressure. When the liquifiable hydrocarbons are characterized
as being hexane or higher molecular weight components, they are reported as GPM (C6+).

The hydrocarbon dew point of a gas is a different concept from the water dew point, the latter being the
temperature (at a given pressure) at which water vapor present in a gas mixture will condense out of
the gas.

The dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in air at constant barometric pressure
condenses into liquid water at the same rate at which it evaporates.

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor.
Bubble point: When heating a liquid consisting of two or more components, the bubble point is the
temperature (at a given pressure) where the first bubble of vapor is formed

the power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the
load, to the apparent power in the circuit and is a dimensionless number between -1 and 1

cetane number: a quantity indicating the ignition properties of diesel fuel relative to cetane as a
standard.

octane number: a figure indicating the anti-knock properties of a fuel, based on a comparison with a
mixture of isooctane and heptane.

Anodic protection is a method used to prevent corrosion. This method is most often used in highly
corrosive environments to protect metal immersed in a solution with uncommonly acidic or basic
qualities. Anodic protection is different from cathodic protection, another technique used to prevent
corrosion in metal devices and structures. In anodic protection, electric current is used to create a
protective oxidized layer on the base protected material, often known as the substrate. This process is
most frequently employed in industrial production.

Usually, anodic protection is used to protect metal in environments too corrosive for other methods of
protection like cathodic protection to be effective. Cathodic protection differs from anodic techniques
because cathodic protection uses a metal rod called a sacrificial cathode to corrode in place of the
protected metal. This technique is usually used in water, while anodic methods of protection are used in
more corrosive environments.

Commonly used to protect metal in solutions with unusually high or low potential hydrogen (pH) levels,
which indicate the acidic or basic nature of a solution, anodic protection is most frequently used for
steel. This technique can usually be found in factories that work with high or low pH solutions,
particularly sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, or chromic acid. Other lesser-used substrate materials that
can benefit from anodic protection include magnesium, titanium, and zinc.

BDV:
A BDV is a tight shut-off valve, generally a ball valve, operated by a single-action pneumatic actuator
(though it may have some variations about it). Since the BDV’s objective is to blowdown on specific
process upsets, we must ensure that this status, i.e. valve open, is reached even if the electrical signal,
or the instrument air are lost. That’s why we must define the failure conditions in such a way to make
the actuator’s spring to open the valve if no instrument air pressure is applied and, the three-way
solenoid valve to exhaust the actuator’s air when de-energised (or the cable is cut).

To summarise: in operation the actuator must be pressurised and the solenoid valve energised, and to
blowdown we must de-energise the solenoid valve to exhaust the actuator.

When a process blowdown implies a large amount of product being released to the atmosphere it is
obvious that it will only be done if absolutely necessary so, to minimise spurious trips we usually add a
small tank, kept at the instrument air pressure. This tank will supply air to the actuator for a while, in
case the instrument air is lost, so the blowdown is avoided.

Gas blowdown valves

The purpose of blowdown valves is to depressurize the equipment by sending the unwanted gases to
flare. Blowdown valves are emergency on-off valves activated by a signal from the Emergency Shut
Down (ESD) system, rather than direct activation by overpressure in the protected equipment.
Blowdown valves are on-off valves, often installed in a parallel configuration to pressure relief valves on
equipment. This depressurization is different than equipment protection performed by pressure relief
valves. Certain on-off valves are closed on emergency shutdown (ESD) of a system. Closing of these
valves can lead to overpressure in some process equipments. At the same time, ESD system sends signal
to open up the blowdown valves and to release the excess gas to flare, thus preventing an overpressure
scenario.

Since blowdown valves are simply on-off valves, they cannot restrict the gas flow. The blowdown lines
are often equipped with restriction orifices downstream of blowdown valves to restrict the gas flow
being sent to the flare to a certain limit.

BTEX is an acronym that stands for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes

The purpose of the block and bleed manifold is to isolate or block the flow of fluid in the system, so
the fluid from upstream of the manifold does not reach other components of the system that are
downstream, then bleed off or vent the remaining fluid from the system on the downstream side of
the manifold.

LNG: LNG is made up of mostly methane. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is natural gas cooled to a
liquid state. When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -256°F at atmospheric
pressure, it condenses to a liquid.

CNG: CNG is natural gas that is pressurized and stored in welding bottle-like tanks at pressures up
to 3,600 psig.

NGL: NGLs are made up mostly of molecules that are heavier than methane like ethane, propane,
and butane.

LPG: LPG is a mixture of propane and butane in a liquid state at room temperatures.
GTL: GTL refers to the conversion of natural gas to products like methanol, diethyl ether (DME),
middle distillates (diesel and jet fuel), specialty chemicals and waxes.

Joule-Thomson effect, the change in temperature that accompanies expansion of a gas without
production of work or transfer of heat. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, all real gases except
hydrogen and helium cool upon such expansion;