FOOTBALL

1 Number of players in a team 11+7 (extra) = 18 players

2 Duration of match 2 halves of 45 minutes each
3 Shape of the field Rectangular
4 Length of playfield 100 to 130 yards
5 Breadth of playfield 50 to 100 yards
6 Radius of centre circle 10 yards
7 Height of goalpost 8 feet / 2.44 m
8 Length of goalpost 24 feet / 8 yards
9 Height of corner flag 5 feet
10 Corner Arc 1 yard
11 Goal area 20 x 6 yards
12 Penalty area 44 x 18 yards
13 Penalty spot 12 yards from goal line
14 Penalty Arc 10 yards from penalty spot
15 Thickness of the lines 5 inches or 12 cm
16 Shape of football Spherical
17 Material of football Leather or other approved material
18 Weight of football 14 to 16 ounces
19 Circumference of football 27’’ to 28’’

Players Equipment
1. Jersey
2. Shorts
3. Stockings
4. Shin guards
5. Sports shoes (Studs)

Referee Equipment
1. Whistle
2. Stopwatch
3. Yellow and red cards
4. Pen or pencil
5. Current book of rules
6. Card to record the time, goal etc.

GOAL AREA: A rectangular area with the length of 20 yards by 6 yards near the goal line and in front of goal
post. Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area.
PENALTY AREA: Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 18 yards from the inside of each goalpost.
These lines extend into the field of play for 18 yards and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area
bounded by these lines and the goal line is the penalty area. Within each penalty area, a penalty mark or spot is made 12
yards from the midpoint between the goalpost.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)
MATCH TIME
A football match consists of two halves and each half is 45 minutes long.
Between the two halves, there is an interval, which is not more than 15 minutes long.
EXTRA TIME
An extra time of 30 minutes, divided into two halves of 15 minutes each is given to the teams who could not score or if
the score is draw in the normal duration of the match.
TIE BREAKER
When no team is able to score in the normal duration of the match then tie breaker is applied. First extra time is given,
in case tie remains unbroken, then five penalty kicks are given to each team, if again tie is unbroken, then sudden death
rule is applied. (Alternate penalty kicks are given to each team till the tie is broken)
PENALTY SHOOTOUT
If game is tied at the end of normal time, followed by extra time, penalty shootout takes place.
In penalty shootout, each team takes certain number of penalties, usually five, to determine the winner. At the end of
five penalties, if score is still tied, sudden death occurs. Alternate penalty kicks are given to each team till the tie is
broken.
SUDDEN DEATH RULE
If game is tied at the end of normal time, followed by extra time, penalty shootout takes place.
In penalty shootout, each team takes certain number of penalties, usually five, to determine the winner. At the end of
five penalties, if score is still tied, sudden death occurs. Alternate penalty kicks are given to each team till the tie is
broken.
ADDITIONAL TIME
The time which is wasted in injury, substitution and undue delay is added at the end of each half by the referee.
BALL IN PLAY
The ball is in play at all other times from the start of the match to the finish, including when:
• It rebounds from a goalpost, crossbar or corner flag post and remains in the field of play.
• It rebounds from either the referee or an assistant referee when they are on the field of play.
• In the event of a supposed infringement of the laws until a decision of play.
BALL OUT OF PLAY
The ball is out of play when:
• It has wholly crossed the goal line or touch line whether on the ground or in the air.
• Play has been stopped by the referee.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

IMPORTANCE OF PENALTY ARC
Opponents must remain outside of the area and at least 10 yards away from the ball is kicked and clearly moves. If a
team on the defence performs a foul within its own penalty box, the referee awards a penalty kick. Penalty kick marks
are 12 yards from the goal line and in the middle of the field. In the event of a penalty kick, a player will shoot from
here. Other players must wait outside the penalty arc. The penalty arc helps referees ensure no players other than the
kicker are closer than 10 yards to the ball.
IMPORTANCE OF CENTRE CIRCLE
The centre circle is mark at 10 yards from the centre spot. Similar to the penalty arc, this indicates the minimum distance
that opposing players must keep away from the players involved in the kick off.
At the start of a game, one of the teams kicks off. Both teams stay on their respective sides of the midfield line. The
centre circle, which has a radius of 10 yards, describe the area that the team without the ball must not enter until a player
first touches the ball.
IMPORTANCE OF LINES ON THE FIELD
The two longer boundary lines are touchlines. The two shorter lines are goal lines. The field of play is divided into two
halves by a halfway line, which joins the midpoints of the two touchlines. They are important for knowing the ball out
of bound, a ball must completely cross the touchline to be out of play, and a ball must wholly cross the goal line before
a goal is scored; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line, the ball is still in play.
These lines facilitate the referees to indicate:
Which team is entitled to a corner kick or goal kick
For every kick off the ball must be stationary on the centre mark in the centre line.

METHODS OF STARTING AND RESTARTING THE GAME

A coin is tossed and the team that wins the toss decides which goal it will attack in the first half of the match. The other
team takes the kick-off to start the match. The team that wins the toss takes the kick off to start the second half of the
match. In the second half of the match, the team change ends and attack the opposite goals.
From the beginning of each [playing period with a kick-off until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all
times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out
of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:
1. Kick-off 5. Indirect
2. Throw-in 6. Direct
3. Goal kick [Link]
4. Corner kick 8. Dropped ball

SUBSTITUTION
Substitution is a process in which a player is placed by another player. Upto a maximum of 5 substitutes may be used in
a football match.
Procedure
In all matches, the names of the substitutes must be given to referee prior to the start of the match. Substitute, whose
name is not given to the referee, may not take part in the match. To replace a player with a substitute, following
conditions must be followed:
1. Referee must be informed before any proposed substitution is made.
2. Substitute only enters field of play after the player being replaced has left and after receiving a signal from
referee.
3. Substitute only enters the field at halfway line and during a stoppage in the match.
4. Substitution is completed when substitute enters the field of play.

NOTE: If a substitute enters the field of play without the referee’s permission:
The play will be stopped and substitute is cautioned, shown the yellow card and required to leave the field of play. The
play is restarted with an indirect free kick at the place the ball was located, when play was stopped.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

KICK-OFF
A kick-off is a way of starting or restarting play. Opponent team player does not enter centre circle until ball is in play.
a) At the start of the match
b) After a goal has been scored
c) At the start of the second half of the match
d) At the start of each period of extra time, whenever applicable.

THROW-IN
1. A throw-in is a method of restarting play.
2. A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw in.
3. A throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the ball
when the whole of the ball crosses the touch line, either on the ground or in
the air.
Procedure
1) It is awarded from the point where it crossed the touch line.
2) The thrower faces the field of play.
3) The thrower holds the ball with both hands
4) Delivers the ball from behind and over his head.
5) All opponents must stand not less than 2 metre from the point at which the
throw-in is taken. (Yellow card)
6) Dodge is not allowed.
7) Ball should be in stationary position. Heels must not raise.

Opposing players failing to respect the required distance (2 m) before the ball is in play, or otherwise unfairly
distracts or impedes the thrower may receive a caution (yellow card) for unsporting behaviour. If the throw-in
has already been taken when the referee stops play for this offence, an indirect free kick is awarded.
If the thrower fails to deliver the ball per the required procedure, or delivers it from a point other than where the
ball left the field of play, the throw-in is awarded to the opposing team. This is commonly known as a "foul
throw"
It is an infringement for the thrower to touch the ball a second time before it has been touched by another player;
this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the opposing team from where the offence occurred, unless the
second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free
kick or penalty kick.
A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in; if a player throws the ball directly into their own goal without
any other player touching it, the result is a corner kick to the opposing side. Likewise, an offensive goal cannot
be scored directly from a throw in; the result, in this case, is a goal kick for the defending team.
If a player appears to take a throw-in but suddenly leaves it to a teammate to take, the player may be cautioned
for delaying the restart of play. Any player who excessively delays the restart of play may also be cautioned.
A goalkeeper cannot handle a ball thrown directly by a teammate. If this infringement occurs within the
goalkeeper's penalty area, an indirect free kick is awarded.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

GOAL KICK
A goal kick is a method of restarting play. It is awarded when the whole of the ball, having last touched a player of the
attacking team, passes over the goal line, either on the ground or in the air and a goal is not scored.

Procedure
1. The ball is kicked from any point within the goal area by a player of the defending team.
2. Opponents remains outside the penalty area until the ball is in play.
3. The kicker does not play the ball again until it has touched another player.
4. The ball is in play when it is kicked directly out of the penalty area.

A goal can be scored directly from a goal kick against the opposing team. An own goal cannot be scored from
a goal kick; in the highly unlikely circumstance that the ball enters the kicker's own goal before being touched
by another player, a corner kick is awarded.
A player may not be penalized for offside directly from a goal kick.
If the kick is taken with a moving ball, or from the wrong place, the goal kick is retaken.
If an opposing player deliberately remains inside the penalty area, or enters the penalty area before the goal kick
is taken, the goal kick is retaken. If this happens a number of times, the opposing player is booked for persistent
infringement of the Laws of the Game.
If the kicker touches the ball a second time before it has been touched by another player, an indirect free kick is
awarded to the opposing team from the place where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a
more serious handling offence, which is punished by a direct free kick (or a penalty kick if within the penalty
area and the kicker was not the goalkeeper) for the opposing team.

CORNER KICK
A corner kick is a method of restarting play. It is awarded when the whole of the ball, having last touched a player of
the defending team, passes over the goal line, either on the ground or in the air.

Procedure:
1) The ball is placed inside the arc at the nearest corner flag.
2) The corner flag is not moved.
3) Opponents must remain at least 10 yards from the ball until the
ball is in play.
4) The ball is kicked by a player of the attacking team.
5) The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves.
6) The kicker may not touch the ball a second time before it has
touched another player.

If the kick is taken with a moving ball, or from the wrong place, the corner kick is retaken.
Opposing players must retire the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so promptly may
constitute misconduct and be punished by a yellow card.
It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time before it has been touched by another player; this
is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second
touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case a direct free kick is awarded to the defending
team.6

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

DIRECT FREE KICK
In direct free kick goal can be scored directly. A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a player commits
any of the following offences:
1) Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent.
2) Trips or attempts to trip an opponent. Ball goes Type of free kick
3) Jumps at an opponent. directly to Direct Indirect
4) Charges at an opponent.
Opponent’s Goal scored Goal kick to
5) Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent.
opponents
6) Pushes an opponent. goal
7) Tackles an opponent Own goal Corner kick to opponents
8) Holds an opponent
9) Spits at an opponent
10) Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area)
Procedure
1. The ball must be in stationary position and on the ground.
2. Opponents must be at least 10 yards from the ball until it is in play.
3. If the free kick is taken from within the kicking team’s penalty area, opponents must be outside the penalty area.
4. If the defending team forms a “wall” of three or more players, all attacking players must be at least 1 yard from
the wall until the ball is in play.
5. A free kick can be taken by lifting the ball with a foot or both feet simultaneously. It is legal to feint to take a
free kick to confuse opponents.
[Link]. DIRECT FREE KICK INDIRECT FREE KICK
1. Goal may be scored directly. Goal may not be scored directly.
2. They are awarded for more serious offences. They are awarded for less serious offences.
3. Cannot be awarded in the offending team’s An indirect free kick may be awarded for an offence
penalty area. committed anywhere.

INDIRECT FREE KICK

Indirect free kick, goal cannot be scored directly. An indirect kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside
his own penalty area, commits any of the following offences:
1. Controls the ball with his hands for more than 6 seconds before releasing it from his possession.
2. Touches the ball again with his hands after it has been released from his possession and has not touched any
other player.
3. Touches the ball with his hands after he has received it directly from a throw-in taken by a teammate.
4. Touches the ball with his hands after it has been deliberately kicked to him by a teammate.
It also awarded to the opposing team if, in the opinion of the referee, a player:
1. Plays in a dangerous manner.
2. Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his hands.
3. Impedes the progress of an opponent.

If the ball is moving, or in the wrong place, the kick is retaken. A player who takes a free kick from the wrong
position in order to force a retake, or who excessively delays the restart of play, is cautioned.
If the kicker touches the ball a second time before it has touched another player, an indirect free kick is awarded to
the opposing team, unless this second touch is an illegal handball offence, in which case a direct free kick or penalty
kick is awarded.
If an attacking player stands within 1 m (1 yard) of a "wall" of 3 or more defending players, an indirect free kick is
awarded to the opposing team.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

WALL FORMATION
Wall formation is a defensive formation in which defensive players stand shoulder to shoulder like wall during free kick.
It makes narrow area for the offensive player to score direct goal.
A wall is made when defensive players line up shoulder by shoulder in an attempt to limit or prevent the shooting angles
or view of an opponent who is attempting the free kick. It can effectively block a part of the goal and give the keeper a
much better and smaller window to protect.

Procedure:
The goalkeeper directs the players about the position of wall
Tallest of all players should be preferred for formation of wall so that dangerous goal corners are positively well
protected.
The players in the wall must face the ball. Care should be taken that ball may not pass through the ball.
Wall should be 10 yards away from ball.

ADVANTAGE
Advantage is all about allowing the team in possession to continue with the ball after a foul has been committed.
After all, it’s not always helpful for the referee to stop the game, as the team in possession might be in a
prominent attacking position.

For instance, let’s assume that Player A has the ball on the edge of his penalty area. Player A makes a brilliant
pass forward to Player B (a teammate), who receives the ball on the halfway line and starts sprinting toward the
opponent’s penalty area.
However, when Player A passed the ball to Player B, Player C (an opponent) mistimed a slide tackle and fouled
Player A in the process. Now, the referee has a decision to make.
The referee can either stop the play and award a free kick on the edge of Player A’s penalty area. Or, the referee
can award an advantage to Player A’s team, enabling his teammate to proceed with the attack as planned.
Naturally, it makes no sense for the referee to stop the game for the sake of awarding the foul, as the team in
possession is in a much better position when the advantage is played.
Therefore, when applied correctly, the advantage rule aids with the natural flow of the soccer game and ensures
that the team in possession benefits.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

 PENALTY KICK
It is awarded against a team that commits one of the ten offences, inside its own penalty area and while the ball is in
play, for which a direct kick is awarded. A goal may be scored directly from a penalty kick.
Ten offences are:
1) Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent.
2) Trips or attempts to trip an opponent. A player who
3) Jumps at an opponent. excessively
4) Charges at an opponent. delays the restart
5) Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent. of play is
6) Pushes an opponent. cautioned.
7) Tackles an opponent
8) Holds an opponent
9) Spits at an opponent
10) Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area)
Procedure:
1) The ball is placed on the penalty mark.
2) The defending goalkeeper remains on his goal line, facing the kicker, between the goalposts until the ball has
been kicked.
3) The other players inside of the playing field but outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark and at least
10 yards away from the penalty mark.
4) The referee signals for the penalty kick to be taken.
5) He must not play the ball again until it has touched another player.
6) The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves forward.
In case of an infringement of the laws of the game during a penalty kick, most commonly entering the penalty
area illegally, the referee must consider both whether the ball entered the goal, and which team(s) committed the
offence. If both teams commit an offence, a re-kick is taken.

Result of the kick No violation Violation Violation by

by the the defence
attacking team only
team only
Enters the goal Goal Re-kick Goal
Goes directly out of bounds Goal kick Goal kick Re-kick

Rebounds into play from goal Play Indirect Re-kick

frame/goalkeeper continues free kick
Saved and held by goalkeeper Play Play Re-kick
continues continues
Deflected out of bounds by Corner kick Indirect Re-kick
goalkeeper free kick
The following infringements committed by the kicking team result in an indirect free kick for the defending team,
regardless of the outcome of the kick:
• a teammate of the identified kicker kicks the ball instead (the player who took the kick is cautioned)
• kicker feints kicking the ball at the end of the run-up (the kicker is cautioned)
• kick does not go forward
• kicker touches the ball a second time before it touches another player (includes rebounds off the goal posts or
crossbar)

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

YELLOW CARD
A yellow card is shown by the referee to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned.
The player's details are then recorded by the referee in a small notebook.
A player who has been cautioned may continue playing in the game; however, a player who
receives a second caution in a match is sent off (shown the yellow card again, and then a red
card).
The types of offences and misconduct that may result in a caution. Players can be cautioned and
shown a yellow card if they commit the following offences:
1. Dissent by word or action
2. Persistent infringement of the Laws of the Game
3. Delaying the restart of play
4. Failure to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick, throw-in or free kick
5. Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee's permission
6. Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee's permission
7. Unsporting behaviour
There are also two offences which apply in matches using the video assistant referee system:
1. Entering the referee review area
2. Excessively using the "review" (TV screen) hand gesture.
Note - The Laws state that goals may be celebrated, but that such celebrations should not be "excessive". Removing
one's shirt or covering one's face with the shirt will result in a caution. Players may also be cautioned for climbing onto
a perimeter fence or approaching/entering spectator areas in a manner that causes safety and/or security concerns.

RED CARD
A red card is shown by a referee to signify that a player must be sent off.
A player who has been sent off is required to leave the field of play immediately, must take no
further part in the game and cannot be replaced by a substitute, forcing their team to play with
one fewer player.
If a team's goalkeeper receives a red card another player is required to assume goalkeeping
duties, so teams usually substitute another goalkeeper for an outfield player if they still have
substitutes available.
Misconduct for which a player may be sent off. These are:
• serious foul play
• violent conduct
• using offensive, insulting or abusive language and/or action(s)
• receiving a second yellow card (caution) in the same match
IMPORTANCE OF CARDS
1. For reducing the use of offensive, insulting or abusive language or gestures.
2. Reducing unsporting behaviour. The coloured cards
3. Avoiding serious foul play and violent conduct. were introduced
4. For preventing injuries. by Ken Aston, a
5. To provide good control for conducting of the match by the referee. former chair of the
6. To make players abide by the rules and regulations of the game. FIFA Refereeing
7. To ensure that players well in the field. Committee.

YELLOW AND RED CARDS FOR COACHES

In 2019 the IFAB approved the use of red and yellow cards for team officials and since then, in most competitions, the
system operates in much the same way as the card system for players (i.e. if a team official, such as the manager or a
coach, receives two yellow cards they are given a red). Depending on the seriousness of the offence, that official then
may be subject to a subsequent touchline ban, a fine and/or some other form of additional punishment - depending on
the rules of their competition and national football association.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS
[Link] 2. Dribbling
[Link] 4. Heading
[Link] skills 6. Tackling skills
7. Goal keeping skills

1. PASSING – In this ball is passed to own teammate who is close. The ball is slightly pushed so that it should
reach to the desired point. There are lots of variation of passing like push pass) ball is pushed with inner-edge
of foot); out-step push (with the outer edge of the foot)
Types of passes: short pass, long pass, Ground lofted pass, Chip pass, Volley, and Angle of pass
2. DRIBBLING – It is the skill of running with the ball at your feet. It is faking to the opponent in such a
way that the control of ball is kept. Player controls the movement of the ball with the feet whereas upper body
gives the dodging movement.
3. KICKING - It is the most common skill used to hit the ball with power. It reaches long and away to the
desired position. It is performed in various ways like kicking with inside, outside of foot, instep kick, punt kick,
scissor kick, banana kick or chip-kick etc. It can be used during free kick, corner kick, penalty kick or when
situation suits.
4. HEADING – Usually an attacker heads the ball to redirect it towards the net. A defender heads the ball to
deflect it away from the goal. In this forehead hits the overhead coming ball.
5. SHOOTING SKILLS – Shooting is a technique to improve the chances of scoring. It can be done
through inside or outside foot, short and long-range shots, swerving shot, volley, half volley and penalty shot.
6. TACKLING SKILLS – The skill of tackling in soccer is the act of a defender coming to meet an
opponent who is in possession of the ball, engaging him, and then legally using a foot to take the ball away.
Jockeying the ball, trapping by various body parts, Front block tackle, side block tackle, slide tackle, and
recovery are the main skills of tackling.
7. GOALKEEPING SKILLS – It is important for building a strong team safety is the foremost principle
of goal keeping both hands are used. Stopping, watching, guiding the team, saving goal, throwing, diving,
dealing, catching, heading, kicking, punching, etc. are main skills of goal keeping.

VOLLEY A volley is a strike made by the player before the ball touches the ground after the
previous player has launched it in the air.

HALF VOLLEY A half volley is a strike made the moment the ball touches the ground or
immediately after.

SWERVING SHOT
Swerving shot are sometimes mistakenly called curve. Any part of the foot can be used to do a bending shot. Using the
inside or outside of the foot produces the most bend. To do a bending shot, player kicks the sides of the ball at an angle.
If he uses the inside of the foot, he wraps his leg around the ball and follows through to the outside of his body. If he/she
is using the area around the knuckle of big toe or the outside of the foot then follow through should be across his/her
body. Is usually but not exclusively used in free kicks. The ball bends or swerves in such a way that it beats the keeper,
the only drawback is that it lacks great power

Tackling Trapping
It is taking the ball possession from the opponent with It is controlling the lifted ball before it could bounce or
sliding. Many times, trapping the ball with head, chest, control the ball in air, so that it should fall near the body
foot is also done for the possession of the ball fall near range. It is trapped by chest, head, abdomen, thigh (upper
the body range. leg), under the foot, etc.
CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)
FEDERATIONS
FIFA – The Federation Internationale de Football Association is the international self-regulatory governing body
of football association. It was found 21st May, 1904. Headquarters is in Zurich, Switzerland, its members now comprise
211 national associations. FIFA is responsible for the organization of Football’s major international tournaments like –
World cup which commenced in 1930 and the women’s World Cup commenced in 1991.
AIFF – All India Football Federation is the organization which manages the game of association football in India.
It administers the running of the India national football team and also controls the I League, in addition to various other
competitions and teams. The AIFF was founded in 1937, gained FIFA affiliation in the year 1948 and AFC affiliation in
the year 1954. Currently it has office at Dwarka, New Delhi.
UEFA – It is the administrative body of football in Europe. It organises various championships of football in
Europe. It was founded on 15th June, 1954. Headquarters is in Nyon, Switzerland.
IFAB – The International Football Association Board is the universal decision-making body for the Laws of the
Game (LoG) of association football. It was founded in 1886 to agree standardized laws for international competition.
IFAB is made up of the four British football associations (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland) and FIFA,
any football association or confederation can suggest amendments to the LoG through one of the IFAB members. It is
separate body from FIFA, though FIFA is represented on the board and holds 50% of the voting power.

NATIONAL TOURNAMENT INTERNATIONAL TOURNAMENT

1. Santosh Trophy 1. FIFA World Cup
2. Subroto Cup 2. UEFA European Championship
3. Federation Cup 3. AFC Cup
4. Durand Cup 4. Summer Olympics games
5. I-League 5. AFC Asian Cup
6. IFA Shield 6. Confederation Cup

Santosh Trophy – It is the Indian National state Trophy which started in 1941. It was named after the former
president of the IFA, Sir Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhury, the Maharaja of Santosh. It is held every year.

Subroto Cup – Subroto cup Football Tournament is one of the famous inter school football tournament in India,
named after the Indian Air Force Air Marshal Subroto Mukherjee. It is started in 1960 and has been conducted every
year.

Durand Cup – India’s oldest football tournament, the Durand Cup is the 3rd oldest football tournament in the world.
It was started by Sir Mortimer Durand at Shimla in 1888. In 1940, the venue was shifted to New Delhi.

IFA Shield - The IFA Shield is an annual football competition organized by the Indian Football Association,
the football governing body in the Indian state of West Bengal. The IFA came into existence in 1893, and was named
after the association. The IFA Shield tournament was started in the same year. It is the third oldest football tournament
in India, after Durand Cup and Trades Cup, and is among the oldest football competitions in the world.

FIFA World Cup – The FIFA World Cup, often called the World Cup, is an international association
football competition among the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. It was founded in 1930. It is held every four years.

UEFA European Championship - The UEFA Champions League is an annual club association
football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). It was found in 1955. It is held
every four years.

AFC Asian Cup – It is a continental football championship that has been organised since 1956 and includes all
teams of the Asian confederation. It is held every four years.
CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)
FORMATION
The formation describes how the players in the team are positioned on the field. Many variations are possible on both
sides of the ball, depending on the strategy being employed.

4-4-2 (Diamond)
Strength – Strong defensive presence across the entire pitch, with compactness,
balance and cover easy to establish in a high press, mid-block or low block. It provides
balance and width, with two banks of four creating a solid defensive structure. It’s
simple to understand and implement, making it a popular choice for many teams.
Weakness – The most common and adaptable formation in modern football, the
weakness of 4-4-2 is the gaps between the central defenders, midfielders and the strikers.
As such, a huge burden is placed on the central midfield to augment defence and attack.
It Can be vulnerable against formations with a packed midfield, as it only has two central
midfielders.

4-3-3
Strength – A three-man forward line provides good numbers to apply pressure on the
opposition defence. The midfield three then provides cover and protection in central
areas. This is useful both when pressing high or converting into a more reserved block.
Weakness – The space left in the wide areas between the full-back and winger in a 4-
3-3 can be exposed and targeted by the opposition. This is usually via quick counter-
attacks and swift, direct switches of play.

4-2-4
Strength – One of the key advantages of the 4-2-4 formation is that it allows teams to
press aggressively and win the ball in the opposition’s half. The four forwards can create
numerical overloads in the final third, putting the opposition under immense pressure.
The four defenders play an essential role in protecting the goal and maintaining
possession of the ball. The two central defenders are responsible for marking the
opposition’s strikers and making crucial tackles to prevent them from getting too close
to the goal.

Weakness – One significant weakness is the lack of defensive cover. With only two
midfielders and four attackers, the formation can leave the defence exposed to counter-
attacks. This means that teams that use this formation need to have a strong and
organized defence that can quickly adapt to changing situations.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

DUTIES OF OFFICIALS
Duties of Referee
1. He enforces the laws of the game.
2. He acts as a timekeeper and keeps a record of the match.
3. He controls the match in cooperation with the two assistant referees.
4. He ensures that the ball meets the requirement of the rule. (Before the match)
5. He stops, suspends or abandons the match, at his discretion, for any infringements of the laws.
6. He ensures that players equipment’s are as per rule. (Before the match)
7. He punishes the more serious offence when a player commits more than one offence at the same time.
8. He restarts the match after it has been stopped.
9. He acts on the advice of assistant referees regarding incidents which he has not seen.
10. He ensures that no unauthorised persons enter the field of play. (Before the match)
Duties of Assistant Referees
Two assistant referees may be appointed whose duties are to indicate:
1. When the whole of the ball leaves the field of play.
2. Which team is entitled to a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in
3. When a player may be penalised for being in an offside position.
4. When a substitution is requested.
5. When misconduct or any other incident out of the view of the referee.
6. When offences have been committed whenever the assistants are closer to the action than the referee.
7. Whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper has moved forward before the ball has been kicked and if the ball has
crossed the line.
Fourth official
He assists the referee in various tasks and may be called upon to replace another official. Fourth official has a table at a
short distance from touch line. His duties are:
1. Assessment of player’s equipment.
2. Ensuring substitution is done as per rules.
3. Notifying the referee for substitution by means of numbered board.
4. Maintain the decorum in the teams in their technical area.
5. To watch the players in the field and caution the players to play as per rules.
VAR – Video assistant referee
1. He is a match official, who may assist the referee to make a decision using replay footage only a ‘clear and
obvious error’ or ‘serious missed incident’ relating to a goal/no goal, penalty or no penalty, direct red card or a
case of mistaken identity when the referee cautions or sends off the wrong player of the offending team.
Duties of coach
1. Selecting the team of players for matches, and their formation.
2. Planning the strategy, and instructing the players on the pitch.
3. Motivating players before and during a match.
4. He provides an environment free of unreasonable hazards.
5. He eliminates players for injury and indiscipline.
Captain
A good captain should:
1. Be able to co-operate with other players.
2. Be able to create unity between the senior and the younger players.
3. Be a “true leader” from the front, who can hold his nerve, use all his experience and guide his team over the
finish line.
4. Be able to control all his player.
5. Never blame a fellow player for defeat.
6. Be willing to understand the youngsters.
7. Be passionate about leading the side and should never fear defeat.
The team captain has no special status or privileges but has a degree of responsibility for the behaviour of the team.
CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)
Responsibility of a captain
1. The only official responsibility of a captain specified by the Laws of the Game is to participate in the coin toss
prior to kick-off (for choice of ends) and prior to a penalty shootout.
2. A captain is the player who is supposed to act as the leader of the team, acting as mediator between his team-
mates, the manager and the referee.
3. At an award giving ceremony, the captain usually leads the team up to collect their medals. Any trophy won by
a team will be received by the captain who will also be the first one to hoist it.
4. If morale is low, it is the captain who will be looked upon to boost their team’s spirits.
Ground men
1. They are responsible for maintaining equipment and materials, and ensuing adequate stock levels of
consumables.
2. Carrying out general grounds duties such as cutting the grass, watering the pitch, marking the pitch and match
preparations.
3. Presentation of all pitches to the highest standard for matches and training schedules.
4. Creation of work and fertiliser programmes to ensure the pitches are maintained to the highest possible standard.
5. They will be responsible for the delivery of pitch maintenance and improvement at both sites to the highest
standards.
Ball boys/girls (Ball kids)
1. They supply balls for players or officials.
2. They try to be in possession of a spare ball at all times, so that this can be given to the players prior to the loose
ball being retrieved.
Match organisers
1. They are group of individuals who plan and arrange a match.
2. They help in planning, systematising, setting goals, and tracking achievement of goals.
3. Now a days organisers professionalise tournaments and leagues with software for scheduling and live score
management.
• They generate automatic knockout, round robin or heat fixtures.
• They update match summary.
• They generate digital score sheets instantly.
• They schedule matches.
• They interact with news, photos and videos.
• Provide a professional service with live Android and iOS notifications.
• They keep the teams and fans informed anytime, anywhere.
• Create a database: keep control of the competitions with data accessible from any device.
Linesman
1. They straddle the line of near the sideline, he watches for running back on his side of the field.
2. Lineman and the referee are responsible for keeping track of the number of downs of the offensive team.
3. Lineman is responsible for calling both offensive and defensive pass interference on his side of the field.
Technical area
The technical area relates to matches played in stadiums with a designated seated area for team officials, substitutes and
substituted players as outlined below:
1. The technical area should only extend 1 m (1yd) on either side of the designated seated area and up to a distance
of 1m (1yd) from the touchline.
2. Markings should be used to define area.
3. The number of persons permitted to occupy the technical area is defined by the competition rules.
Importance of technical area:
1. To provide free area to coach, manager for giving coaching to team during progress of match.
2. To restrain the coach, manager and substitute in a specified area and not near the playfield.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

 BICYCLE KICK
A bicycle kick in soccer is a striking technique where a player kicks the ball while airborne and upside down, with their
body positioned in a horizontal or semi-horizontal position. To perform it, the player leaps into the air, usually with their
back facing the goal, and uses one leg to strike the ball with force and precision. The player’s other leg remains extended
in the air or bent at the knee, resembling the pedalling motion of a bicycle, hence the name “bicycle kick.”
It also known as overhead kick and scissors kick
The term "bicycle kick" describes the action of the legs while the body is in mid-air, resembling the pedalling of a
bicycle.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

 BANANA KICK
A banana kick is an off-centre kick that makes the ball curve or suddenly change direction before dropping to the
ground. A banana kick is one of the handiest moves to use in a soccer game, and is used in just about every goal. The
banana kick is especially useful for players who are given a free PK (penalty kick), as the goalie has a very low chance
of blocking the shot.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

 OFFSIDE
There are some basic rules of OFFSIDE:
1. Only the Team with possession of the ball can be outside. So, the defending team cannot be called offside.
2. Offside can only occur on the attacking side of the field.

A player is in an offside position when an attacking player is nearer to the opponent’s goal line than both the
ball, and the second to last opponent.
An offender is said to be offside when he is moving towards the goal line of opponent without ball in the absence
of at least two opponents. Or if any striker receives the ball behind the last defender line.
The law states that a player is in an offside position if any of their body parts, except the hands and arms, are in
the opponents' half of the pitch, and closer to the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last
opponent
Exceptions when offside is not called:
1. Goal kick
2. Throw in
3. Corner kick
The blue forward on the left of the diagram is in an offside position as they are ahead of
both the ball and the second-last opponent (marked by the dotted line) in the opponents'
half of the pitch. This does not necessarily mean they are committing an offside offence.
It becomes an offence only if the ball is played or touched by a teammate while the player
is in an offside position and subsequently becomes involved in active play according to
the definitions given in the Laws of the Game no matter if any of these events occur after
they move to an onside position.

The blue forward in the penalty area of the diagram is not in an offside position, as they
are behind the ball, despite the fact that they are closer to the opponents' goal line than the
second-last opponent.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

HAND SIGNAL

The referee points with one arm in the direction of the opposing
team’s goal.

The referee indicates an indirect free kick by raising his arm above his
head. He maintains his arm in that position until the kick has been taken
and the ball has touched another player or goes out of play

The referee signals for an advantage by extending both arms in front of

his body, palms facing up.

Referee points hand to the penalty mark.

CORNER KICK

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

 GOAL KICK

YELLOW & RED CARD

SUBSTITUTION

THROW IN

OFFSIDE (NEAR) OFFSIDE (MIDDLE) OFFSIDE (FAR)

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)

 TERMINOLOGY
Additional Time The time which is wasted in injury, substitution and undue delay is added at the end of
each half by the referee.

Advantage It refers to a situation in which the referee calls ‘play on’ despite a foul because the
team that would be given a free kick already has the advantage of a scoring or passing
opportunity.
Attacker A player whose job is to play the ball forward towards the opponent’s goal area to
create a scoring opportunity.
Chest Trap It is designed to slow the ball and guide the ball down the body to a controlled stop at
the foot. Stopping the ball by the chest.
Chip High trajectory shot, hit with the intention of the ball going over the goalkeeper and
into the goal.
Cross A pass played across the face of a goal.

Defender A player whose job is to stop the opposition attacking players from goal scoring.

Dropped ball A dropped ball is a method of restarting play. It is used when play has been stopped
due to reasons other than normal gameplay, fouls, or misconduct.
Extra time An extra time of 30 minutes, divided into two halves of 15 minutes each is given to the
teams who could not score or if the score is draw in the normal duration of the match.

Goal line technology It is the use of electronic aid to determine if a gaol has been scored or not.
(GLT)
Half Volley A half volley is a strike made the moment the ball touches the ground or immediately
after.
Lob Kick or hit the ball over an opponent in a high arc.
Man to man marking It is a defence in which each player is assigned to defend and follow the movements of
a single player on offence. It more aggressive than zone defence.
Nutmeg A nutmeg is a soccer skill where you pass the ball between an opponent's legs and
retrieve it on the other side.
One on One Situation where the only one player between an attacking player and the goal is the
opponent’s goalkeeper.
Overlap A tactic used to move defenders and midfielders into attacking positions.
Quarter circle An arc with a radius of 1 yard located at each of the 4 corners of the soccer field.
Sliding tackle It is a tackle in which a player attempts to take the ball away from an opposing player
by deliberately leaving his feet and sliding along the ground with one leg extended to
push the ball away from the opposing player.
Step Over Skill move performed by an attacking player in which the player with the ball will
move their foot over the ball without making contact with it.
Technical area It is an area in which manager, coach, substitute and other team personnel occupy
during a match. It includes the dugout bench, and marked zone adjacent to touch line.
It is 1 metre away extending towards the touch line.
Through pass It occurs when a player sends the ball into the open space behind defenders so that a
teammate.
Volley A volley is a strike made by the player before the ball touches the ground after the
previous player has launched it in the air.

Wall pass A wall pass is a type of pass thar allows a player to surpass a defender by passing the
ball to a teammate and then receiving it back.
Zonal Marking System of marking, in which each player is responsible for an area of the pitch, rather
than an opponent player.
CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)
Situations under which time is lost during the game (2020, 2024)
1. Examination of injury
2. Moving the injured players from the field
3. Substitution of players
4. Arguments with referee
5. VAR Check
6. Disciplinary penalties (yellow and red cards)
7. Time wasted by players (Goal celebration)
8. Damage to the ball
9. Interference of the audience
10. Insufficient light issues

Occasions when the referee blows the whistle during the game (2020)
1. During kick off at the start of the match
2. During beginning of the second half of the match
3. During extra time first and second halves
4. During penalty kick
5. During corner kick
6. During direct and indirect free kick
7. When a gaol is scored
8. When the ball goes outside goal line and side line.

Importance of Technical area (2016)

1. To provide free area to coach, manager for giving coaching to team during progress of match.
2. To restrain the coach, manager and substitute in a specified area and not near the playfield.

Ball replacement procedure

Procedure may be adopted if the ball is damaged or becomes defective during the course of play, the match is stopped.
The match is restarted by dropping the replacement at the place where the original ball became defective. Inside the
goal area, in this case referee drops the replacement ball on the goal area at the nearest point where the original ball was
located when play was stopped.

CHARU GUPTA (P.E.T)