Relations in Discrete Math Tutorial
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ibrahemashhabRelations in Discrete Math Tutorial
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Powered by AIThe relation R = {(x, y) | xy = 0} is symmetric because if xy = 0, then yx = 0, so (y, x) is also in R for any (x, y). However, the relation is not transitive because if (a, b) and (b, c) are in R, meaning ab = 0 and bc = 0, it does not necessarily follow that ac = 0, since b could be zero, making the relation fail to be transitive in general .
The less than relation R = {(x, y) | x < y} on real numbers is irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. It's irreflexive because no real number x satisfies x < x. It's antisymmetric because if (x, y) is in R, then (y, x) cannot be, unless x = y, which is not possible under this relation. It is transitive because if x < y and y < z, then x < z, satisfying the transitive property .
The relation R = {(x, y) | x = ±y} is reflexive because for any real number a, a = a, satisfying x = ±x. It is transitive because if x = ±b and b = ±c, then x = ±(±c) = ±c, which makes the pair (x, c) valid under the relation definition. Overall, this relation is reflexive and transitive as it meets both conditions for any real numbers involved .
The relation R = {(a, b) | a < b} is antisymmetric. By definition, a relation is antisymmetric if (a, b) and (b, a) being both in the relation implies that a = b. However, for this relation, both (a, b) and (b, a) cannot coexist unless a = b, but since a < b, a cannot be equal to b, fulfilling the antisymmetry property naturally .
The composition of relations S ⇒R involves finding pairs (a, c) where there exists a b such that (a, b) is in R and (b, c) is in S. For this scenario, the pairs formed are: (1, 1) via paths (1, 2)→(2, 1) and (1, 3)→(3, 1), (1, 2) via (1, 3)→(3, 2), (2, 1) via (2, 3)→(3, 1), and (2, 2) via (2, 4)→(4, 2). Thus, the composition S ⇒R is {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)} .
The relation R = {(a, b) | a divides b} is reflexive because every number divides itself, so pairs like (1, 1), (2, 2), and (3, 3) exist. However, it is not symmetric; if a divides b, it doesn't necessarily mean b divides a unless a = b, thus lacking symmetry, though adequately reflexive .
R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} is neither reflexive, symmetric, nor fully transitive, but it is antisymmetric as no inverse pairs exist unless equal. In contrast, R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} is reflexive, symmetric, antisymmetric, and transitive, since it contains all identity pairs and these suffice for both symmetry and transitivity for the set considered .
This relation is reflexive because any integer x is either negative or nonnegative, so (x, x) satisfies the relation. It is transitive because if (x, y) and (y, z) are both in R, implying x and y and y and z are both either negative or nonnegative, x and z will also share the same sign property, hence (x, z) is in R. These ensure reflexivity and transitivity for the set of integers .
The relation R = {(a, b) | a = 2b} is not symmetric. For symmetry, if (a, b) is in R, then (b, a) must also be in R. If a = 2b, then b = a/2 is not equal to a = 2b unless a = b = 0. Therefore, (b, a) is not generally present, indicating the lack of symmetry .
The relation R = {(a, b) | a + b = 4} is not reflexive because not all elements in A satisfy the equation a + a = 4. It is neither symmetric nor antisymmetric because if (a, b) is in R, (b, a) is not necessarily in R, and (b, a) does not automatically imply a = b due to different combinations satisfying the sum equals 4 condition. The relation is not transitive because if (a, b) and (b, c) are both in R, it does not necessarily follow that (a, c) is in R as they're both tied to specific combinations of elements that sum to 4 .