û

vuks[kh vklhl

rOgka dMfga iafgatfu ekbVfu lka xM˜ dafga lRlax esa ;k eanj&[Link] esa fo;k gwna kA mrs rOgka
iafgats xq:v tk çopu fc c˜/k gwna kA vlka tMfga xq:v ts nj rs osna k vkfg;wa r xq:v ts vfx;ka
vnc lka gFk tksM]s+ flj >qdk,] ueLdkj dank vkfg;wa ,sa xq:tfu vlka [ks vklhl (vk'khokZn)
Mhank vkfgfuA rOgka [ks fc dMfga xq:v [kka vklhl r feyh gwna hA vt˜ vlka fgd ^vuks[kh
vklhl* ts ckjs esa i<+na klhaA

fl[k.k tk urhtk
fgu lcd+ [ks i<+.k [kka iksb 'kkfxnZ&
O iafgats ekgksy esa ekStnw [Link] dFkkmfu] yksd dFkkmfu ,sa yksd xhrfu ts ckjs esa [Link]
ppkZ dfu Fkk_
O ljljh rkSj rs dafga ikB~;oLrwv [ks i<+h djs] muts fo"k;oLrwv tks vuqeku yxkbZfu Fkk_
O dafga fc ikB~;oLrwv th ckjhdhv lka tkp dans mu [+kkfl fcanv
w [ks xksYghfu Fkk] vuqeku
yxkbZfu Fkk] urhtks d<fu FkkA

1.1 cqfu;knh lco+Q˜

xq: ukud nso egkjkt ckys ,sas enkZus lka jVu dank vph fgfdM+s xksB esa igqrkA xksB oklh
xq: ukud nso [ks vksfprks vk;y fMlh Mk<ks [+kfq 'k fFk;kA vkfgLrs vkfgLrs lts xksBs tk jgoklh

vkschbZ & Lrj x | d{kk&6 1 1

xq: ukud nso tks n'kZu djs ckx+
cgkj fFk;kA mUgfu xq: ukud tks
Lokxr d;ksA lanfu [Link] esa ds
HksVkÅa jf[k;wAa xq: ukud nso xksB
okfl;qfu th J¼k ,sa çse fMlh
Mk<ks [+kf˜ 'k fFk;kA xq: ukud nso
tfu vklhl dans p;ks r 'ky
fgu xks B tk jgoklh
fVM+h&if[kfM+th o×kksA bgks c˜/h
enkZuks vtc esa ibth fo;ksA
xq: ukud nso xksB okfl;qfu [kka eksfdyk, ojh jVu rs fufdrkA gw iSny ;k=kk dans fgd fc,
xksB esa vph igqrkA mu xksB ts jgokfl;qfu eka ?[Link] HkkÄs ukfLrd gqvkA mUgfu xq: ukud nso tfu
tks dks fc vknj lRdkj dksu d;ks] lanfu eu esa J¼k Hkkouk dku gqbAZ xq: ukud nso tfu mUgfu
tks bgks ofgaokj fMlh eqf'kdank jfg;k ,sa p;kÅa r fgu xksB tk jgoklh brs bZ #rk&[kqrk fi;k gqtfuA
xq: ukud nso tfu bgks pbZ xksB eka jokuk fFk;kA ckys ,sa enkZus xq: ukud nso [kka iqfN;ks r tafga
xksB ts jgokfl;qfu vOgka tks lRdkj d;ks] rOgka mUgfu [ks fVM+h&if[kfM+th o×k.k th vklhl dbZA
ftfu xksB okfl;qfu rOgka tks fujknj d;ks] mUgfu [ks p;ks r fgu xksB esa #rk&[kqrk jgksA xq: ukud
nso tfu [ksfu leq>kb±ns p;ks r ifgfj,a xksB okjk çse ,sa J¼k okjk gqvkA ftrs fc osna k] mrs mgks
ok;qeMa y iSnk dank ij fc, xksB okjfu esa çse ,sa J¼k dku gqb]Z gw fc, xksB esa osna k r fui+Qkd+ ,sa
uklkt+hv tk fct iks[khankA bu djs fgu fdLe tk [Link] iafgats bZ xksB esa jfg;k fi;k gqtfu ,sa [+kf˜ 'k
gqtfuA

1.2 vpks r leq>aw

fgu lcd+ esa bgks leq>k;ks fo;ks vkgs r tfgM+hv rjg xqy efgdanks vkgs] f[kyanks vkgs r
gw iafgats efgd.k th [+k'˜ kcwb pbuh rji+Q iQfgykb±nks vkgs_ mgks muts lqHkko esa gwna ks vkgsA vfgM+hv
rjg ftfu [Link] esa J¼k] çse ,sa lRdkj th Hkkouk gwna h r gw iafgatfu [Link] [ks ftrs fc osna k]
mrs iQfgykb±nk ,sa ftfu [Link] esa bgs xq.k u gwna k r mgs iafgatfu [Link] [ks bZ iQfgykb±nkA
vklhl ts vlj lka balku iafgats Åpk;qfu rs Fkks igqps ,sa gw vk'kkoknh Fkks [Link] iosA
2 fla/h | vuks[kh vklhl
2
 xq: ukud v×kk ck# gks] lanfl ltks è;ku larfu egkRekmfu ,sa :gkfu;r esa gwna ks gksA tqoku
fFk;ks r lanfl firk [ksfl 20 #i;k fMuk r o×kh okikj dfjA fgu mUgfu ohgfu #i;fu eka
lh/ks lkeku oBh] larfu egkRekmfu ,sa njos'kfu [ks [kkjk, NfM;ksA bgks fMlh lanfl firk ukjkt+
fFk;ksA ojh xq: ukud ts [kksfy;y nqdku esa eky th tkp djk;kÅa r mgks eky vxs [kka fc
of/;y ut+j vk;ksA bgk vkgs lph dekbZA 500 lkyfu [kka iksb vt˜ fc xq: ukud tk HkaMkj
Hkfj;y vkfgfuA u fli+QZ fganLq rku es]a ij nqfu;k th dfgM+h fc dqMa es]a dafga fc xq:}kjs esa of×kcks
r mrs xq: ukud lkfgc tks yaxj pkyw gwna ks vkgsA bgk vkgs lph dekbZA
^vuks[kh vklhl* lcd+ esa rOgka fMBks r xq: ukud dhva tqnk tqnk xksBfu esa [Link] ts
ofgaokj ewftcq bZ vklhl fMuhA tafga xksB esa çse] J¼k ,sa lRdkj okjk [Link] gqvk] xq: ukud [ksfu
vklhl fMuh r lHkq fVM+h if[kM+h o×kks] thva gw lqBk xq.k iQfgykbZfu ,sa tafga xksB ts [Link] esa
voxq.k gqvk] mUgfu ykb xq: ukud vklhl fMuh r lHkq fgd gaf/ bZ tqfM+;k jgfuA fgu lcd+
tks eq[; ed+ln vkgs r vlka gj gaf/ çse] R;kx] lgdkj] lRdkj tfgM+k xq.k viuk;wa ,sa bgs
laLdkj pkS/kjh iQfgyk;wAa thva fgu /jrhv rka f/dkj] ui+Qjr] fgalk] vlgdkj tfgM+k voxq.k ukl
Fkh o×kfuA

lco+Q ckcr lqoky 1.1

1- lgh tokc pwMa s czd
s Vs esa fy[kks %
(i) xq: ukud nso jVu dank gqvk %
(v) jke lka (c) ckys ,sa enkZus lka
(l) lq/kes lka (n) Ñ".k lka ( )

(ii) vklhl yÝ+t+ th ekuk vkgs %

(v) fiV (c) ikjkrks
(l) cfn nqvk (n) nqvk ( )

vkschbZ & Lrj x | d{kk&6 3 3

2- lgh yÝ+t+ pwMa s [+kky Hkfj;ks %
(HksVkÅa] [+kf˜ 'k] J¼k & çse] vknj lRdkj] ukfLrd)

(i) xksB oklh xq: ukud nso [ks vksfprks vk;y fMlh Mk<ks -------------------- fFk;kA

(ii) xksB okfl;qfu th --------------------- ,sa ---------------------- fMlh Mk<ks [+kf˜ 'k fFk;kA

(iii) xq: ukud nso ts [Link] esa xksB okfl;qfu ds -------------------------- jf[k;wAa

(iv) fc, xksB tk jgoklh ?[Link] HkkÄs ---------------------- gqvkA

(v) fc, xksB ts jgokfl;qfu xq: ukud nso tks dks fc -------------------- dksu d;ksA

ef'kx+f™ y;wa 1.1

(1) rOgka iafgat
a s iafgats xq:v th efgek ckcr Fkksjs esa fy[kksA
(2) xq: ukud nso egkjkt ts thou ckcr fc;ks dks fd+lks fy[kksA

Hkk"kk tks bLrsekyq

chgd twa fu'kkfu;wa
gj cksyhv esa chgd taw fu'kkfu;wa ekStnw gwfa n;wa vkfgfuA bUgfu fu'kkfu;qfu tks yÝ+tf+ u ts
'kq:vkfr] yÝ+tf+ u [kka iksb ,sa tqfeys ts vkf[+kj esa bLrseky Fkhanks vkgsA bUgfu fu'kkfu;qfu ts djs
tqfeys tks eryc lgh uewus leq>h lf?kts FkksA
1- Fkksjks neq (]) Comma
tqfeys ts fop es]a ftrs Fkksjks vkjke ;k lqduw fM;.kks gqt]s mrs bgk fu'kkuh bLrseky dch
vkgsA

4 fla/h | vuks[kh vklhl

4
felky %
x+yr& jkts'k bErgku ikl d;ks [ksfl ukSfdjh fc feyhA
lgh& jkts'k bErgku ikl d;ks] [ksfl ukSfdjh fc feyhA
2- v/q neq (_) Semi Colon
fcfu tqfeyfu ts fop esa tMfga o/hd i+Qkflyks jf[[Link] gqt]s mu ofD+r ^v/q neq* fu'kkuh
dfe [Link] vkgsA
felky %
x+yr& dsd reke yt+ht+ gqvk mgs Mk<k ujeq ,sa feBk gqvkA
lgh& dsd reke yt+ht+ gqvk_ mgs Mk<k ujeq ,sa feBk gqvkA
3- neq (%) Colon
fgd tqfeys [kka iksb tMfga fc;ks tqfeyks ;k fc;k yÝ+t+ o/hd vfljkbrs uewus isf'k [Link]
gqtfu] mu ofD+r tqfeyfu ;k yÝ+tf+ u [ks vyx dj.k ykb ^neq* fu'kkuhv tks bLrseky Fkhanks vkgsA
felky %
x+yr& ^jkek;.k* xzFa k tk fglk cky dkaM] lqna j dkaM] v;ksè;k dkaM] vj.; dkaM ox+jS gA
lgh& ^jkek;.k* xzFa k tk fglk % cky dkaM] lqna j dkaM] v;ksè;k dkaM] vj.; dkaM ox+jS gA
4- iwjks neq (-) Full Stop
tqfeyks iwjks fFk;.k rs bgk fu'kkuh dfe [Link] vkgsA
felky %
x+yr& jke fØdsV jkafn danks vkgs
lgh& jke fØdsV jkafn danks vkgsA
5- lqoky th fu'kkuh (\) Question Mark
tMfga dks tqfeyks lqoky ts :i esa gqt]s mu ofD+r tqfeys ts vkf[+kj esa bgk fu'kkuh dfe
[Link] vkgsA
vkschbZ & Lrj x | d{kk&6 5 5
felky %
x+yr& Hkkjr th jkt/kuh dfgM+h vkgs
lgh& Hkkjr th jkt/kuh dfgM+h vkgs\
6- vtch (funkbZ) fu'kkuh (!) Exclamation Mark
tMfga dafga yÝ+t+ @ tqfeys eka o/hd mRlkgq] [+k'˜ kh] x+eq t+kfgj fFk,] mu yÝ+t+ @ tqfeys
iqfB;ka vtc th fu'kkuh dfe [Link] vkgsA
felky %
x+yr& okg rks r deky djs Ms[kkfj;ksA
lgh& okg! rks r deky djs Ms[kkfj;ksA
7- okd twa fu'kkfu;wa (^^ **) Inverted Commas
tMfga dks igkdks ;k dafga 'kbj th flV ;k dafga 'k[+l ts p;y yÝ+t+ ;k c;ku [ks
vfljkbrks [Link] gwna ks vkgs] mu ofD+r bgs fu'kkfu;wa dfe [Link];wa vkfgfuA
felky %
x+yr& vks gj.k vks gj.k ew[a ks ls[kkfj
lgh& ^^vks gj.k] vks gj.k] ew[a ks ls[kkfjA**

rOgha Nk flf[k;k
O xq:v ikjka fefy;y vklhl balku ts thou [ks Bkfg.k tks deq djs FkhA
O çse] J¼k] lRdkj th Hkkouk j[kanM+ balku lnkb± [+kf˜ 'k jgfu FkkA
O lqBfu [Link] tks gj gaf/ iQfgykm fFk;.kq ?kqfjtsA
O larfu] egkRekmfu ,sa egkiq#"kfu tks J¼k lka lRdkj fFk;.kq ?kqfjtsA
O cqfj;qfu vknrqfu [ks cat
˜ ks fM;.kq t+:jh vkgsA

6 fla/h | vuks[kh vklhl

6
 o/hd tk.k
xq#fu th vklhl ,sa Ñik lka balku ts thou esa iQsjks vps FkksA balku [ks iafgatk voxq.k
R;kxs] ln~x.q kfu [ks [Link] ?kqfjtsA fla/h lekt esa Lokeh VsÅja ke] lk/w Vh- ,y- [Link]]
lar daojjke] lkb± ol.k 'kkg ,sa ork;ks i+Qdhj reke Åps ntsZ tk njos'k Fkh xqft+fj;k vkfgfuA
mUgfu th thouh ,sa opu i<+.k ,asa c˜/.k lka u fli+QZ lqBk laLdkj iSnk fFk;fu Fkk] cfYd balku
tks thou laokfjth o×ks FkksA

lco+Q ts vkf[+kj tk lqoky

1- ^vuks[kh vklhl* esa dafga ts thou th ?kVuk tks [Link] vkgs\

2- xq: ukud nso dafga lka xM˜ jVu dank fgd xksB esa igqrk\

3- ftfu xksB ts jgokfl;qfu xq: ukud nso tks vknj lRdkj d;ks] mUgfu [ks xq: ukud nso
dfgM+h vklhl fMuh\

4- fgd xksB eka eksfdyk, fc, xksB esa xq: ukud dfgM+hv rjg ;k=kk dbZ\

5- fc, xksB tk jgoklh ?[Link] HkkÄs dfgM+s fd+Le tk gqvk\

6- x+yr ofgaokj danM+ 'k[+lfu ykb xq: ukud nso dfgM+h vklhl dbZ\

7- fc, xksB ts jgokfl;qfu [ks fefy;y xq: ukud nso th vklhl tks [Link] dfj;ksA

8- xq: ukud nso ckys ,sa enkZus [ks fMuy vklhl tks dfgM+ks eryc leq>k;ks\

9- ^vuks[kh vklhl* lcd+ tks iafgat

a fu yÝ+tf+ u esa [Link] dfj;ksA

vkschbZ & Lrj x | d{kk&6 7 7

 lco+Q ckcr lqokyfu tk tokc
1- (i) (c)
(ii) (n)
2- lgh yÝ+t+ pwMa s [+kky %
(i) [+kf˜ 'k
(ii) J¼k ,sa çse
(iii) HksVkÅa
(iv) ukfLrd
(v) vknj lRdkj

uoka yÝ+t+
O jVu = lS#
O Lokxr = vknj Hkkm @ lRdkj
O ofgaokj = gyfr pyfr
O fujknj = vieku
O ckx+ cgkj fFk;.kq = [+kf˜ 'k fFk;.kq
O ukfLrd = Hkxoku [ks u e×khanM+˜
O #rk [kqrk = lnkb± mrs [Link]
O uklkt+h = [Link]

8 fla/h | vuks[kh vklhl

8