ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux is a measure of magnetic field lines through an area.
dA
θ : Angle between dA and B
Magnetic flux for Uniform Magnetic Field
Example Calculate magnetic flux through the given square plate.
Solution
30°
𝐀 𝟐𝐦
𝟐𝐦
Ans. (i) 0, (ii) 4B, (iii) 2 3B
Example Calculate magnetic flux through given area
a
Solution s r
B
b
p q
L
Note
ϕ = B(A)
A is the area of that part of the loop where the magnetic field is present
Ans. = –Bab
Example A uniform magnetic field in given region is (2iƸ + 3jƸ − 4k)
T and a square
frame of side 2 m is placed in the x-y plane as shown in the figure. The flux
through coil is (Consider A along -z axis)
x 2m
(A) 16 T-m 2
(B) 20 T-m 2
(C) 4 T-m2 (D) 10 T-m2
2m
Solution
y
Ans. (A)
Example Find magnetic flux through the given square loop is
µ0 Ib b µ0 Ib a+b
(A) ln (B) ln
2π a 2π a
µ0 I b µ0 I a+b
(C) ln (D) ln
2π a 2π a
Solution
I
dx
Ans. (B)
Calculation of change in flux
Note
For open loop, any one of the two normal can be taken as direction of area
vector but throughout the question, convention taken should not be changed.
Example Find the change in flux through the ring of area A, if it is rotated by 180° in
uniform magnetic field (B) as shown:
(A) Zero
(B) BA
(C) 2BA
(D) Data insufficient
Solution
Ans. (C)
Experiment
Bar magnet is moving towards a coil
Experiment
Bar magnet is stationary
Experiment
Bar magnet is moving away from the coil
Experiment
Experiment
Current in the conductor
is induced due to
Faraday’s observation
Galvanometer shows deflection only when the magnet is in motion and not
when it is stationary.
Amount of deflection depends on the speed of the magnet.
Current is induced when the area of the coil (in magnetic field) changes.
Current is induced when the orientation of the coil (in magnetic field) changes.
Faraday’s Law of Induction
When magnetic flux linked with a coil changes with time then EMF is
induced.
Magnitude of induced EMF in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of
magnetic flux through the circuit.
dϕ
|∈|= ∈ ∶ Induced EMF
dt
Lenz Law
The polarity of induced EMF is such that it tends to produce a current
which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
dϕ
∈= −
dt
Example Find direction of induced current in coils
𝐁 𝐁
1 2
3 4
𝐁 𝐁
Example Find direction of induced current in coils
𝐁 𝐁
1 2
3 4
𝐁 𝐁
Ans. (1) Anticlockwise, (2) Clockwise, (3) Clockwise, (4) Anticlockwise
Example Find direction of induced current in coils
1 2
3 4
Example Find direction of induced current in coils
1 2
3 4
Ans. (1) Anticlockwise, (2) Clockwise, (3) Clockwise, (4) Anticlockwise
Direction of current in circular loop
Law of conservation of energy
Proof
Law of conservation of energy
Proof
Example A loop is moving with constant velocity. Find the direction of induced current in
given situation.
Solution
Example A loop is moving with constant velocity. Find the direction of induced current in
given situation.
Solution
v v v
A B C
Example Find direction of induced current in loop A and loop B, if magnetic field is
decreasing with time.
Solution
Loop A
Loop B
Ans. Clockwise
Example Find direction of induced current in loop A and loop B, if magnetic field is
increasing with time.
Solution
Loop A
Loop B
Ans. Clockwise and Anticlockwise
Example Find direction of induced current in the coil.
electron beam electron beam electron beam
(increasing speed) (decreasing speed) (constant speed)
Example Find direction of induced current in the coil.
Solution
electron beam
(constant speed)
Ans. i = 0
Example Find direction of induced current in the coil.
Solution
electron beam
(increasing speed)
Ans. Anticlockwise
Example Find direction of induced current in the coil.
Solution
electron beam
(decreasing speed)
Ans. Clockwise
Example Find direction of induced current in the coil.
Solution
single positive charge
(constant speed)
Example Find direction of induced current in the coil.
Solution
Position 1 Single positive charge Position 2
(constant speed)
Ans. CW, ACW
Example If current in the wire is increased, find direction of induced current in the loop.
Solution
Ans. Anticlockwise
Example If current in the wire is increased, find direction of induced current in the loop.
Solution
Ans. i = 0
Example Consider the situation as shown in figure. If the current, I in the long straight
wire XY is increased at a steady rate then the induced emf’s in loops A and B
will be
(A) Clockwise in A, Anticlockwise in B
(B) Anticlockwise in A, Clockwise in B
(C) Clockwise in both A and B
(D) Anticlockwise in both A and B
Solution
A B
Ans. (A)
Solution
Example Magnet is released from rest on axis of a fixed conducting ring as shown.
Find in which case acceleration of magnet is less than g.
1 2
3 4
Example Magnet is released from rest on axis of a fixed conducting ring as shown.
Find in which case acceleration of magnet is less than g.
1 2
3 4
Ans. Case 2, Case 4
Example A conducting loop of area 4 m2 and resistance is 5 is kept in uniform
magnetic field which varies with time B = 10t T.
Find
(a) EMF induced in the loop at t = 2 sec
(b) Current in loop at t = 2 sec
Solution
Ans. (a) e = 40 volts, (b) i = 8A (clockwise)
Example A conducting loop is placed in uniform transverse magnetic field B = 2 T and
radius of loop is increases at the rate of 2 m/s. Find magnitude of induced EMF
when radius is 2 cm.
Solution
Ans. e = 0.16π volts
Example A ring (area ‘A’) is rotated about its vertical diameter with constant angular
speed rad/sec in uniform magnetic field as shown in figure.
Find :
(a) Induced EMF in the ring.
(b) Induced current if resistance of ring is 'R'.
Solution