TUTORIAL 1: ROOTS OF EQUATIONS
a. Bisection Method
Grp 2 l 4
✓2. For an initial guess of 0.5 and 1, find the root for sin (x) = x , with x in units of radian, using the
3
Bisection method, iterate until a < 5%.
Answer: a) xr = 0.9063, a = 3.44%
3. Solve for a root of ln(x 4) = 0.7 using the Bisection method. Use initial guesses of 0.5 and 2. Perform
✓
THREE iterations only and compare the final error of approximation.
Answer: Bisection => xr = 1.0625, a = 17.65%
⑧
Grp I
4. When water flows steadily past a porous flat plate, the variation of velocity (u) with the distance y at
section AB is given by:
𝑢 𝑦 𝑦
1.5
= 3( ) − 2( )
𝑢ᵗ 𝛿 𝛿
𝑦 𝑢
Find the value of at which attains a value of 0.5. Use the Bisection method with the lower value of
𝛿 𝑢ᵗ
1.0 and an upper value of 2.0. Do 4 iterations
𝑦
Answer: = 1.8125, a = 3.45%
𝛿
5. When trying to find the acidity of a solution of magnesium hydroxide in hydrochloric acid, we obtain
the following equation
S = x3 + 3.5 x2 – 40
where x is the hydronium ion concentration and S is the level of acidity.
i) Show whether a root exist within the range of:
a. x = 3 to 4
b. x = 2 to 2.8
ii) Find the hydronium ion concentration for a solution which has a level of acidity of
S = -e-x,
using Bisection method accurate within an error of 1.5%. The lower estimated root is 2 and the
upper estimated root is 3.
Answer: xr = 2.5938, a = 1.21%
1
Change usear
ffn)= sin (a) -
a
}
ans > 0 → al
ans
< 0 → Nu
flat)×f( [Link])
i al my ar Ea flat flab cont .
1.0 0.75 N /A 3544 -0.2597
I 0.5 -
O -
So
2 0.75 1.0 0.875 14.2857%-02598 -0-0976 > 0
3 0-875 1.0 0.9375 6.6667% -0.0976 0.0179 < 0
40.875 0.9375 0.9063 3.4426% .
-
_
_
5
> 0 ,
Nu Stays
In (at) -0.7
-
< [Link] Stays .
f( a) = in ( at) -
O -
7) Nl = 0.5
,
Nu = 2.0
j Nl Au Nr Ea fal far fond
0.5 2.0 1.25 +11A -3.4726 0.1926 to
I
2 0.5 1.25 0-875 42.8571% -3.4726 -
I -2341 70
3 0.875 I -25 I -0625 17.6471%
mon
-
__
% .
5
,
e
→ = =
=
0.5
car
" 1 11 I
:÷f÷÷÷¥÷*:÷:÷÷:÷-_
[Link]#:t:::-:I::::::-:::-:
1 11 I
It = 0 - 5
"
¥-3 ( J ) -
2
( Ig ) -
0.5
5 0.5
(a) 2L 2)
'
f- (a)
'
3
-
-
=
e
4 →
^
Nst 3.522-40
-
e = -
set 3.522+5^+40=0
/ 42 / [Link] / / /
at the Nr Ea flat) f- ( ar) [Link]
2 3 2.5 N/A -17.8647 -2.4179 > 0
2- 5 3 -75 9.0909%-2-417973296 < ° " 't "
,
a. ,
, <
a. a. , a.
[Link]
2.5 2.625 2.5625 2.4390%-2.4179 -
O -
1141 70, Upd
set
2.5625 2.625 2.5938 1.2067% - -
-
teal =
1.2067%
Nv = 2.5938
B. Newton Raphson
Grp I
1. Given 𝑖(𝑡) = 1.5𝑒 −0.5𝑡 − 0.3𝑡, find the t when 𝑖(𝑡) = 2 using Newton Raphson method. Given
initial values 𝑡0 = 0. Solve until the approximate percent relative error, |ℇa| < 5%.
Answer: a) 𝒕 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟏,| a|= 0.0683%
0
3 2
2. Find the root of an equation of 0.95𝑥 − 5.9𝑥 + 10.9𝑥 − 6 using THREE iterations of
Newton Raphson method with initial guess of 3.5. Calculate the approximate percent
relative error at each iteration.
Answer: a) 𝒙 = 3.3446,| a|= 0.015%
0 3. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 11.7𝑥 2 + 17.7𝑥 − 5. Use THREE ITERATIONS of Newton Raphson
Method to calculate the value of 𝑓(𝑥) at the maximum point of the function.
It is known that the maximum point of the function occurs near 𝑥 = 0.8.
Answer: at maximum point, 𝒙 = 1.0267, f(x) = 3.0040
Find the root of 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 1.8𝑥 when 𝑥 = −2.5 with an initial guess of 5 using Newton
✓
4.
Raphson method. Perform the computation until |a | < 5%.
Answer: b) x = 2.7211, |𝐚|= 2.95%
✓
5. Mr. Momo, a mechanical engineer, has just finished designing a new toy airplane and found
that the force F acting on the plane varies with the velocity of the airplane, v. Mr. Momo
found that the relationship between F and v is very simple, given by:
𝐹 = 𝑣 3 − 23𝑣 2 + 156𝑣 − 288
Use three iterations of the Newton-Raphson method with initial guess of 0 to help Mr. Momo
determine the maximum force* that will be experienced by the toy airplane.
*Hint: The maximum and minimum values of a function of single variable x, say y(x), are
𝑑𝑦
achieved when the value of 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Answer: v = 5.0450, Fmax = 42.0289
✓
6. Lightning protection for buildings is a very crucial aspect of electrical safety. The protective
angle method is one of the three routes for lightning protection system design as defined by
the international standard IEC 62305. Figure 1 illustrates a simplified model of the method,
showing the protective angle, 𝑎, the height of the air termination rod, ℎ, and its radius of
lightning protected area, 𝑟.
2
I.
f( a) =i([Link]
- °
-5+-0.3+-2 ilt ) -
_
2
f) a)
" ˢᵗ
= -0.75 e- -
o .
}
t it
flai ) f- ( ai) / Eat
'
Mi
0
N/A
I -0.4762 0.0461 -
1.2516 100%
2 -0.4394 0.0004 -
1.2343 8.3751%
3 -0.4391
✓
/ -
/ -
/ 0.06831
HI,=ai
-
¥aij
f(a) =
0.9523-5.922+10.92 -6 Nt :3 -5
2.85Mt
f'(a) = -
11.8kt 10.9
" 11-8
f- (a) = 5.7-a
-
'
i ai finis f%ai ) I Eat
0 3.5 4.5125 8.15 NIA
I 2.9463 0 -8736 4.9939 63.1991%
3
-
f- (a)
'
= 3×2 _
11.7N 1-17.7=0
f- ( ni) lEaI%
"
ai Hai )
0 0 17-7 -
It -7 NIA
I 1.5128 6.8659 -
2- 6232
2 4.
3
0
f- (a) =
(-221-1.82+2.5) ✗
1-
f- (a) = N2 - I -8N - 2.5
Ni fcni) f. ( ni) tea / %
0 5 13-5 8.2 NIA
I 3.3537 2.7106 4.9074 49.0891%
2.2.8014 0.3053 3.8028 19.7151%
3.2.7211 -
-
2.9510%
ftv)=3v2 _
HGV +156--0
f- A)
"
=
v fil f "Cr) / Eat -1
0 0 156 46 N/A
'
I 3.3913 34.5029 -
25.6522 -
<
2 5-4278 17.5822
4.7363 - -
3 5- 0450
-
-
-
Fmaa= v3 - 23v2tl56✓ -288 v=s -0450
=
(5.045033-236.0450)--1-156 (5-0450) -288
42.0289N
#
=
Protective angle, 𝑎
Height of air
termination rod, ℎ
Air termination rod
Radius of lightning
protected area, 𝑟
Figure 1: Protection angle of an air termination rod
The following equation of protective angle, 𝑎 (in degree) as a function of air termination rod
height, ℎ (in metre) is derived from the IEC 62305 guideline,
𝑎 = 79.518𝑒 −0.059ℎ
Using the above equation, estimate the required height of the air termination rod in order to
provide a protective angle of 56 degrees. Perform THREE iterations of the Newton Raphson
method for your estimation calculations. Begin your calculation using ℎ0 = 3 metres. Calculate
the true percent relative error, |𝜀𝑡 | for your final estimated value if the true height is known
to be 6 metres.
Answer: h = 5.9429, |𝜺𝒕 | =0.9517%
ho -3m
-
LETI =
?
hi __
Ni
9--560
0.059h
4--79.518 e-