UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

College of business and economics

Department of accounting and finance
Course Title: project analysis and evaluation

Assignment on; Project proposal development

TITLE

Improving solid waste management in Gondar town through community education

Group members
NAME [Link]

1. ENDALKACHEW KASSA------------------------------------------------------3169/06

2. EMEBET YESHIGETA-----------------------------------------------------------3164/06

3. AHADU HUSSEN-----------------------------------------------------------------3009/06

4. HENOK MOGES-------------------------------------------------------------------3265/06

SUBMITTED TO INS.

SUMITTION DATE; 19/9/2008

GONDAR ETHIOPIA 2008E.C

Table of content

Contents
Table of content...........................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEGEMENT.............................................................................................................................iii
Map of project area.....................................................................................................................................iv
Acronyms....................................................................................................................................................v
Part -II- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................1
Part -III-Background...................................................................................................................................4
Part- IV- Analysis........................................................................................................................................6
Situation analysis.....................................................................................................................................8
PROBLEM TREE...................................................................................................................................9
4.3OBJECTIVE TREE..........................................................................................................................10
4.4 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS........................................................................................................11
Part-v-Project design.................................................................................................................................12
Log frame..............................................................................................................................................12
Part VI- IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM..................................17
Project implementation plan & Work break down structure..................................................................17
Logical sequence of activity..................................................................................................................17
Cost control table...................................................................................................................................18
Part- VIII -Detail of project budgeting......................................................................................................19
(Phase one)............................................................................................................................................19
(PHASE 2).............................................................................................................................................20
References.................................................................................................................................................21
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

First, we would like to thank our beloved God, who gives us the strength and courage to

complete this project on schedule. And secondly to our dear and kind instructor who

gave us the necessary material and valuable project sample to make our project a reality. We also

like to thanks our entire group member to their great participation. Lastly, we like to thanks our

other department students who give us direction to do so.

 Map of project area

location in Ethiopia
North Gondar
Gondar town
2
A= 40.27 km (15.55 sq mi)
Pop=315,856 (6,998 ft)
THz = EAT (UTC+3

Coordinates: 12°36′N 37°28′E

Ethiopia

Gondar town Amhara

Location in Ethiopia North Gondar
A= 40.27 km2 (15.55 sq mi)
Pop=315,856 (6,998 ft)
THz = EAT (UTC+3)

Sources of map: [Link]

 Acronyms
SWM - Solid waste management

CBSWM - Community based solid waste management

WHO - World health organization

UN - United Nations

CBO - Community based organization

NGO - Nongovernmental organization

UNCHS - united nation commission on human settlements

UOG - University of Gondar

 Part -II- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NO Major project Description
component

1 Improving solid waste management in Gondar town through

Project title
community education

2 Goal To promote safe and healthy environment

3 To develop awareness among people living in Gondar town about

Purpose solid wastage management through training and education to bring
about persistent change toward the environment

4 - To increase the biodiversity by preventing environment from

dirt.
- To provide the public with balanced and objective information
to assist them to understand the problem alternative
Objective
opportunities and/or solution.
- Encourage or provide waste management practice which
minimize the environmental risk and harm to human health.
- Reduce the amount of wastes that each community generates.

5 - Solid waste management education focusing on community is

developed.
- Communities of Gondar town obtain the capacity for proper
Output
solid waste management through the implementation of project.
- Promoted healthy and safe environment
- Responsible body is influenced

6 Activity - Need assessment

1
 - Conducting stakeholder analysis
- Panel discussion
- Establish solid wastage management committee
- Train the committee member
- Select the area that where the garbage are put
- Train and influence people to dig and put the garbage on the
selected areas and blocks (comers)
- Provide guideline template for the community level solid waste
management practice work
- Aware community through mass media (radio and TV
program)
- Arrange and follow weather it is done well or not

7 Project area/site - North Gondar/Gondar town

8 Project period - The project is phase based where the first (1 st) phase will take
/duration five month and phase two (2) will take one (1) year.

9 Target - All population who live in Gondar town

population/beneficia
ries

10 Current project - New

status

11 Project - University of Gondar (UOG) school of sociology and social

owner/holder work department of social work

12 Project - It will be guided by work breakdown (logical sequence of

2
 implementation and activity, description sheet and project budget breakdown. The
evaluation financial progress of the project will traced through the cost
control table.

13 Project funding - The University of Gondar (UOG) department of social work

organization funded the whole project.

14 The project total - Cost of the first phase of the project is 500,000 Ethiopian birr
cost and the second phase would require about 1000,000 Ethiopian
birr.

15 Assumption and - The community will collaborate with us.

risk - The community will voluntarily participate in protecting
environmental health.
- The government body and municipality will help and support
us.

16 Risk - We may face financial problem and material support.

- Limited awareness of stakeholder
- hesitate community to collaborate with us

3
Part -III-Background
Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally
solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term solid waste as used in this text is all
inclusive, encompassing the heterogeneous mass of throwaways from the urban community as
well as the more homogeneous accumulation of agricultural, industrial, and mineral wastes.
Solid waste management in urban centers of Ethiopia are under the jurisdiction of Municipal
Division of Health, all municipalities (except Addis Ababa) and certified urban centers are
mandated by Proc. No. 206 of 1981 to provide, maintain and supervise environmental health
services along with their other activities in their municipalities and urban centers. Thus, solid
wastes management services, are the responsibilities of these municipalities and urban centers.
Most of them have no institutional set up and resources for discharging their duties effectively.
This is aggravated by the low priority usually accorded solid waste management. Similar to cities
of most developing countries, provision of required services lags behind the need and
development of settlements in urban areas of Ethiopia. Integrated infrastructure and housing
development is not widely practiced. Provision of solid and liquid waste collection and disposal
is low (most urban areas lack the service and awareness). In addition to this, deterioration of the
immediate environment in the households and their surrounding is increasing. With the current
growth rate of urban population in Ethiopia, it is estimated that the population of most urban
areas especially small urban centers is doubling every 15-25 years ( Yami Birke,swm1999,
Ethiopia). As solid waste generation increases with economic development and population
growth, the amount in these urban areas will double within a similar time range. So, it is the cost
for solid waste management. Municipalities in Ethiopia and responsible body have to be
prepared for this challenge. In the city like Gondar the problem of solid waste production
increases with population growth very, weak solid waste management of municipality It can also
be concluded that there is a big gap on the knowledge, attitude and practice of the community on
these institutions on waste collection system and recycling of the institutions is weak, In fact
Unlike other are of the city hospitals and, Dashen Brewery Factory has a good overall
management of the waste. Even though our project intended to promote solid waste management
through community education toward solid waste management, Because of community is the
main and relevant body to solid waste production and also to promote solid waste management.

4
The relation between public health and improper storage, collection, and disposal of solid wastes
is quite clear. Public health authorities have shown that rats, flies, and other disease vectors breed
in open dumps, as well as in poorly constructed or poorly maintained housing, in food storage
facilities, and in many other places where food and harborage are available for rats and the
insects associated with them. Ecological phenomena such as water and air pollution have also
been attributed to improper management of solid wastes. For instance, liquid from dumps and
poorly engineered landfills has contaminated surface waters from waste dumps may contain
toxic elements, such as copper, arsenic, uranium, or it may contaminate water supplies with
unwanted salts of calcium and magnesium. Although nature has the capacity to dilute, disperse,
degrade, absorb, or otherwise reduce the impact of unwanted residues in the atmosphere, in the
waterways, and on the land, ecological imbalances have occurred where the natural assimilative
capacity has been exceeded. Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated
with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and
disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accordance with the best principles of public
health, economics, engineering, conservations , and that is also responsive to public attitudes.
The nature and operation of solid waste management varies significantly from nation to nation.
Distinctions such as these are not limited to the national scale however, and can be seen at the
city and neighborhood level. Regardless of scale, these differences are to some extent
attributable to prevailing socio-economic, financial, legal and political variables at that level.
There is a clear requirement to reconcile the need for more effective waste management with the
constraints that are faced by local municipalities or national governments. The identification of
waste management as integral to sustainable urban development is increasingly recognized by
the international aid and development community. The United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development stressed that solid waste production should be minimized, reuse
and recycling, maximized, environmentally sound waste disposal and treatment promoted and
waste service coverage extended UNCHS Habitat emphasizes environmentally sound and
resource efficient approaches to the problem of growing solid waste quantities, and considers
waste management as a crucial component of human policies and programs. What these
examples illustrate is the rising importance that solid waste management has amongst advocates
of sustainable development

5
 Part- IV- Analysis
In Ethiopia some projects try to influence and change the solid wastage management
behavior of households via education, awareness campaigns, etc. The effectiveness of these
campaigns depends on the influence of the persons who carry out education and on the degree of
social control within a neighborhood. Contributions in cash, kind or labor are more direct
contributions to the operation of solid waste management projects. The maintenance of
established infrastructure and services has evolved as a major problem of development projects.
In the words of a major solid waste expert, (Christine Furedy): "In general, self-help efforts have
been more successful in producing a specific object, such as a school, a latrine system or a solid
waste transfer depot, than in maintaining services in a routine way". A solid waste management
system is in fact a continuous maintenance system. To keep the service running, continuous
participation of the community receiving the service, is required, for example, to store the
garbage in a specific bag or bin, to bring it to an agreed point, to separate it in dry and wet waste
etc. This means that community participation is a rather crucial aspect of solid waste
management, may be even more important than in any other urban service. Only recently the
management of solid waste services by communities themselves received attention. In its scope,
solid waste management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering
functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes. The solutions may involve
complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional
planning, geography, economics, public health sociology, demography, communications, and
conservation, as well as engineering and material science. Many people feel that solid waste
management is a simple affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at a dump. If
this were true, then why do so many towns suffer from uncollected refuse blocking streets and
drains, harboring flies and rats, and degrading urban. Community-based solid waste services can
also be managed by a cooperation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community
based organizations (CBOs). The clearest difference with CBOs is that NGOs usually operate on
a larger geographical scale, at city, regional, national or even international level. NGOs usually
set up community-based solid waste management as a development project and only in operating
and managing these services they work together with CBOs. The role of NGOs is confined to
overall super vision, but very frequently it also includes financial assistance and control, training
and recruitment of management committee members and of operators, and other technical

6
support. CBOs play several roles in operation and management, such as in the cooperation with
governmental institutions. A municipality or solid waste agency can also obstruct community-
based solid waste management in various ways, either directly, by hampering the performance of
community based services, or indirectly, by refusing to provide legal, financial or promotional
support. In this paragraph attention will be paid to this direct obstruction, of which the bad
coordination between primary and secondary collection is one of the most cited examples.
Sometimes municipalities seem to obstruct the operation of community-based services
unwillingly, simply due to a lack of knowledge, for example, when they do not take into account
the effects of changes in the secondary system on community-based primary collection schemes.
One of the most frequently encountered problems in community-based solid waste collection
projects is accumulation at communal collection points, the temporary dumping sites from which
the municipal cleansing department is expected to remove the garbage. The schedules of primary
and secondary collection are often not coordinated; municipal secondary collection is irregular
and insufficient. Examples are Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali and India. In South Africa it was
the private company, contracted by the municipality to bring the waste from transfer sites to the
final disposal site, who performed badly in this respect. This kind of problems is usually caused
by a lack of means, equipment as well as finances. But more structural is the inability or
unwillingness of municipalities to adopt a clear solid waste management policy and a strategy to
integrate community initiatives into the whole solid waste management system. Coordination
problems between secondary and primary collection are part of larger communication difficulties
between communities and municipalities. An ad hoc solution to the problem of bad coordination
is to bring the waste directly to final disposal sites yourself. A more structural approach includes
better communication between communities and municipalities.

7
Situation analysis
Core problem: Improving solid wastage management in Gondar town.

The cause of the problem

- Lack of awareness
- High illiteracy rate
- Primitive way of living
- Low level of voluntaries in training people
- Poor culture of recycling wastage material
- Lack of technological facilities
- Low economic status of the town
- Weak policy implementation on solid waste management
- Lack of emphasis by the responsible bodies and government on the issue.
- No/little garbage everywhere to remove waste materials.
- Lack of governmental budget to put garbage in the area that is needed.

The effect of the problem

 Environmental pollution
 Water and air pollution
 Ozone depletion
 Ultra violet radiation
 Loss of biodiversity
 Climate change
 Harsh weather condition
 Prevalence of disease
 High mortality rate
 Decrease in the number of working labor /skilled man power
 Constrain on the economic growth of the town.

8
 PROBLEM TREE

Decrease in the number Constrain on the economic

of working labor growth of the town

High mortality rate Harash weather

condition
Prevalence of disease

Climatic change Loss of

Water pollution Air pollution biodiversity

Environmental pollution Ultraviolet

Ozone depletion
radiation

Improving Solid wastage

management in Gondar
town through community
education

Lack of awareness Poor culture Weak policy No or little garbage

of recycling implementation everywhere to
waste on solid wastage remove waste
Lack of illiteracy
material management material

Primitive way of living Lack of

Lack of emphasis Lack of
technological
by the responsible governmen
facilities
Low level of voluntaries bodies and tal budget
in training people government on the to put on
Low economic issue area
status of the needed
town

9
4.3OBJECTIVE TREE

Increasing working
labor

Mortality rate
decrease
Having control over unpleasant
Prevalence of climatic condition and maintaining
disease reduced biodiversity

Water pollution Air pollution

Improvement in the reduction
reduced reduced
of waste material that affect
ozone layer

Environmental pollution
reduced

Solid wastage in Gondar

town is reduced

Increase awareness Improve the culture Strong policy

of recycling waste implementation
material

Illiteracy rate
Emphasis on the
reduced Improvement in issue increased
some technological
facilities

Increasing the
number of
voluntary people to
trained

10
4.4 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
Potential project
Stakeholders Interest impact

- Establish cub and program to create

Municipalities +
awareness toward the society

- Accessing health service and train the

Ministry of health (MOH) community +
- Allocate resource

NGOs which is work

related to wastage - Fund raising +
management

11
Part-v-Project design
Log frame
Summary Indicator Evidence Assumption
- promote healthy and - Increase the health of - The voluntary training given to - Improve environment by
Goal clean environment environment form the existing the community report the change made to make it
level by 70% of end of the year clean and better
Purpose - To bring about persistent - The target communities are - Document on solid wastage - Continuous effort to make
change toward the aware about solid wastage management to develop persistent change
communities management awareness among the (improvement)
- To develop awareness - The change has increased by community
among community 50%
- Create health - The response bodies have - Plan and strategy conducted by - People will have access to
environment increased their participation and responsible bodies to carry out clean and healthy
- Raised cognizant responsiveness by 60% at the task of evaluate the progress environment and since they
community in handling end of the year. that has been made are cognizant of their action
Output solid wastage and participate to make
management one.
- Influenced informed
responsive bodies
activities - Need assessment Change through active
participation & training
- Conducting stakeholder

12
 analysis
- Panel discussion Discussion among
stakeholders& community
member held each at consensus
by 50%
- Establish solid waste - Committee meeting held at the - The organized committee The appropriate use of
management committee end of 3 month collaborative work done
garbage assurance for the
Train the committee - all members trained at the end of - Member trained had a better
member three month understanding and trained
work done to affect positive
others.
-. change on the management

Select the area that All garbage are putted in every The cognizant community used of solid waste and maintain

where z garbage are put corner of the blocks. garbage appropriately

clean environment

train and influence All trained people attend the Timely evaluation of the
community to dig hole meeting when evaluated at the trained personnel to improve
and put the garbage on end of the month their activity
the selected area&
blocks

13
- Provide guideline Template are distributed& the Recorded document The community apply what
they are learned from the
template for the community is awarded 60%
template distributed
community level solid
waste management
practice work

Aware community The community aware about the The result file recorded The mass media
communication center are
through mass media solid waste management by the
volunteer in creating
end of the year awareness for the
community
Arrange and follow Activity are followed up at the Recorded material of field
whether it is done well or end of six month survey
not

14
 Performance
Project description Means of verification Assumption
indicator
Goal The environmental
Observation and
- To create clean and healthy situation action of the
recorded date
environment town was improved
Purpose
- To develop awareness among - The communities
people living in town. are trained and - Recorded report
- To bring about persistent change they are aware
toward the environment
Objective
- To increase biodiversity by - The level of bio - Community
prevailing environment from dirty diversity and the participation
- To make people cognizant that awareness or the - Observation and prepare to meet
taking care of the environment in responsiveness of report the goal and
not a responsibility of authoritative the community purpose of the
figure rather than the duty o every was increased. project
social function units

Output
The health and
- Create health environment
cleanness of the The objective an
- Raise cognizant community in
environment wad Periodic report output of the project
handling solid waste management.
dramatically are linked
- Influence/informed responsive
improved
bodies

15
Activates
- Need assessment
- Conducting stakeholders
- Panel discussion
- Establish solid wastage management
committee
- Train committee member
- Select area that where the garbage are
The established
put Participation Concerned about the
committee was conduct
- Train and influence people to dig and Follow up supervision activity and output
long term or process
put garbage in selected area and report linkage
selected data
blocks(corner)
- provide guide line template for the
community level solid waste
management practice work
- aware community through mass
media (radio, television
- Arrange and follow weather it done
well or not

Part VI- IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM

Project implementation plan & Work break down structure

Number Activity description

16
of activity
1 Need assessment
2 Conducting stakeholder analysis
3 Plan discussion
4 Established solid wastage management committee
5 Train the committee member
6 Select the area that where the garbage are put
7 Train and influence people to dig and put the garbage on the selected area and blocks(corner)
8 Provide guide line template for community level solid waste management practice work
9 Aware community through mass media(radio& television program
10 Arrange and follow weather it is done well or not

Logical sequence of activity

No. of activity be completed No. of activity to begin after
before an activity begin Activity number the activity
- 1 2
1 2 3
2 3 4
3 4 5
4 5 6
5 6 7
6 7 8
7 8 9
8 9 10
9 10
10

Cost control table

Actual amount Actual cost of
Amount of Cost of
List of activity of work (time) work (birr)
work work
17
 remaining remaining
(time) (birr)
Needed assessment 150,000
2 month
Conduct stakeholder analysis 50,000
2 weeks
1 month and 2
Panel discussion with community 100,000
Phase weeks
Establish solid wastage arrangement
1
committee 50,000
2 weeks
1 month and 2
Train the committee member 150,000
weeks
Sub total 500,000
Select the area that the garbage are put 100,000
2 month
Train and support people to dig and put
the garbage on the selected area and
blocks 500,000
5 month
Provide guide line template for
Phase community SWM practice work 150,000
1 month
2 Aware community through mass media 150,000
2 month
Arrange and follow weather it is done
well or not 100,000
2 month
Sub total 12 month 1,000,000
1 year & 5
Grand total month 1.5 million birr

Part-VII-Risk of project

18
  Miss interpretation of government body and municipality of the town toward

project

 Community may not actively collaborate with us to take education

 The committee we select may not active due to several personal problem

 Unreliable use of budget.

 monitoring and evaluation problem due to the project's long duration of time

Part- VIII -Detail of project budgeting

(Phase one)
Month

activity 1 2 3 4 5
1 800,000 400,000
2 30,000
3 100,000
4 40,000
5 130,000
Total cost 800,000 40,000 130,000 40,000 130,000
Indirect cost 200,000 10,000 20,000 10,000 20,000
Total cost 100,000 50,000 150,000 50,000 150,000
requirement
Cumulative 100,000 150,000 300,000 350,000 500,000
total

19
 (PHASE 2)
Month 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

activity
6 40,000 30,000
7 90,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000
8 100,000
9 50,000 60,000
10 30,000 40,000
Total cost 40,000 30,000 90,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 100,000 50,000 60,000 30,000 40,000
Indirect cost 10,000 20,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 25,000 15000 20,000 10,000
Total
requirement cost 50,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 75,000 75,000 50,000 50,000
Cumulative total 50,000 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 750,000 825,000 900,000 950,000 1,000,000

20
 References

 - public health training initiatives, Takele Tadesse, University of Gondar, august 2004

 Christine Furedy, cswm practice, 1994

 [Link]

 Yami Birke,swm1999, Ethiopia

21