CE 241

MATERIALS SCIENCE

Introduction

CE@METU CE 241 - Materials Science Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Göktepe

 What do Engineers do?
• Analyze, Design, and Build ....
As Engineers we analyze, design, and build civil
structures (residental buildings, hospitals, dams,
roads, towers, bridges, airports, systems for
managing and cleaning municipal water
supplies...)
• Materials Science and Engineering form the
bedrock for the other engineering disciplines
because the structures, components, and devices
that engineers design and use must be made up
of a material

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 What do Engineers do?

• The properties of the materials at hand

determine and limit the capabilities that the
device or structure can have, and the
techniques that can be used to fabricate it.
• Consider Bridges:
¡ Reinforced Concrete Bridges ~ 5-10 m in span
¡ Prestressed Concrete Bridges ~ 30-40 m in span
¡ Steel Bridges ~ 60-70 m in span

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 What do Engineers do?

• Selecting the best material is usually a

challenge requiring trade-offs between
different material properties (including cost)
• E.g. Cost of a residential building:
¡ 65-75% materials cost
¡ 5% technical personel
¡ Rest is labor cost

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 What do Engineers do?
Therefore, an appreciation of the
• important materials characteristics,
• the connection between the behavior of the
material in its intended design setting, and
• the matter the object is made from (and how it
is made)
is important to every engineer, even if they will
never create a new material but simply choose
from standard and widely available ones.
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 What do Civil Engineers do?

• As engineers our job is

¡ To make sure that the structure is functional during its
service life (it should be strong)
¡ To ensure that the structure should withstand the
environment (it should be durable)
¡ To guarantee that the structure is aesthetic and
economic (it should be feasible)

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 What should Engineers know?

• We need to know the properties of

construction materials:
¡ Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties
¡ Manufacturing processes
¡ Their behavior in its final form (in use)
• The service life of an engineering structure
does not depend ONLY on
¡ How good its design is
¡ How precise its labor is

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 What should Engineers know?

• You have to consider other factors as well.

These cover
¡ How good the material that you pick is
¡ How good the quality control is
¡ How well you maintain the structure!
• Think about the maintenance requirements of
¡ your car, your house!

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 Why do we need to know materials?

• Every engineer, whether mechanical, civil,

environmental, chemical, or electrical, will at
some point deal with a design problem
involving materials.
• Examples might include a transmission gear, a
waste water treatment system, the
superstructure of a building, an oil refinery
component, or an integrated circuit chip.

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 Materials Science

• Materials Science: The study of the nature,

behavior, and use of materials. In particular, it
investigates the relationship between the
microstructure and properties of materials.
• Materials Engineering: Based on the structure-
property correlation, deals with designing the
structure of a material to meet a required set
of properties.

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 Objectives
This course, CE 241, aims at teaching:
• The properties of materials
(stiffness, strength, ductility, impact resistance, ...)
• The internal structure of materials
(the atomic structure, bonding, ...)
• How micro-structure governs their properties
¡ Metals: Metallic bonding ⤳ ductility
¡ Ceramics: Ionic and covalent bonds ⤳ brittleness
¡ Plastics: Covalent and Van der Waals bonds ⤳
compliance and toughness
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 Preliminaries

Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

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 Preliminaries

Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

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 Properties of Materials
• Mechanical: Define the behavior of the materials
under loads. (Strength, elasticity, yield stress,
ductility, hardness, etc.)
• Physical: Density, porosity, moisture content,
shape, surface texture, etc.
• Chemical: Oxide or compound composition
• Physico-chemical: Shrinkage, swelling
• Thermal: Conductivity, heat capacity
• Acoustical: Sound transmission or absorption
• Optical: Color, transparency To mention a few ...
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 Classification of CE Materials
This classification can be done in many different
ways. For instance,
• According to their state
• According to their chemical composition and
internal structure
• According to their intended use
• According to their mechanical behavior

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 According to Their State

• Gases (CO2, O2)

• Liquids (Water, Chemical Admixtures)
• Solids (Concrete, Steel)
• Semi-solids (Fresh Pastes, Mortar, Concrete)
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According to Their Chemical Composition
and Internal Structure
• Metals ⤳ Metallic bond
¡ Ferrous (Iron, steel)
¡ Non-ferrous (Aluminum)
• Polymers ⤳ Long chain molecules
¡ Natural (rubber, resin, wood)
¡ Synthetic (plastics)
• Ceramics ⤳ Alumino silicates
¡ Structural clay products
¡ Porcelains

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According to Their Chemical Composition
and Internal Structure
• Composite Materials ⤳ combination of several
materials
¡ Concrete
¡ Cement sandstone
¡ Polymer nanocomposites
• Reinforced Composite Materials
¡ Reinforced concrete
¡ Fiber-reinforced plastics
¡ Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymers

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 According to Their Intended Use
• Structural Materials (concrete, steel, wood)
• Architectural Detailing Materials (glass, paint,
heat and sound insulators)
• Preservatives (paint)
• However, some materials fall into all of the
above groups, e.g., wood
¡ Load carrying member
¡ Architectural
¡ Coating of chipboard
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According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• Elastic Materials undergo deformation as
subjected to loading and upon removal of
loading (unloading) they immediately recover
their original shape; that is, no permanent
deformation is observed.
Load

Deformation

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According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• Inelastic Materials deform as loaded and exhibit
hysteresis under cyclic loading (dissipation).
• For instance, Plastic materials exhibit
permanent deformation when unloaded.
Load

Deformation

Remaining plastic deformation after unloading

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According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• Example: Plastic deformation of a metal bar

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According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• Example: Plastic deformation of polycarbonate

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According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• Example: Thermoplastic heating of polycarbonate

v=10 mm/min v=50 mm/min

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 According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• For instance, Viscoelastic materials exhibit rate-
dependent hysteresis under cyclic loading.

Load
Load

Deformation Deformation

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According to Their Mechanical Behavior
• Example: Viscoelastic deformation of rubber

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