SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
CLASS: SS 2
DATE:
TERM: 3rd TERM
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: WATER
CONTENT
• Sources, Types, Uses and Structure of Water.
• Laboratory Preparation of Water.
• Test for Water
• Causes/ Removal of Hardness of Water.
• Purification of Water for Municipal Supply.
WATER
Water is regarded as the universal solvent. It is a good solvent for many substances.
SOURCES OF WATER
The following are the sources of water:
1. Natural water: Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Seawater
2. Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne water and chlorinated water.
TYPES OF WATER
Water is of two types namely: soft water and hard water.
Soft water forms lather with soap easily while hard water does not form lather readily with
soap since it contains some dissolved salt in it.
STRUCTURE OF WATER
Water is V-shaped or angular shape with bond angle of 104.5°
LABORATORY PREPARATION OF WATER
To prepare water in the laboratory, dry hydrogen gas is ignited in air. It burns with a faint
blue flame to give steam, which will condense on contact with any cold surface to form
water.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Water boils at 100oC and freezes at 0oC
2. It has a maximum density of 1gcm-3 at 4oC
3. It is neutral to litmus.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Water reacts with electropositive metals to form alkali and liberate hydrogen gas.
Na(s) + H2O(aq) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Mg & Zn react with steam
Cu, Au, Ag, Hg do not react with water to form an alkaline solution
2. Non-metal like chlorine reacts with water to form acid solution.
H2O(aq) + Cl2(g) → HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
TEST FOR WATER
When a few drops of water are added to
1. White anhydrous copper (II) tetraoxosulphate (VI), it turns blue.
2. Blue cobalt (II) chloride, it turns pink.
NOTE: These two tests are not specific for water. They only indicate the presence of water.
Any aqueous solution or substance containing water will give a positive test for water.
HARDNESS OF WATER
Hard water is the water that does not form lather readily with soap.
Water acquired hardness when Ca2+ and Mg2+ dissolves in it from the soil which it flows
through.
TYPES OF HARDNESS OF WATER
1. Temporary hard water
2. Permanent hard water
TEMPORARY HARDNESS: This is caused by the presences of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the form of
hydrogen trioxocarbonate IV i.e. Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2.
REMOVAL OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS
1. Physical method: By boiling
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) →
heat
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
2. Chemical method: By using of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide solution)
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2CaCO3(s) + 2H2O(l)
EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY HARDNESS: It causes
1. Furring of kettles and boilers.
2. Stalagmite and stalactites in caves.
PERMANENT HARDNESS
Permanent hardness in water is caused by the presence of Calcium and Magnesium ions in
the form of soluble tetraoxosulphate (VI) and chlorides (i.e. CaSO4, MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2)
Removal of permanent hardness: By chemical method only
1. Addition of washing soda
Na2CO3(aq) + CaSO4(aq) → CaCO3(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
2. Addition of caustic soda
2NaOH(aq) + CaSO4(aq) → Ca(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
3. Ion exchange resin
CaSO4(aq) + Sodium zeolite → Calcium zeolite + NaSO4(aq)
Note: Distillation and washing soda is used to remove both temporary and permanent
hardness of water.
ADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER
1. It has better taste than soft water.
2. Calcium salts in it help to build strong teeth and bones.
3. It provides CaCO3, that crab and snail use to build their shells.
4. It does not dissolve lead, hence it can be supplied in lead pipes.
DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WATER
1. It causes furring of kettles and boilers.
2. It wastes soap.
3. It cannot be used in dyeing and tanning.
TREATMENT OF WATER FOR MUNICIPAL SUPPLY
The following are the processes of treating river water for town supply
1. Coagulation: Chemicals like potash alum, KAl(SO4)2, or sodium aluminate III, NaAlO2
is added to water in a large settling tank.
2. Flocculation: is a process by which small particles in a liquid come together to form
larger, clumped masses called flocs. It is the settling of coagulated particles.
3. Sedimentation: The coagulated solid particles or flocs are allowed to settle in the
settling tank to form sediments at the bottom of the tank.
4. Filtration: The water above the sediment still contains some suspended particles.
The water is passed through a filter bed to remove the remaining fine dirt particles.
5. Chlorination (Disinfection): Chemicals like chlorine is then added to the water to kill
germs. Iodine and fluorine are also added as food supplements to prevent goitre and
tooth decay respectively. The treated water is then stored in a reservoir and
distributed to the town.
GENERAL SELF EVALUATION/REVISION
1. State two ways of removing permanent hardness in water
2. List two advantages of hard water
3. Using electron dot-cross representation, show the formation of carbon (IV) oxide
and name the type of bond formed
4. Describe the structure of water.
5. How will you identify a give solution to be water?
6. Mention TWO compounds that can cause permanent hardness of water.
7. Write two equations to show the removal of permanent hardness of water.