Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins are vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. They need to be
consumed regularly through diet. These include Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,
B7, B9, B12).
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Electrolytes
Electrolytes are minerals in body fluids that carry an electric charge. They help regulate nerve and muscle
function, hydrate the body, balance blood acidity and pressure, and rebuild damaged tissue. Examples
include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Potassium
Potassium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, muscle contractions, and nerve
signals. It also helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Zinc
Zinc is a trace mineral important for immune function, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. It also
supports normal growth and development.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Selenium
Selenium is a trace mineral that functions as an antioxidant, helps regulate thyroid function, and supports the
immune system.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Calcium
Calcium is a major mineral necessary for healthy bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve transmission,
and blood clotting.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Creatinine
Creatinine is a waste product formed from muscle metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels
may indicate kidney dysfunction.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Properties of Mixture
Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances. They can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous, do not have a fixed composition, and the components retain their individual properties.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Diabetes and Its Types
Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels. Types include
Type 1 (autoimmune), Type 2 (insulin resistance), and Gestational diabetes (during pregnancy).
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Causes and Risk Factors of Diabetes
Risk factors include genetics, obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, and hormonal changes. Causes vary by
type: Type 1 is autoimmune; Type 2 is linked to lifestyle; Gestational is due to hormonal changes in
pregnancy.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Difference Between Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) dissolve in fat and are stored in the body; water-soluble vitamins
(B-complex, C) dissolve in water and are not stored.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Role of Sugar in the Human Body
Sugar provides energy by being converted into glucose. It fuels cells and supports brain and muscle function
but must be consumed in moderation.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
These include Vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are stored in body fat and the liver and require fat for
absorption.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Classification of Vitamins
Vitamins are classified into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex, C) based on their solubility
and storage in the body.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Uric Acid and Its Effects
Uric acid is a waste product from purine metabolism. High levels can lead to gout and kidney stones.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Creatinine and Its Test
Creatinine is used to assess kidney function. The test measures its level in the blood and can indicate
impaired kidney function.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
GGT Test and Procedure
The GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase) test measures enzyme levels in the blood to evaluate liver function.
Blood is drawn from a vein and analyzed in the lab.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Gestational Diabetes and Causes
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that affect insulin use. Risk factors
include obesity and family history.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Centrifuge Principle and Care
Centrifuges separate substances by density using rapid spinning. Care includes balancing tubes, cleaning,
and regular maintenance.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Working and Uses of Colorimetry
Colorimetry measures the concentration of substances based on color intensity. It is used in chemical and
biochemical analysis.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Professional Ethics of Lab Technician
Lab technicians must follow ethics such as accuracy, confidentiality, honesty, and respect for patients and
colleagues.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Types of Cleaners
Cleaners include detergents (remove dirt), disinfectants (kill microbes), solvents (dissolve substances), and
abrasives (scrub surfaces).
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Why Artery Method is Used to Collect Blood Sample
Arterial blood samples are used to measure gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as they reflect lung
function more accurately than venous samples.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Blood Collection Method - Venipuncture
Venipuncture involves drawing blood from a vein using a sterile needle, commonly from the arm. It is the
most common method used in diagnostics.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Vitamins and Their Classification
Vitamins are organic nutrients classified into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex and C)
based on their solubility.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Laboratory Glasswares
Glasswares like beakers, flasks, pipettes, and test tubes are used for storing, measuring, mixing, and heating
chemicals in laboratories.
Complete Laboratory and Medical Science Notes
Antibody, Antigen, Solution and Solvent
Antibody: Protein produced to neutralize antigens.
Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.
Solution: A uniform mixture of solute dissolved in solvent.
Solvent: The component that dissolves the solute in a solution.