INTERNATIONAL 11-14 a) WORKBOOKCONTENTS 7A Cells, tissues, organs and systems 7B Sexual reproduction in animals 7C wluscles and bones 7D Ecosystems 7E Mixtures and separation 7F Acids and alkalis 7G The particle model 7H Atoms, elements and molecules 71 Energy 74 Current electricity 7K Forces 7L Sound Command words Periodic table The SI system Hazard symbols 16 27 39 51 63 75 87 99 1 128 135 147 149 150: 1514 Doctors use tests to see if there are changes in a person's body compared to normal. List three tests a doctor may perform. ili - - } 2 Adoctor tells a patient that they have acne. Suggest what evidence the doctor has found to make them think this, 3 What does ‘evidence’ mean? Tick (¥, one box. ©) A the name given to a certain type of disease "1B changes in the way that the body works ‘1 @ information used to say whether something is right or wrong CL D a type of test performed by a doctor } 4a Which of the following best describes the heart? Tick (¥) one box. ) A an organ 1 Bacoll 1G atissue JD asystem b State one job that the heart does. 5 In groups, discuss how to tell if something is alive, Record your group's ideas in the first box below. Ignore the other box for the moment! There ig no right or wrong answer. Ideas from my group: What we now think:1 Tick (Y) the living organisms in this list. © elephant O soccer ball O robot O pine tree O aeroplane © human O desert O mouse 2 Amnemonic (pronounced ‘nem-on-ic') is a word or phrase that helps you to remember a list. MRS GREN is a mnemonic to remember the life processes. a Whatis a life process? b Draw one line from each letter to a life process. Then draw one line from each life process tats meaning. ‘One has been done for you. Life process Meaning ™ Ai Trorsasiig insiz6| R respiration ‘Aoting raot waste! a ‘Foptactctog makin new e gow ‘oloasing eneray_ B _ Rowen changing postion, ee ponte -etecting changes inthe surundings m7 ‘erator needing substarioes to cay on living 3 What do humans need to respire? Tick (”) two boxes. © oxygen O carbon dioxide O wood O fire © food O ight 4 Describe one way in which the growth of trees is different from the growth of humans, 7 Sa In what ways is a car like an organism? bb Whyisacarnot an organism? _ 6 In your group, look at your answers to question 5 on page 3. Discuss your ideas again to find out if they have changed. If you can, write a better answer in the lower box.1 Use a penal to tick (7) one box to answer to each question. ‘a Which organ lets you think? d__A\job of the livers to: O A heart © A destroy some substances. O Brain OB absorb food. OC skull OC make urine. OD iver O D excrete water, b_ Which organ pumps blood? @ A sheep's lungs excrete: O A heart OK mucus. O B Kidney B carbon dioxide, O G lungs O C urine O D liver © B oxygen © Ajob of the stomach is to: +t The tube taking food to the stomach is the: O A store waste materials. O A intestine. O B make urine. OB diaphragm. O G break up food. G C oesophagus. OD help you breathe OD trachea. 2 Ask your teacher how many of your answers to question 1 are correct. Then work with others and the Student Book to find your incorrect answers. Make corrections and check with your teacher. Do this until ‘they are all correct. 3 Give the name of the organ that humans use for sensitivity. 4 Give the name of the organ that plants use for nutrition, 5 State two functions of a plant root. J Ga What process produces the food stored in plant storage organs? ane pa pp b Why won't a potato grow if the potato plant does not get much light?1 Complete the sentences using words from the box. Use each word. Scientists invent ideas to try to ____ things that they see happening. They then do experiments to their ideas. They use the results from their tests as_ - ___, to decide if an ideade correct or incorrect. This degisierr'é called a _ be. po Medcal > .5___al80 use this process to try to work out what is wrong with someone. A conclusion about what is wrong with someoa€’®s called a 2 Look at the drawing. & What organ is the doctor examining? b> What s the iunaction ofthis organ? 3 Draw one line from each symptom, tothe ‘organ that is the cause, Evidence (or ‘symptom’) _ Diagnosis, “only small amount of Urine produced -sfomach problem difficulty breathing, shiaigy problen : You can use these items to make different stethoscopes. = He a Describe how to test a stethoscope.1 Complete the sentences using words from the box. Use each word more than once, Every ss in your boay 7s made of many different © types of —Anexampleofa tat, ‘An example of an important 2 The diagram shows a slice through a plant root. a Whatisthe function of root hair tissue? re sit b Onthe diagram, write in the name of the central tissue (which carries water in a plar ¢ How many tissues in total are fetid in this root? 3. Explain how you can identity one of the tissues in your tongue. To answer this, tick (7) one box for each of parts a and b below. : a Atissue in your tongue is: O A hair, O B Toot hair tissue. O G bone. O D muscle. 4. The leaf of a plant is an organ a Give a function of a leaf. b Suggest one tissue that it contains. __ in your body is your liver, root ha sue b You know this because: OA your tongue is hard. GB your tongue feels furry. OG you can move your tongue. .O D your tongue is wet. © Explain why you think it contains this tissue. Z ja 5 Complete the table, Organ Example of tissue Function of tissue heart | 6 What sort of organ is a carrot?11 Describe what a microscope is used for. 2 Complete the labels on the microscope, to show the names of the parts. Ls 3a Number these sentences in order, to describe how to use a microscope. Look down a mic with both eyes opéh and adjust the light source. Make the gap between tjfe stage and the lens as small as possible. fine focusing wheel Place a slide on the stage. Use the clips to hold the slide in place, Move the lowest power lens over the hole in the. stage. To magnify more, use the next most powerful lens. Use the fiaé focusing wheel to adjust the focus. Widen the gap between the stage and the lens, until what you see is clear (in focus). b Describe how you would ‘widen the gap’, between the stage and the lens. nt 5 What is a specimen? es cent one 5a Write instructions for ttiese aiagrattis to describe how to make a slide.ne. tp Cpe ed. b Share your instructions with others. Discuss which instructions are best and why. On the lines below, write an improved version of one of your instructions. & How have you improved this instruction? (oe —e fe J & Why do we use coverslips? spt 7 Complete the table. Eyepiece lens power ‘Objective lens power Total magnification x6 x10 x75 x15 x20 20041. The diagram shows an animal cell. Label the parts. 2 Draw one line from each plant cell part to its function. Cellpart Function (ehioropiast ‘eon large vacuo ‘igi Box that halos Suppor the co (ucts) _stOtag6 SAS : \catwal -where photosynthesis coours 3. Explain why root cells do not have a part that leaf cells have. To answer this, tick (¥) one box for each of parts a and b below. a Root cells do not have: b This is because: C A chloroplasts. CO A the roots need to be flexible. OB mitochondria. GB there is no light underground, O € avacuole. O € root cells do not respire. O D cell walls. © D roots do not store substances. 4 Acellis magnified x600. What does this mean? Tick (¥) one box. © A ttlooks 600 times smaller than its real size. © B There are now 600 cells instead of one cell. O € ttlooks 600 times bigger than its real size. OD Only one call out of 600 is shown.J 5 What makes some plant cells green? 6 Inwhat part of a cell would you find cellulose? 7 Complete the Venn diagram using the names of cell parts. in both animal only in animal cells and plant cells only in plant cells 8 Aleat cell from a Eucalyptus tree is 0.012mm wide. Calculate its width at a magnification of 5000. 9a Discuss with others in your group how to draw a labelled diagram of a root hair cell. What parts would you include? How would you do your drawing? J b Draw and label a root hair cell in the space below.1 Complete the sentences using words from the box. You may use some words more than once. The basic ‘building blocks’ of all organisms are Agroup of thesé ‘building blocks’ of the same type ¢ xd working together is called a An is an important part of plant or animal. Each one is made of different —_ —_ , Which are made of syfaller parts called Fonexample, theheartisan 7, __ that éontains rpuscle 7 7 (made of muscle ~ and fat __(made of fat y 2 Whatis an organ system? _ 3. The drawing stows a cat. a What organ system is shown? _ - b_ On the drawing, label two parts of this organ system.4. The drawing shows a chicken, a What organ system is shown? On the drawing, label two parts of this organ system. © What is the function of this organ system? 5a Draw one line trom each life process to an ‘organ system that helps with this. b_ Draw two lines from each organ system to show two ‘organs it contains. Life process Organ system Organs excretion, ‘breathing system ‘Diadder “bone “movement: locomotor system (brain) “Ridney. “respiration “nervous system tuna “muscle: “sensitivity “urinary systemn spinal cord “wrechea , J Ga What are the organs in a plant's water transport system? .__., i sae b Name one tissue you would expect to find in all these organs... 7. Explain one thing that plants need a constant supply of. To answer this, tick (v) one box for each of parts and b below. a Plants need a constant supply of b This is because: O A light. O A they lose it by photosynthesis, OB water, O B they lose it guring digestion. OG ¢ wind O G they lose it by reflection. O D sugar. G D they lose it by evaporation.b Suggest one effect on someone's body if their heart is not working property. B | 2a In the space below, draw a diagram to show how organ systems, organs, tissues and cells are linked. In your diagram, use one example from plants and one from humans. Share your diagram with others. Discuss whether the diagrams in your group: * are conect * show enough information _* are easy to understand, ¢ Write down two ways in which your diagram is good. etter d_ Write down one thing that you could improve about your diagram. eg a 3. The table shows a ‘confidence grid’. Tick (“) one box for each statement in the table. Definitely | Might be | Might be | Definitely ae correct [correct | wrong | wrong @ Chloroplasts can be found in plant cells but not animal cells. Mitochondria can be found in animal cells but not plant cells. © Acell surface membrane controls what enters and leaves a cell. A group of cells of the same type form an organ.Why do you think there are not large numbers of Canadian lynx in Devon, even though one escaped?” {na group, discuss the four types of evidence below. Decide which best supports the idea that there are wild wallabies living on the Isle of Man, Put a tick (v) next to your choice, and then give a reason for your choice. © A photograph showing a wallaby close-up with litle background OB photograph showing a wallaby with background that is clearly Isle of Man © C description from someone who says they saw a wallaby on the Isle of Man OD drawing of a wallaby from someone who is on the Isle of Man ‘The best evidence is Our reason for choosing this is ra Wallbies and cats are both mammals. Suggest two ways in which you would &kpect their reproduction to be similar. Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. They contain different types of cells, including egg cells. Tick (7) the box that best describes an ovary. © A organ system O B organ DO C tissue O Dcell1 Draw one line from each stage of the scientific method to its definition. Definition 2 The diagram shows one way to do the scientific method. Complete each blank box in the diagram using a word from the box. Use some words more than once. E> 3. Tick (v) one box in each row to show whether each statement is a hypothesis, a prediction or a result. ‘Statement Hypothesis Prediction Result BS seeds at the warmer temperature sprouted o o re) ist. The ability of animals to reproduce depends on o / 0 a there being males and females. If people lack vitamin C in their food, then they will oi o o got a disease called scurvy. ara |.4 Read the method for an experiment to test the hypothesis that rotten banana peel produces flies. Method A| Peel a ripe banana and place half of the peel in each of two jars. B | Immediately place gauze over the top of one jar and secure it with an elastic band. C | Stand the jars outside. (You should see small flies entering the jar with no gauze.) D | After a few hours, make sure there are no flies in the open jar, then cover it with gauze as you id for the first jar. E | Bring both jars inside and observe for 2 weeks. a Give a reason why the two jars are set up differently. b If the hypothesis that rotten banana peel produces flies is correct, pr@dict the results. Predicted result in jar covered after a few hours __ Predicted result in jar covered from the start 5 This description is @ 30-year-old recipe for mice. Place some sweaty clothes in a jar with some wheat. Wait for 21 days. The sweat will turn the wheat into mice. Discuss the recipe in a small group and write a question, a hypothesis and a prediction for an experiment to test the recipe. Question: Hypothesis: Prediction:1. Use words from the box to answer the questions. You may use each word more than once. a Ascientific word that means a sex cell, b_ The meaning of the word ovum, © Amale sex cell of an animal, dA female sex cell of an animal, © [Link] word that meens a fertitsed 69g call 2a Write a passage with some missing words to describe what happens during fertilisation. The words to miss out are in the box. Then ask a friend to complete your text. : Check what your friend has done, Then discuss the good points of the exercise and what improvements, could be made. Write one improvement on the line below. 3a Name an animal that uses internal fertilisation, _ b Give two reasons why the females of this animal produce only a few egg cells. 4 A female mouthbrooder fish sucks her fertilised eggs into her mouth, where they hatch. Complete the sentence to explain whether you would expect mouthbrooder females to produce more or fewer egg cells than other fish of the same size. | would expect mouthbrooder females to produce eggs because4 Label the diagram of the male reproductive system. bladder (not part of the reproductive system) Function J 3a Tick (v) one box to show if you think sperm cells need to be warmer, cooler or the same temperature as ~ the body to develop. . O warmer O cooler © same temperature b Explain your reasoning. 4 Describe one adaptation of a sperm cell that helps it enter an egg cell, N J 5 Explain two ways in which a sperm cell is adapted for swimming, i6 Complete the following sentences using words from the box. In females, an egg call is released from an ‘every month (from puberty until menopause). The egg cell passes along an _ til it reaches the _____. At the bottom of the uterus is a muscular ring called the . This ringconnects the uterus tothe » which leads to the outside. 7 Write the function of each structare beside its label on the diagram on the right. jely coat call surface membrane $B J 8 A zygote (fertilised egg cell) needs a supply of energy ; for call division and growth of the early embryo. Explain how the zygote has a supply of energy. No ‘8a Who produces gametes for the longest period of \ their life? Tick (v) one box. : OC Amen ” OB same for men and women O ¢ women © D neither sex produces gametes b_ Why do you think your answer to part a is correct? Tick (¥) one box. © A men go through menopause Fevtoplasin nucleus GB women go through menopause GO C neither men nor women go through menopause y O D both men and women go through menopause SP tae — = 44 Draw one line from each scientific term to its definition. Scientific term Definition J 2. Where does fertilisation occur? 3 Complete the following sentences using words from the box. ‘bag containing = develops around an embryo. The embryo also develops an organ called the within the uterus lining. This organ connects to the embryo by the aa J 4a Write down the function of each of the following. placenta: amnion: _ umbilicalcord: b With a partner, compare what you have written for each function. Look for ways to improve your answers to part a, Write your improved answers below. placenta: amnio umbilicalcord:4 Write a number in each box to show how long each stage is in humans. embryo:| _| weeks foetus:| _ | weeks gestation:| _| months Ee 2a Suggest two advantages of having ultrasound scans during pregnancy. Give a reason for each advantage. Advantage’: - Reason 1: _ Advantage 2 Reason 2: _ b Compare your answers with a partner and decide on one answer in part a that you could improve. Write your better answer below. 3 Number the stages of labour in the order in which they happen. The first one has been done for you. ‘ 1 | The muscles in the uterus wall start to contract. ‘The uterus muscles contract strongly to push out the afterbirth (placenta). The uterus muscles contract very strongly and push the baby out through the vagina, The cervix muscles relax, making the cervix wider. 4a Explain why vaccinating a girl against rubella can help protect against harm to her foetus when she is a woman.J 4 State the reason why Arabian oryx became extinot in the wild. 2a Use this table to list similarities and differences between conditions in the red panda’s habitat and in 200 in your country. 2 Condition Natural habitat Zoo b Use your table to decide what your enclosure needs. Draw your design below and labol it to show the key design points. Be prepared to present your design to the class, explaining your reasons for the main parts of the design.1. Tick (Y) the box that shows the age at which puberty usually starts, O A birth O B 10-15 years O ¢ 30-85 years O D about 50 years 2 The tabié shows changes that happen in humans during puberty. stronger body smell ~ testes start to make sperm cells hair. grows on face and chest hair grows in armpits voice deepens (or ‘breaks') hips get wider ovaries start to release egg cells testes and penis get bigger pubic hair grows shoulders grow wider Write B in the box beside any changes that happen in boys' bodies. Write G in the box beside any changes that happen in girls’ bodies. Circle the changes that must happen before a boy or girl can reproduce. eoxre Compare your answers to question 2 with a partner to identify any incorrect answers. Write any corrections in a different colour on the table. 4 Complete the following sentences using words from the box. During puberty, more are released in the body. In boys, these substances are produced by the _________ ingiits, these substances are produced by the and brain, These substances cause physical changes and can also cause __. Apart from physical changes, they also cause ‘changes, which are a natural patofo 5. State what happens during ovulation,The diagram shows the menstrual cycle. a Which letter shows when ovulation happens? Tick ¥ one box. OA OB oc Ob b Which letter shows when menstruation happens? Tick ¥ one box. OA Op oc Op ¢ Describe what is happening in the uterus during stage D shown in the cycle. 7 Look at the cycle in the diagram in question 6. a Name the first stage that will not happen if the egg cell is fertilised, b_ Use your answer to part a to say how a woman might tell if she is pregnant. 8 You are going to draw a diagram of the human life cycle in the space below. a Ona separate piece of paper, write down the words you want to include. Share your ideas with a partner or group. Discuss why you have chosen these words and where they would go. ¢ Finalise your ideas and draw your diagram in the space below.4 Panamanian golden frogs and Sumatran rhinoceroses are being bred in zoos. ‘a Tick (¥) a box for each statement below to show if itis true or false. Statement True False i Sumatran rhihoceroses have a longer gestation period than Panamanian golden frogs. Wi Sumatran rhinoceroses and Panamanian golden frogs are both endangered. iii ‘Sumatran rhinoceroses reproduce by internal fertilisation. iv The gestation period of the Sumatran rhinoceros is the same length as in humans. v_ Panamanian golden frogs produce fewer offspring than Sumatran rhinaceroses in the same time. oa0o0oo0a oooood vi. A female Sumatran rhinoceros can be made pregnant by inserting sperm into a a her oviducts. b Compare your answers with a partner to check for mistakes. Mark any corrections to your list in a * different colour. 2 The natural habitat of Panamanian golden frogs is next to fast-flowing streams on the mountain slopes of Panama in Central America. Describe how a z00 could provide the best conditions in an enclosure for breeding Panamanian golden frogs. Use a labelled drawing to help you.a Tick (7) the correct box to show the organ system that each organ belongs to. Organ Circulatory Digestive Excretory Gas exchange system system i heart small intestine bladder stomach diaphragm kidneys lungs oesophagus (guilet) large intestine coccocacaaog oo0oa00oaqa0o000 ooo0oo0o00000 oo0o0o000000 b Check your answers with a partner. Mark any corrections on the table in a different colour. 2. The diagram shows a section through a blood vessel. a Isa blood vessel an organ system, inner surface covered in a thin an organ or a tissue? layer of epithelial calls b Give a reason for your answer. thick wall made of layers, — —n including a layer of elastic fibres, nd a le muscle 3 Ina group, discuss ways of judging fitness for endear of cals each of the S-factors. Write down the best idea for each factor below. suppleness strength speed stamina1 Draw one line from each scientific term to its definition, Scientific term Definition > 2 Describe how gases are carried around your body. 3 Sheep, cats and humans are all mammals. a This list shows some organs of a sheep: trachea, diaphragm, lungs. t Name the organ system that these organs belong to. b Name two organs of the circulatory system in cats. 4 Describe how the muscle cells in tissue between the ribs are adapted to allow breathing. Explain what happens during inhalation. To answer this, tick (7) one box in each of parts a and b below. In inhalation: O A airenters the lungs. OB airleaves the lungs. O 6 aircirculates inside the lungs. OD airleaves the blood. b This happens because: © A muscles between the ribs relax, so the ribs move down and in. © B muscles in the diaphragm contract, so the diaphragm moves downwards. O G muscles in the trachea contract to suck air into the lungs. © D muscles in the nose cause it to open and suck air into the lungs.1. The diagram shows part of the circulatory system of a goat. a Complete the labels in the diagram using words from the box. capillaries in in an organ b Does a goat have a single or double circulatory system? =a —— Give a reason for your answer to part b. d_ Describe the function of the tissue labelled on the heart. 2 Tick (¥) one box to show where blood cells are made. O inthe heart O inthe brain O in bone marrow O inblood vessels3 Complete the sentences about blood using words from the box. a Nutrients and waste are carried in blood dissolved in__ b_ Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin found in ce help to fight infections, have a special disc shape with a large surface area, 4 The table shows the blood pressure and rate [Yegsel_| Blood pressure | Rate of blood flow of blood flow through three different types of (kPa) (cm/s) blood vessel. ‘a Which blood vessel carries blood at the artery ms $0 highest pressure? capillary 16 <0.1 | vein 1.3 5.0 The diagram shows sections through the blood vessels. ‘ ‘space where thick muscle very thin wall large space for thin blood flows layer ‘blood to flow muscle layer | tough ‘connective tissue artery capillary vein {not to scale) b Look at the diagram. Describe how the blood vessel you named in part a is adapted to carrying blood at the highest pressure. Ey © Describe how capillaries are adapted for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues. d_ Suggest one adaptation of veins for allowing blood to flow easily at the pressure shown in the table.J 4a Tick (¥) the correct box to show whether each question is a scientific, non-scientific and/or an ethical question, Non-scientific | Non-scientific ee Scientific but not ethical and ethical 1 Are parts of a taxi divers brain bigger than average? o a 0 ii Should William Harvey have killed o oO Oo animals to use for his experiments? iii Do older people generally have lower o oO oO pulse rates than younger people? iv Do roses smell nicer than freesia flowers? a o o v_ Does exercise affect your pulse rate? oO oO Oo b_ Compare your answers with a partner to check for any mistakes. Mark any corrections in a different colour. 2a Give a reason why you marked a particular question in question 1a as being ethical. b Describe the difference between a scientific question and a non-scientific question, Work with a partner to come up with three more questions for 1 - one of each type. scientific, non-scientific but not ethical non-scientific and ethical _ 3. Choose one of the scientific questions in question 1a and suggest what information could be gathered from investigations to find the answer.sB] 1 Draw one line from each part of the skeleton to its main function, Part Function 2 Look at the diagram of the skull. fixed joints. Explain how the joints of the skull help the skull be adapted to its function. a Give a reason why bones need to be strong. b Give a reason why bones need to be light. Ey Explain why a large bone can be both strong and light. 4 How confident are you at identifying the positions and functions of these parts of the skeleton? Complete the faces in the boxes to show your confidence ~ the bigger the smile, the more confident you are. i] am] om @) vertebrae (7) hip. Gs) collar bone @ w= (%)| on )| to ()5a Label the diagram of an elbow joint using words from the box. b What causes bones to move? Se —— © Complete the sentences about tissues of the skeleton by writing one word in each space. Cartlage tissue is _., which helps the ends of bones in a joint slide past each other. Tendons attach _ ____ to bones, so that bones in a joint can move. Ligaments hold the __ ___ in a joint together to prevent dislocation, 6 The diagram shows the possible movement in two kinds of hinge joint ball and socket joint ‘flexible joint. allows bending in allows twisting and bending only one direction Which type of flexible joint is found in the elbow? Give a reason for your answer. socket ball b Which of these joints allows movement in the most directions? _ © Name two ‘ball and socket" joints in the human body.ES 1 Name two organs in the locomotor system. 2. Hasim starts training for a race by running 10km every day. __Inwhich part of his body will the muscles change most due to his training? b Complete the sentence to explain how the force generated by those muscles changes due to training. ‘The force generated by the muscles will because the muscles ¢ Suggest how the bones to which those muscles attach will change as a result of Hasim’s training. Give a reason for your answer. . 8 Tick (Y) any correct statement(s) OA When muscles contract they can pull on bones. OB When muscles contract they can push on bones. OC When muscles relax they can pull on bones. OD When muscles relax they can push on bones. OE When muscles relax they cannot push or pull on bones. 4 Nina decides to pick up a pencil, Describe how Nina's brain controls the muscles in her hand so she can do that. 5 Give a reason why muscle cells contain many mitochondria.i shows tw¢ he k 6 The diagram }O muscles that move the lower aM. ar raga a_Use the diagram to help you complete these sentences. When the biceps muscle contracts it ‘one of the lower arm bones so the lower arm oe - This movement stretches the relaxed triceps muscle. When the triceps muscle contracts it causes the lower arm to and ____ the relaxed biceps muscle. Jb Why do muscles work in antagonistic pairs? 7 The diagram shows two sets of arm movementS that can be made at the shoulder. a Work with a partner to identify the in front behind antagonistic muscles that cause each taco body ame set of movements. Try to identify which bones each muscle is attached to. i Muscle moving arm up in front is attached to and oo fi Muscle moving arm down behind is side view front view attached to a and _ Iii Muscle moving arm up to the side is attached to - and - Iv Muscle moving arm down by the side is attached to and b Describe one other movernent that the arm can make at the shoulder.prosthesis. a Evaluate your model, using the table. 2 Describe one feature of a real leg that cannot be copied by an artificial leg. Give a reason for your answer. 3 Apatient has had their left leg removed just above the knee. In a group, design and build a model Criteria How easy is it on a scale of 0-47 {0 = not possible, 4 = very easy) able to stand still comfortable when standing still feel steady when standing still able to walk slowly ‘comfortable when walking slowly feel steady when walking slowly b Use evidence from your table to answer the questions. i Which feature of the prosthesis was the best? Give a reason for your answer.‘4a Write M in a box beside a medicine, or R beside a recreational drug. [ paracetamol cocaine salbutamol (in asthma inhalers) {__| heroin ibuprofen caffeine (e.g. in coffee) b Give a reason why all the substances in part a are called drugs. 2a What is the useful effect of paracetamol? b What is its side-effect? 3 Some medicines have depressant effects. ‘a Describe the effect of a depressant on the nervous system. b_ Explain why people taking medicines that have depressant effects may not be allowed to drive. © Name one recreational drug that is a depressant. — - 4 Explain why some people feel more awake after drinking coffee. a1 Athletes train to make themselves more fit. a Describe one effect of training on the muscles of the heart. b_ Explain why this change in the heart muscles can improve an athlete's performance. ‘When running, an athlete breathes more quickly and takes larger breaths than at rest. this. 2 The body makes EPO to increase red blood cell production. a Where are red blood cells made in the body? b State the function of red blood cells. Describe one adaptation of red blood cells for carrying out their function. E d_ Explain why using EPO would give an athlete an advantage in a competition. 3 Some people ask if athletes should be allowed to use drugs in sport. Is this question scientific, non-scientific and/or ethical? b Give a reason for your answer to part a. 4 Explain why stimulant drugs are banned in sports.41a Clinguitos and humans are mammals. Use your knowledge of human reproduction to predict how an embryo is formed in an olinguito fallopian tube. Include these words in your prediction: fertilisation, gamete, zygote. b Compare your prediction with a partner to see if you can improve what you have written. If you can, write an improved answer on the lines below. D 2 Apart from food, suggest something else that animals need to get from the places in which they live. 3 Olinguito is the name given to organisms of one species. a Suggest one feature that all olinguitos share. b Suggest one feature that may vary between different olinguitos. b Suggest what might happen to the Yanomami people if the forest is cut down. Give a reason for your answer.4 The diagrams show the skulls of a gorilla and a chimpanzee. gorilla chimpanzee a Describe one similarity between the skulls of the two species. b_ Describe one interspecific variation between the skulls. © Suggest one feature that would show intraspecific variation in gorilla skulls. d_ State why gorillas and chimpanzees are separate species. 2 Write a number in each box to show how confident you are about the meanings of the following terms. (0 = do not understand, 4 = very confident) continuous variation discontinuous variation EY 3 Tick (¥) the correct box for each feature to show if it has continuous or discontinuous variation. Feature Continuous Discontinuous length of hair Oo o having a scar O oO height oO a shoe size a QO foot length 0 aClass A planted broad bean seeds. After one week, they measured the height of each broad bean plant. ‘The results were grouped as shown in this table. [ Height (em) 6.0-7.9 | 8.0-9.9 | 10.0-11.9 | 12.0-13.9 | 14.0-15.9 | 16.0-17.9 [ Number of plants 1 21 6 8 5 1 a_Does height show continuous or discontinuous variation? b Give a reason why the data should be displayed in a frequency diagram. ‘© When plotting these data, should there be spaces between the bar for each height group? Explain your answer. State the independent variable in this investigation. e Do the data in the table show a normal distribution? Give a reason for your answer. 2 Students recorded the eye colour of everyone in their class in this table. Eye colour brown | grey/blue | green Number of students 18 "1 4 Does eye colour show continuous or discontinuous variation? _ oe b Desoribe how the data in the eye colour table should be displayed, giving a reason for your answer, 3. The students then measured height and foot length of boys in the class. Their data are shown in this table. + Height (cm) |Footlength | Height (cm) | Foot length |Height (cm) (cm) (cm) 163 23 175 27 181 168 27 173 25 168 182 7 167 24 176 183 28 175 23 175 me3 2 3 g Ss 3 3 2 8 S 2 2 5 3 z 2 g g 5 2 & 5 2 3 Hl : £ é * 160 cm. Show foot length on the horizontal (x) axis starting at 20 cm. Label the axes clearly and give the scatter graph a title. b Draw a line of best fit, and state what it shows. © Compare your graph with a partner to look for any differences and discuss the difficulties of drawing scatter graphs. d Write down two mistakes that are easy to make when drawing these graphs.J 1a Circle any ofthe following that are physical environmental (abiotio) factors. b Work with a partner to list as many other abiotic factors as you can think of. 2 Draw one line from each scientific term to its definition, J 3 Why co cacti have spines instead of leaves? 4 The diagram shows a water lly, a Name the habitat of a water lily. b Explain how one adaptation of this water lly helps it to survive in its habitat. 5 Explain why organisms inherit characteristics from both parents.11 Bilal found that the cress seedlings he grew in a cupboard were yellow. ‘a Identify the environmental variation in the seedlings. Give a reason for your answer, b Name the abiotic factor causing the variation, _ 2 > Olinguitos are nocturnal animals. What change causes olinguitos to become active? 3. Work with a partner to answer the questions from the graph. How daylength changes by month in Sodankyla {a town in Finland near the Arctic Circle) a Desoribe how length of daylight changes in Sodankylé over a year. 24 18 12+ | Daylight per day (hours) o Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Se Oct Nov Dec Month b_ Suggest an adaptation you might see in plants near Sodankylé. Explain how the adaptation helps the Plants to survive. © Suggest an adaptation you might see in animals near Sodankyla. Explain how the adaptation helps the animals to survive.4. The diagram shows a food web in a pond, LF oven ~ t ” ~ dragonfly larva Ate ; — ~n ' stickleback ~ microscopic YR PF rayty oe ey pond snail animals and ~ ~ protacsts g ”-eroscopc ee pondwood @ Write down the longest food chain starting at pondweed. Draw one line from each organism to its position in the food web. Organi: Position in food web StERISBECR | 2 The olinguito eats fruit and insects. Tick (v) one box that describes the olinguito. DA herbivore OB camivore DC insectivore Op “omnivore3. Look again at the food web diagram in question 4 on the previous page. a Choose words from the box to complete the sentences about changes in the food web. (Hint: Not all words are used.) ‘Two herons feed at the pond. They show competition for food. The herons eat all the frogs and fish. This could cause the number of pond snails to - The change in number of pond snails could then cause the amount of pondweed to - b If there are no frogs and fish left, suggest what will happen to the two herons at the pond. 4 The graph shows how snowshoe Changes in I lati hare and lyrx populations ;nges in snowshoe hare and lynx populations As the population changed over time. More eee . decreases, a eave is meant bya eo000 Pop - 80000. 70000 § 60000- a # soaoo 40000 b Complete the labeling of the 30000 graph on the lines below. 20000 10.000: More hares ... means there is more 0 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1980 1935 1940 for Year — snowshoe hares the lynxes. So the lynx population bx . As the population of hares decreases ... the population of lynx oe because Ey © Suggest one reason why the hare population might increase.Cd © " r. 7 4. Complete the boxes to list knowledge you could use to plan a ‘green’ 18:-storey apartment block in a city in your country. plants living near the city animals living near the city resources needed by plants and animals _| climate in the city temperature: max. min, rainfall daylength b Draw circle round the most useful knowledge in the table for greening the apartment block. y 2 Draw a design for the tower block in the space below. Label each of your ‘green’ suggestions.1a Look at this food chain: lettuce —+ caterpillar + sparrow — sparrowhawk Draw one line from each organism to its trophic level in the food chain. Organism Trophic level lettuce "secondary consumer “caterpilar [Link] “sparrow “primary consumer “sparrowhawk “producer 2. The energy stored in a caterpillar passes to the sparrow that eats it. Which part of this energy can be passed on to the sparrowhawk that eats the sparrow? Tick (Y) one box. O A energy stored in undigested food that passes out of the sparrow O B energy released by respiration to keep the sparrow warm O C energy stored in substances in the sparrow's tissues. ‘ OD energy released by respiration to allow the sparrow to move 3 DDTis a persistent pesticide, which kills insects. a Give a reason why a farmer might want to use DDT. _ b Give the reason why earthworms underground come into contact with DDT. Explain why? $B] © Blackbirds eat earthworms, and peregrine falcons eat blackbirds. DDT causes thinning of bird egg shells. Explain why the peregrine falcon population decreased in the 1970s but the blackbird population did not. You can use the space at the bottom of the page for a diagram, if you wish.4 Inagarden food chain, 1 fox eats 5 rabbits. The rabbits eat 20 lettuces. You will use this information to draw a pyramid of numbers on the grid below. a First, decide a suitable scale to fit the 20 producers across the page. Divide a useful width of the grid by 20. You will use this scale for all the bars. scale: [Link] across the grid = individuals b Draw the lettuces bar at the bottom of the grid, making sure it is the correct width for your scale. All your bars should be the same height. Label the lettuces bar and mark the middle at the top of the bar. ¢ Use your scale to calculate the width of the rabbit bar. Add this, making sure it is centred on top of the lettuce bar. Label the bar. d_ Use the same method to draw and label the fox bar on top of the rabbit bar. @ Compare your pyramid with that of a partner. Mark any corrections needed to make your pyramid better. J 5 Fleas are insect parasites of rabbits. Explain why this pyramid of numbers is not shaped like a pyramid.1 Give one example of each of the following. aia herbivore ___ ii acamivore _ b apredator and its prey {il abiotic factor _ ci biotic factor 2 Check your answers to question 1 with a partner and discuss any differences. If you agree a better answer, add it in a different colour. Ey 3 Is having measies an example of continuous or discontinuous variation? Explain your reasoning. 4 In cold regions, many mammals hibernate (sleep) through winter. Describe two advantages of hibernation. 5 Complete the text with words from the box, Organisms that share many similar features are grouped as a The place where the organisms live is called their ___. All the individuals of @ species living in an area form a __. All the different species living in an area form a —_ . All the organisms and the environmental factors that affect them in an area is the _ 6a Herons eat bristlenose fish, and bristlenose fish eat microscopic algae. Label this pyramid of numbers for this food chain. = b Explain why the pyramid is this shape.4a Write S for solid, L for liquid or G for gas in the box beside each substance. | carbon dioxide cooking oil gravel ”} oxygen plastic sand water Jb’ Describe how you can tell the difference between solids, liquids and gases. 2a Check your answeis to question 4a with a partner. Mark any corrections in a different colour. b_ Discuss with your partner how to improve your answer to question 1b. Write your improved answer below. J 3 Sea water is a solution of water and dissolved substances, such as salt a Explain what solution means. b Tick (V) one box to show how you would separate the dissolved substances from the sea water. O A filtering G B evaporating O C sieving OD diluting ¢ Give a reason for your answer to part b. 4 Can gases dissolve? Explain how you can tell. motemeef pe PE re ——EJ 1 Explain why filtering could help analyse where a soil sample comes from, E 2 The table shows the steps in a method for filtering a sand and water mixture. Method Corrections to method A Fold a circular filter paper in half, B Fold the filter paper in half again to form a triangle shape. © Open out one layer of the paper to form a cone. D Place the filter paper cone into a filter funnel. E Stir the sand mixture with water so that all the sand is suspended, F Place the filter funnel into the neck of a conical flask. G Pour the sand and water into the filter paper. ‘As you carry out the method, check that each step is written as clearly as it can be. a Write any corrections to make a step clearer in the right column. Use arrows to indicate any steps that should be moved into another order. © Inthe space below, draw any diagrams that would make something clearer.4 Draw one line from each scientific term to its definition, Scientific term Definition Suspension oor me jumbled up together colloid aliquid containing dissolved substances mixture ‘aliquid (Containing small insoluble pieces that ‘sink slowly, ifSOIUbIS SIECES that do not Sink’ SE apt tg et san fy 3a Tick (¥) one box for each substance to show what type of mixture itis. Substance Solution Colloid ‘Suspension ~ milk sea water Styrofoam™ ‘izzy drink. paint fog ooao0o0oo0o g00aqag0g0 oo0oo0ooo0oo0 bb Write down one other example of each type of mixture. solution colloid suspension 4 How confident are you in your answers to question 3? Complete the face to show your confidence - the bigger the smile, the more confident you are. 5 Which type of mixture is transparent? Tick (7) one box. O A colloid O B solution O suspension GD none of the above (they are all opaque)6a Complete the labels on the diagram using scientific terms where you can. Ask a partner to say how many of your labels they think could be improved. Make any improvements in a different colour. Then, in a group, discuss and finalise your labels in another different colour. In water treatment to produce oe drinking water, waste water is first fitered then settled. Cross out the wrong word to show — if these statement about the liquid taken from settlement ponds are true or false. ‘Water from the ponds is pure. false Water from the settlement ponds contains dissolved substances true / false Draw a flow chart below to summarise the stages of water treatment. For each stage, name the process used to clean the water,1 Choose words from the box to complete the sentences, Nail polish does not dissolve in water, so we say it is inwater, Propanone is used in nail polish remover, and nail polish is _ a in propanone, ‘When propanone aissoives nail polish, the propanone is the __ solution that is formed, and the nail polish is the 7 2a 20g of sugar is stirred into 150g of tea. What is the mass of the solution formed? / b_ Explain your answer to part a, er 8 ee me 3. State what is meant by the concentration of a solution. 4 The solubility of blue copper sulfate is 32g per 100g of water at 20°C. > a State the largest mass of copper sulfate that would dissolve in 500g of water at 20°C, = 2 A b Explain your answer to part a. ee © Explain what you could do to 100g water so that it dissolved more than 32g of copper sulfate,1 Draw and colour the flame of a Bunsen bumer for each air hole position, i H air hole air hole i air hole closed half open fully open 2 Tick (¥) one box in each row to show which type of Bunsen flame is described. Description Roaring blue Medium blue Yellow safety flame a oO Oo for heating tubes of liquid Q o a hottest above pale blue cone oO Qo a leaves sooty layer on surfaces oO a a Ey 3 Explain why the air hole of a Bunsen burner should be closed before the gas is lit. 4 State a hazard for each of the following when working with a Bunsen burner. a recently used Bunsen burner b combustible materials, such as hair © split gas hose7 Work with a partner to complete these safety instructions for heating copper sulfate solution to dryness. a Place the Bunsen burner on a before lighting it. b Only usea_ flame to heat the solution. © When not using the Bunsen burner, d Always wear while heating, @ Fill the evaporating basin only with solution before heating, 1 Hold or move hot apparatus using _ 9 When most of the water has evaporated, _ 8 Compare your answers to question 7 with other students. Mark any corrections to your answers in a different colour. 9 Give two reasons why a medium blue flame is used for heating to dryness.1 Choose the correct words from the box to complete the text. concentrated dilute ~—«gas_-=Ssliquid.«=—=soid «= solute. solvent Evaporation of a solution happens when the changes from a . toa ve __, and escapes into the air This leaves the | __bohind ina solution that gets more a ey - When evaporation is complete, ay crystals of the solute are left in the dish. $8] 2 Would the rate of evaporation of water be greater in a cold cave or in a warm salt pond? Explain your answer. 8a The boiling point of ethanol is 78°C. State what this means, b Some water was heated to boiling. The temperature at boiling was 100.5°C. What can be said about the water? Give a reason for your answer. $8 J 4 Explain how a mixture of 50% ethanol and 50% water changes when heated to 80°C. Sa Describe how you could produce table salt from rock salt. b Discuss your answer with a partner, then mark any improvements in a different colour. a4 Which of these separations could be done by chromatography? Tick (Y) ane box, © A sand separated from a sand/gravel mixture GB alithe solids separated from a mixture of solids and a liquid O G individual solutes separated from a solvent CO D alithe solvents together separated from a solute 2. Look at the diagram, Describe how this experiment was set up. chromatography Paper beaker pencil line solvent ‘lack brown red green blue orenge 3 The diagram shows the results of chromatography using food dyes. a Which colour was carried the fastest? _ b Write down one other conclusion from the results. © [Link], discuss your conclusions. Write down another correct conclusion from your discussions,Use words from the box to complete the text. The process of removing dissolved solutes from sea water to make it suitable for drinking is called __, One way of doing this is to heat the water. This causes of the water to form steam. The steam is then cooled, causing __ of the water to form a liquid again. This method is known as Why do many parts of the world need sources of water different from the ones used in the United Kingdom? One of the products of distiling sea water is drinking water. Suggest another product from this process. Explain your answer. The diagram shows a simple set-up for distiling ‘sea water. ‘thermometer (One hazard with this apparatus is suck-back. Describe suck-back and suggest how it can be bung avoided. ° collecting tube test tube sea water Describe how risk from one other hazard with this apparatus can be reduced.5 The diagram shows another set-up for simple distillation in the lab. a Name the part labelled A in the diagram. thermometer b Explain the effect of using this set-up for distillation compared with the apparatus shown in question 4. © Suggest how you could test whether the liquid collected is pure. } 6 Explain why a solar-powered water still might be useful: a ona ship that has broken down at sea1 Draw one line from each method to what it separates. Method ‘Separates 2 LHS from & soluti (romjalsolution) evaporation, (separates the Solvent chromatography st lids from a liquid distilation separates all the solutes from a solution, 2 Anearthquake damages the drinking water supply in an area, The only source of water is a dirty pond, a Describe how you could use some thin fabric to remove the mud from the water. b_ The diagram shows an emergency solar stil Explain how the still could produce safe drinking water from the pond water. transparent cover © Suggest why it might be a good idea to boil the water produced from the stil before cooling and drinking it. d_ State the apparatus you would use to test if the water was pure, and describe how you would use it.1 Identify which of these two children is more likely to be harmed. Explain your reasoning, iil 3. State two ways in which young children might have an accident with bleach. 5 Complete these sentences, if you can. a Acidic foods taste b Very acidic foods are ____ for your teeth, ‘¢ Some alkalis are hazardous because they are We show how acidic or alkaline something is usingEy 41 Write down one acid used in the laboratory and one acid found in the home, Acid used in the laboratory Acid found in the home 2. Describe what is meant by a hazardous substance. 3 Look at this list of acids. @ Write down the letter of the acid which is safe to drink, b Describe what this acid would taste ike, 4 Draw one line from each substance to show where it is usually found. Substance Where it is found cethancic gold (acetic) infousshold cleaners | _dllute sodium hyclroxide: _allute nittic acid ammonia ‘in foods, citric acid allute sulfuric acid caustic soda (Sodium hyeronicle) in laboratories: lute hydrechioric acid 5 Which international hazard symbols will be displayed on the following household chemicals? Choose. letters from the box. a turpentine - damages pond life, causes headaches and sickness, can catch fire if heated b soap powder — causes irritation to the skin — mo :2. Look at the method below and answer the questions. A] Measure 10 om? of dilute hydrochloric acid into a test tube. YF B| Use a dropper to add 10 drops of beetroot juice to the acid. @) | Record any change in colour of the beetroot juice. ‘ ‘ D| Tidy away your apparatus. Now complete these sentences: a One hazard in this experiment is b The risk of harm is increased because © To reduce the risk of this happening we could __ 3 The table shows a ‘confidence grid’. Tick ¥ one box for each statement in the table. ‘Statement Definitely | Might be | Might be | Definitely correct | correct | wrong | wrong a Used to show that a substance is corrosive 'b Used to show that a substance is dangerous to the environment ¢ Used to show that a substance is flammable d Used to show that a substance is a health hazard & e Used to show that a substance is toxic 4 Where you think that the statements in question 3 are wrong, suggest what the symbol actually means.1 Draw one line from each substance to the term that best describes it. ‘Substance Description alkali, 2. Complete this table: Solution Colour of litmus Colour of red Acid, alkali or Red litmus Blue litmus cabbage indicator | neutral? lemon juice red red red ‘toothpaste purple pure water red blue pink vinegar acid soap solution blue blue 3. These steps for making an indicator have been written in the wrong order. Write the correct order in the space provided: Correct order: Al Crush the mixture B| Add red cabbage leaves C| Mix water and ethanol DJ Stir E| Collect the liquid indicator F| Filter the mixture 4 A few drops of litmus solution are added to some toothpaste. The litmus turns biue. What does this tell you about the toothpaste?@ r. LJ Ps 6 " 5 Anindicator called methyl orange turns red in acids and yellow in alkalis. Another indicator called phenolphthalein (pronounced feen-ol-fthay-leen) turns colourless in acids but pink in alkalis. E What colour would methyl orange turn with oven cleaner? b_ What colour would phenolphthalein turn with oven cleaner? 6 Complete the table below by choosing substances that would give all the results in each row of the table, ‘Substance Colour of [Colour of | Colour of |_| Colour of red litmus blue litmus | methyl universal orange indicator red blue orange green red red red red blue blue yellow purple red red red orange blue blue yellow dark green 7 Find out about another indicator and describe how it changes with acids and alkalis,1 State where these acids and alkalis are likely to be found. Choose your answer from laboratory, food or household cleaners. a dilute sulfuric acid b caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) ¢ dilute sodium hydroxide citric acid e ammonia f dilute hydrochloric acid g ethanoic acid (acetic acid) __ j2 dilute nitric acid _ Complete this table: Name of chemical Colour of universal indicator red very acidic 1 water neutral sodium hydroxide solution 14 carbon dioxide solution not very acidic 3 Tick (v) the sentence below that best explains what pH means, O A pHis a way of measuring how acidic or alkaline a liquid is. © B pH tells you whether or not a liquid is an acid. O C piitells you whether or not a liquid is an alkali © D pHs used to show if a liquid is dangerous or not.4 Draw one line to link each substance to its pH. Substance pH 5 Describe two ways of measuring the pH of a solution ii 6 Write down as much detail as you can about what the pH of a liquid tells us about how hazardous that liquid is lixely to be.4. Tick (¥) the statement that best describes what neutralisation is. © A anazid cancelling out an alkali OB anakkali cancelling out an acid © 6 the reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water only © D amixture of an acid and an alkali becoming more neutral 2 Astudent adds sodium hydroxide to hydrochloric acid, and evaporates the solution. ‘a Give the chemical name of the solid left behind. b The student wants to put this solid on some food, Suggest one reason why this is not a good idea. ‘Suggest how the student could check that the solution is neutral without adding anything to the solution. J 3 Complete these word equations. lithium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid -> i b + sulfuric acid > sodium sulfate + ° ‘sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid > + - lithium hydroxide + sulfuric acid > + 4a Write the word equation for the reaction between citric acid and sodium hydroxide. The salt is a citrate, 'b Label each substance in your equation using two words from the box. —$B] 1 Name four products of the chemical industry. 2 wo factories produce the same bleach. Some of their quality control analysis is shown below. Time of sample Factory A Factory B PH of product X | pH of product X 02:00 12.5 12.8 04:00 12.6 12.4 06:00 12.5 12.5 08:00 12.5 12.5 10:00 12.6 12.6 12:00 12.6 12.4 14:00, 12.5 12.6 16:00, 12.5 12.5 18:00, 12.5 12.7 20:00 12.6 12.4 22:00 12.5 12.8 24:00 12.5 12.8 Describe how you would use universal indicator to measure the pH of a sample of bleach in the laboratory. b Give one reason why a factory would use a pH! meter instead. ¢ Imagine you are the quality control technician in charge of both factories. Explain which factory's production line you would shut.4. Complete this word equation, which shows how magnesium hydroxide (an antacid) neutralises stomach acid: magnesium | — eee hydroxide acid 2 Explain why a coal power station sprays waste gases with calcium hydroxide. To answer this, tick (7) ‘one box for each of parts a and b below. a They do this O A to cool the gases. OB tostop the gases leaving the power station. O G tomake table salt. OD toreduce pollution, b This is because calcium hydroxide: O A isabase, which neutralises acidic waste gases. O B isanacid, which neutralses alkaline waste gases. CO G isa base that reacts with acids to form sodium chloride. © D isa very cold substance, mined in the Arctic. 3. Write a word equation for the reaction between calcium hydroxide and the acid gas released by power stations. 4 Which two of these substances react to make potassium sulfate? hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. } 5 Indigestion tablets reduce acidity in the stomach. Write down the steps for an experiment to find out which indigestion tablets work best.41a Complete this general word equation, acid+alkali> + b This type of reaction is called a 2 Complete these word equations: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide > + b sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide —» + © nitric acid + sodium hydroxide —+ + hydrochloric acid + calcium hydroxide -» + 3. Two of the chemicals a student mixed, before they got hot, were sodium hydroxide (drain cleaner) and sulfuric acid (rust remover). a What was the sign that a chemical reaction had taken place? bb What do you call the type of reaction that occurs between these two substances? © Write a word equation for the reaction that ocours. 4 Asstudent tested some substances and recorded their results in the table below. Tick (Y) one column to indicate the type of each substance. Name of | Does it Does it ‘Type of substance substance | dissolve in | react with water? acid? Insoluble base | Alkali Neither A Yes Yes B Yes No c No No D No Yes E Yes No1 Give two reasons why we need to recyole more of our waste, 2 What are the three states of matter? 3a Name the state of matter that waste plastic is in. b Which other waste materials are in this state of matter? Tick (v) the boxes that apply. O carbon dioxide O paint O paper O aluminium O vegetable oil O glass 4a Work in a small group to discuss the differences between solids and liquids. Describe two differences between solids and liquids. Write your answer in the first box. Ignore the second box for now. Ideas from my group:1 Look at the three syringes containing a solid, a liquid and a gas. a a a Which syringe behaves differently from the other two? = b Explain how and why it behaves differently, water air _ OF 2 Tick (¥) the boxes to show which states of matter have which properties. Properties State of matter | Keeps its shape | Keeps its Able to be Able to flow volume compressed solid quid gas 3. Agas has a density of 0.002g/em*. a State the mass of the gas in a volume of 1;cm®, Mass = sath: b Calculate the mass of 800m? of this gas. Mass= ig, © 30cm? of the gas is compressed and now has a density of 0.009g/em®, State the mass of the gas. Mass = 4 4a Burning fossil fuels produce acidic gases. Some of these gases have been dissolved in water, Tick one (¥) box to select which pH that the solution is likely to be. O ApHI O B ph7 O ¢ pH7.5 O D pH13 'b identify the chemical test that you would use to find the pH of the solution. mpMaking a hypothesis is an important part of scientific method. a What is a hypothesis? b Tick (¥) the statement that is a possible hypothesis. O A Salty water takes longer to boil than jap water. OB ffl add more salt to water, then the boiling point will decrease. OC The boiling point of water depends on the amount of salt in it. OD Sea water will take longer to boil than salty water. 2 Complete the following sentences, only using the words hypothesis and data ‘After an experiment has been carried out, you consider the ____ that you have collected. If the __ matches the prediction, this is evidence that the is correct. We say that the supportsthe Whe from many experiments supports the it becomes a theory. 3a State two things that make a good theory. b What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? 4 Complete the flow diagram to outline the different stages in scientific method. Data match prediction?5 Look at the drawings. They show a room before and after the fire has been lit. There is a balloon in the room. Work in groups to answer the questions below. @ Write an observation about what is happening to the balloon. b Write a question that you could ask about the balloon. © Write a hypothesis about what affects the balloon. Use the phrase ‘depends on’ Design an experiment to test your hypothesis. Outline what you will do. If your hypothesis is correct, describe what you expect to observe happening in your experiment. Make a prediction. mT4 The particle model states that all matter is made up of tiny particles. What else does it state? Tick (v) three correct sentences. © A Allmatter is made up of gas. OB Particles move all the time. © C Particles can only vibrate in one direction. © D Forces keep the particles far apart. OE There are forces of attraction holding the particles together. OF The forces between particles are always the same strength. O G Forces vary in strength for different states of matter. 2 Look at the drawings. Label each state of matter. 82999296 ROB OR RSS 99 ROD 95 22 IOII2S SOON BOOS 3 Fillin the table below to describe the particles in solids, liquids and gases. State of Arrangement of | Movement of ‘Strength of Example matter particles particles forces between particles strong Solid Liquid fairly close together Gas move in all directionsHow does the particle theory explain: why gases can be compressed but liquids cannot why gases spread out to fll a container why sugar disappears when stirred into some water? Look at your answer to Question 4a on page 75. Discuss in your group what you have learned about particle theory. If you can, write a better answer in the lower box. Explain what you see when a tea bag is dropped into a beaker of cold water and left for two weeks. To answer this, tick (v) one answer for each of parts a and b below. What happens: OA The tea bag and the water do not change. O B The tea bag gets bigger and bigger. = O © Abrown colour slowly spreads through the water. OD The tea bag dissolves and the tea falls out. This is because: O A the forces between tea particles are weak when itis cold, O B particles only move when it is hot. QO € the brown tea particles are constantly moving. © D liquids have no fixed shape. aExplain the Brownian motion of a soot speck. To answer this, tick (¥) one box for each of parts a and b below, a Brownian motion is when the speck: GA vibrates backwards and forwards. O B moves jerkily in many different directions. O © moves smoothly in one direction. © D moves jerkily in one direction. b It happens because the speck: O A ishit by air particles moving in random directions. © B ishit by air particles moving in one direction. OG C isin constant motion, and always vibrating. O Dishot. Complete the following sentences, using only the words in the box below. ‘motion, Albert Einstein developed Pollen grains in water move by a hypothesis to explain this. This was based on the theory, which was not generally accepted by scientists at that time. He used his hypothesis to make a - __ about how far a pollen grain would be moved by water. An is was then carried out to the hypothesis. The ___matched the prediction and provided evidence to support the particle } Ba 1 nanometre is 0.000000001 metres. How many nanometres are ina metre? b Why is it not sensible to measure a football pitch in nanometres? © Inagroup, think of two things that should be measured in nanometres?1 Drawing X shows gas particles in a box, which is separated into two sections. A tiny hole is made in the barrier. Complete drawing Y to show the positions of the gas particles after a long period of time. pinhole 2. Explain what happens during the diffusion of a gas. To answer this, tick (¥) one box for each of parts a and b below. ‘During diffusion: b This is because: O A agas spreads out. O A particles of a gas move in the same direction. © B agas moves from one place to another. O B particles of a gas move in random directions. O G agas takes up a smaller volume. O C particles of a gas stay stil, O D agas increases in density. O D particles of a gas move more slowly. 3 Complete the following sentences, only using the words particles, liquids and gases. Diffusion is caused by the movement of into spaces between other . tt occurs more slowly in liquids than in gases. This is because the in _ are closer together and cannot move as freely as the in 4 Think about what happens when you add sugar to a hot drink and do not stir it. Use particle theory to explain why this makes the drink taste sweet.J 1 How can air produce a pressure? 2a Use the particle model to explain why an inflated balloon keeps its shape, b Give the reason why the density of the gas in the balloon increases when you squeeze it. (Be careful not to pop it though’) © What will happen to the pressure in the balloon when it is squashed? d_ Why might the balloon pop if you squash it too much? 3 The drawing shows a cross section of a balloon and the air molecules inside and outside it. Which statement is correct? Tick (¥) one box. © A The gas pressure inside the balloon is greater than outside it, CO B The balloon is deflatir O © There is a vacuum inside the balloon, © D There are more particles hitting the outside of the balloon than the inside. 4a What is a vacuum? b Describe how a vacuum can cause something to implode (get squashed in on itself}?5 Complete the following sentences using the words from the box. When you suck the straw, there is pressure J the straw. So, the air pressure the straw acting on the liquid is than the pressure inside the straw and the liquid is pushed up the straw, 6 Drawings X and Y show two tyres. One is inflated and the other is deflated (flat). Not all particles have been shown Tyre X . TyreY « a a Add particles to drawing X and a label to explain why the tyre is soft and floppy. b Describe what would happen if the tyre has a very small puncture. © Share your completed diagram with others. Discuss whether the labelled diagrams in your group: * arecorrect * show enough information» are easy to understand, d_ Write down two ways in which your diagram is good. @ Write down one thing that you could improve about your diagram. 2 Sett will be a sunny morning in the north, and a cloudy afternoon with heavy rain. The south will have some sunshine and some rain, and a dry, cloudy afternoon. Strong winds will blow from the south all day. J 1 Add symbols to the maps to represent the weather forecast shown. Include a key. N N morning afternoon 2 The table shows the air pressures in two locations, X and Y. For each row of the table, show which way ‘the wind blows (X to Y or Y to X) by drawing an arrow in the central box. Pressure at X (kPa) Wind direction Pressure at Y (kPa) 100 130 125 113 129 122 160 190 3. Meteoroiogists use symbols to communicate things. Explain how the symbols you have used in question 1 help explain what the wind is lke.1 Describe solids, liquids and gases in terms of the movement of their particles and the forces between the particles. a asolid b aliquid 2 Explain why soot particles from a fire appear to dance about when you look at them through a microscope. 3 Poisonous waste has leaked from a landill site into a pond. Draw particles in the ponds in diagrams Y and Z to show what will happen to the poison in the pond over time. 4 Tick (v) the statement that is a hypothesis, O A There seems to be a lot of methane produced in the lanaifil site. OB The amount of methane depends on the amount of rotting waste. O C If we increase the amount of rotting waste, then more methane is produced. GD Whyis so much methane produced in a landfill site? gO4. The diagram shows how water changes from one state to another. ice water steam solid Add the names of the states to the boxes. Label the arrows to show the physical changes (the changes of state). 2 Sea water is a solution of dissolved substances such as salt. What does the term solution mean? 3 We can use changes of state to separate materials from mixtures. Which change of state would you use to separate sait from sea water? 4 During evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas. Tick (¥) the statements that are true: G A Liquids only evaporate once the boiling point has been reached. © B During evaporation, particles leave the liquid as a gas. © C Evaporation gets faster as the liquid gets hotter. OD Evaporation only occurs when it is warm, E Evaporation gets slower as the liquid gets hotter. O F Liquids only evaporate at temperatures below their metting point. 5 Draw one line from each change to show whether itis @ physical or chemical change. Change ‘Type of change boiling a kettle to make steam mixing sand and water “chemical change frying an egg iron rails rusting physical change) water turning to iceQuantitative data can be continuous or _ Continuous data can have any value between two . Discrete has a number of choices. 2a The scatter graph shows the relationship between two variables that are both quantitative, Write a set of rules for drawing a good scatter graph. How burning time depends on the volume of air | | Burning time of candle (s) o: 0 100-200 90040580 GO Volume of air in beaker (cm‘) b Work in a group to share ideas by comparing your lists. Write down two things about your list that were good. © Write down one thing about your list that could be improved. oF3. The table contains information on how long certain metal resources, will last if we keep using them at the current rate. How could you sort this data in the table? b Drawa bar chart of the data on the grid below, nickel 90 copper 61 silver 29 zine 46 | T F FLEECE 4 The table shows the results of an investigation into how the length of time a candle burns for depends on the volume of air. a Avariable is anything that can change. List the two variables in this experiment. Volume of air in | Time candle the beaker (cm*) | burns for (s) 50 3.9 100 52 150 7A 200 76 250 10.61 Decide whether each statement is true or false. Cross out the answer you do not want, a Atoms are the simplest particles. True/False b Molecules contain only two atoms joined together. True/False ¢ The atoms in a molecule must be different. True/False d The atoms in a molecule of water can be joined in any way. True/False 2 Whats the periodic table? 3 Tick (¥) one box to answer each of parts a and b below. a Pure oxygen is: bb The reason for this is because: O A amixture. O A it contains many molecules. O B anelement. O B itcontains many atoms. DO ¢ acompound. O C itonly contains one type of atom, G D asolution. O D itisagas. 4a Draw one line from each particle type to the correct description. Then draw one line from each description to the drawing that best ilustrates it. Particle Description atom contains only atoms: of the same type element the simplest type of particle rane a 4 compound b Describe the difference between: 1 elements and compounds ii atoms and molecules,5 The following are some gases found in the air, Complete the sentences using words from the box. a The gas that makes up the highest percentage of air is b The gas in air that supports burning is ¢ The gas in air that is a compound is J & The water of our seas and oceans covers over hal the surface ofthe Eath. Each water parle s formed by joining two atoms of hydrogen to one atom of oxygen. The sea also contains dissolved substances, inclucing sodium chloride (salt) and oxygen gas, which supports all sea life. Using examples of substances from the above passage explain the difference between pure substances and mixtures, elements and compounds, and atoms and molecules.What is all matter made up of? 2. The elements found in the Earth's crust jotassium — K are shown in the pie chart. poe magnesium -Mg sodium — Na 2% Tick (v7) the percentage data shown in 3% other elements the pie chart. calcium - Ce 1% O A qualitative 3.5% O B discrete oxygen 0 O © quantitative aluminium - Al] O D descriptive 8% silicon ~ Si 28% 3 Complete the sentences using words from the box. Use each word once. ‘A compound contains ___ oF more elements that are chemically . Gold is an because all the ingoldare the type. Oxygen gas is a of two oxygen atoms joined together, 4 Give the symbols for the following elements, a iron b sodium © calcium 5a Which gas from the air do we nead to help things burn? b Give the names of two gases in the air that are elements. 6 Complete the following sentences. a Aproperty of gold is that it is shiny. This makes gold useful for _ _ _ b Copper is a good conductor of heat. This is why copper is used to make _ © Carbon, as graphite, is soft. This is why graphite is used to make mm :| 1 Write down three physical properties of most metals, 2 Which three metals are magnetic? 3 Iodine is a non-metal. It is a dark grey, brittle solid that melts at 114°C and does not conduct heat or electricity. How is iodine similar to sulfur? 4 The properties of elements A and B are compared in the table. Property Element A. Element B melting point 1085°C -7°C boiling point 2562°C 59°C conductor of heat yes no conductor of electricity yes no malleable yes no Explain whether element A is a metal or a non-metal, Element Ais a b Explain which element would be used to make the wires in a lamp. © Which properties in the table are quantitative data? 5 Silicon is a non-metal. Describe one way in which it is similar to a metal, 6 Give one reason why we recycle aluminium products, Recycling aluminium is useful because1 What is the name given to a rock from which a metal can be obtained? 2 Complete the paragraph by crossing out the incorrect term in each sentence. Crushing rock is a physical / chemical process. The ore is then removed and heated to separate the metal from the rest of the compound. In a physical / chemical process new substances are made. Changes of state are physical / chemical processes. 3. The ore malachite contains copper carbonate. a_ Name the elements other than copper present in copper carbonate. b_ How many of the elements in copper carbonate are metals? > 4 The following data is about a proposed copper mine. Costs per 1000 kg of ore handled ‘The amount of copper that _| Survey and research = £11.00 can be obtained from the ore | mining operations = £19.50 is 1%. transport of ore = £10.00 The present selling price of __ | extracting metal = £31.00 copper is £4.50 per ka. admin and sales = £14.00 distribution of metal = £4.50 ‘a You need to work out if the mine will make a profit or not. Do you have all the data that you will need? Look at diagram A in 7Hc Obtaining Metals to check. b Calculate the total cost of handling 1000 kg of the copper ore. © Show that the mine is not going to make a profit.