Objective 4 Operational Amplifiers

4.1 Describe the properties of the ideal operationalamplifier

Positive
powersupply

Inatinginput
output
non
inertis
negative powersupply

The ideal Operation Amplifier

The output voltage of on op amp is proportional to the
difference
of the voltages at its inverting v and non
inverting Ut inputs This is represented by the
equation
Vout Ao ut v
Ao Open hoop
gain

Thetypical connection for an in a circuit is one

op amp
where some other component usually a resistor is connected

between
the output pin and the invertinginput Thiscauses
pin
the signal that goes into the op amp to get loop back from
its output to itsinput This set up is called closed loop
configuration Therefore if there are no components connecting
the output back to theinput then its an open loop
configuration

The
gain is
determined
by deriding the voltage value
of the output signal by that of the input signal

feedback This of the output signal that gets

is a portion
fed back to
the input whenever we have the
connection in
place

Properties of an Ideal OP AMP

a An infinite
open loop gain The slightest difference in it
and U will the output to go to saturation Saturation
cause

voltage cannot exceed the power supply voltage The op amp

is configured without feedback it has a
any verylarge
goin
Yit
gown
n SURE
out
regionof
constant
gown

unimo
FaTngfFtpt
regionofconstant

in
a constant gain b Saturation limit
 When the output voltage starts getting close to the value
of the power supply voltage Usupply something strange
starts

happening The
gain starts decreasing butwin gets smaller
The gradient then starts decreasing and is gettingflatter
and flatter By the time it reaches the power supply voltage
value it becomes a flat straight line which will never
exceed the power supply voltage value That port when
reached it is said the _op op is saturated
That is if theoutput voltage remains constantirrespective
of an increases in the input signal voltage

b An infinite input impedance resistance This ensures that no

current flows into the input terminals Ut and v However

voltages may bepresent

Impedance Used to describe the combined resistancesof

all the circuit elements

Why isit that no current flows into an infinitely high resistance

Due to Ohms low U IR If V is 10 volts and R is
10 Mor then the current I 10 v corner The I
is IJUA Therefore in these kinds of circuits
the current is negligible

c An infinite bandwith This assumes that it amplifies

any
input range of frequencies

Bandwith The of frequencies over which the op amp

range
operates with a constant
gain

Zero output impedance resistance This ensures that the

amplifier is unaffected whatever output circuit it is connected

to

4.2 Compare the properties of a real operational amplifier with

the ideal operational amplifier

9 The open loopgain is usually in the ranges of

105 10

Althoughthis is high it is not infinite

b They have large but finite input impedances usually in the

range of 102 10 R Thus drawing

very small butmeasurable
Currents at their input terminals
c They have a finite bandwith which is dependent on the

gain The higher the gain the smaller the

bandwth

d The output impedance is usually about 100or

e They have finite slew rate and voltage and current offsets

4.3 Use the operational amplifier as a comparator

a Case 1
Usupply

t
out Aout
Usupply

ground

Input signal Vin is on Ut input and U terminal is

grounded

tosupply
Case 2

n
supply bout Af L U

L ground
Input signal Vin is o U input and Ut terminal is grounded

tosupply

c Case 3

bout AoCut 0
n n supply

grand

These are for cases where a differential inputsignal is

applied

Important Observations

1 In the output signal will always be of the same

case I

polarity or phases of its input signal

2 In case 2 the output signal will always be of the

opposite polarity or phases of its input signal
3 In case 3 the polarity of the output will depend on which

of theinputs has the longer voltage

a If it v then the polarity will beopposite to that
of u
b If Ut U then polarity will be same as that of
Ut
4 A negative output voltage can only be obtained of the
op amp is
connected to a dual rail supply

Application of the Comparator

It where twostates
used
many circuit applorations
is in

need to be compared to produce a desired outputsignal

which is usually used to control some other corent or to
switch some state

Potential Dividers

A potential Divider is a simple arrangement of two

resistances across one voltage source The voltage drop
across each of the resistances is always less thanthat
of the voltage source

out
Repels
a R

WI
Two fixed
[Link]
resistor
fFEZ.a
LDR Light dependent resistors is made by placing two
metal electrodes by a form of cadmium sulphide In
complete darkness ithas a resistance of about 10ms but in
bright sunlight its resistance falls to about 1002 Therefore

by varying the amount of light shining on the hDR

Thermistor A temperature dependent resistor which is

manufactured from the oxides of various metals Theyare
made in all kinds of shapes and sizes

4.4 Use the fact that magnitude of the output voltage

connnot exceed that of thepowersupply

4.5 Explain the of gain and bandwth of

meaning
an amplifier

Feedback in Op amp Circuits

Unt β t sbout
Vin Add Ao

βbut feedbackfraction L
β
 A fraction JB of the output voltage is fed back and
added totheinput applied voltage

bout Aovin Aoβbut

AoVin Vout Ao Vout
β
AoVin Vout 1 AoB

The overall goin

of this feedback arrangement is now

expressed as

Y TAB
Positive feedback

If p is positive then the Aop term can be made

to be equal to 1 makingthe denominator term 1 AB
equal to zero That
is the overall
gain will be infinite
only possible when the output signal
Positive feedback is

is fed back in phase with the input signal so in the

case of the op amp the feedback signal must be

sent to the non inverting input terminal
Negative feedback

If thefraction β is negative then the denominator

term
Eq 3 is greater than unity
qty
in
Vit
The overall
gain of the feedback amplifying system
is now much smaller than the open loop gain

a hovering the gain significantly increases the bandwith

It allows amplification over a
greater frequency range

b There is less distortion of the output signal The op

amp doesn't have to saturate anymore
C Overall improvement in the operational stability
of the circuit

4.6 Explain the are for a typical

gain frequency

operational amplifier

47 Determine bondwith from a come

gain frequency

4.8 Draw the circuit diagram for both the meeting and
non inverting amplifier with a singleinput
Thiverting Amplifier Rf

Ri UG

on bout

It is assumed that the op amp is not saturated

An input signal Vin is applied to the resistor R which
is connected to the inverting input terminal Resistor Rf
is connected across the output and the inverting input
terminal to provide negative feedback The non inverting
input is connected to the ground so its potential is exactly
zero wolt The behavior of an op amp is such that
when
any of input terminals grounded it causes
is

a virtual grand condition to exist at the otherterminal

The point is labelled UG When the amplifier outputs
fed back to the inverting input terminal the output
voltage will always take on that value required
to drive the signal difference between the
Due to very
amplifier input terminals to zero
large input impedance no current flows into the
supert terminals of the op amp
Derivation of Expression

Current through R Comet throughRf

Uri Vin 0
Upp 0 bout

Vin
of
A
1
Th Non
Inverting Amplifier
Rf

Juout
ou
An input voltageVin is applied directly to the non inverting
feedback is
input terminal Ut Negative applied bymeans of
resistors Rf and R The amplifier is assumed not to be
saturated therefore the voltages at the twoinput terminal
must effectively be the same That is Ut U In this
set up Ut is equal to Vin and V is equal to
the voltage dividing of boat by Rs and Ri

vin ut u

I
Riff
boat
BE