Lecture 2
Engine Classification
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Compression Ratio
Higher Compression Ratio= Higher Power
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Engine Capacity and Bore Stroke ratio
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Basic Reciprocating engine classifications
The engine is usually classified in the three main ways.
➢Displacement
➢Number of Cylinders
➢Cylinder Arrangement
Engine Displacement
The displacement refers to the volume of space that a
piston moves through in a single stroke. It is calculated by
multiplying the area of the piston by the length of it’s’
stroke. Stroke refers to the distance that the piston travels
either upward or downward in the cylinder from the top
(TDC) to the bottom (BDC).
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Number of Cylinders
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Cylinder Arrangement
In Line Engine, V Engine, Flat Engine ( Boxer Engine )
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Valve Optimization
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Manifolds
The word "manifold" is derived from an Old English word meaning many folds, referring
to the folding together of the inputs and outputs within the manifold. Both the intake and
the exhaust manifold work together to help the engine operate more efficiently.
Intake Manifold
An intake manifold is responsible for evenly
distributing air or a combustion mixture to each intake
port in an engine's cylinder heads. This is important to
optimize efficiency and performance.
Exhaust Manifold
Exhaust manifolds collect engine exhaust from the engine's
cylinders and deliver it through one pipe to the vehicle's
exhaust pipe. They are usually made of cast iron or
stainless steel. Properly functioning exhaust manifolds help
optimize efficiency and performance.
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Turbocharger and Supercharger
The key difference between a
turbocharger and a supercharger is its
power supply. Something has to
supply the power to run the air
compressor.
A turbocharger, on the other hand, gets
its power from the exhaust stream.
The exhaust runs through a turbine,
which in turn spins the compressor
In a supercharger, there is a belt that
connects directly to the engine. It gets
its power the same way that the water
pump or alternator does.
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Camshaft
Controls opening and
closing of valves.
Made from forged steel. Cams
Belt or chain driven.
Consists of a number of
Journals
cams (lobes) and journals.
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Cam Operation
Cams open and close valves.
Nose
As the camshaft rotates, cam Duration
pushes the valve open.
Lift
Exhaust
Intake valves on one side,
exhaust on the other.
Intake
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Cam Follower Types
Solid follower. Roller follower.
Hydraulic follower. Cup type follower.
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Rocker Arms
Cast or pressed steel
construction.
Transfers push-rod
motion to valve.
Valve clearance (lash) adjustment.
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Valve Mechanisms [OHV, OHC, DOHC]
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Front End Construction and valve drive
There are 3 normal possibilities to drive the camshafts by the crankshaft
Timing with Toothed belt Timing Chain Timing Gears
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Thank You
Any Questions
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