P.
E MOD 1
INFORMATION SHEET PR-1.1.1
“BASIC FIRST AID”
❑ accidents are one of the leading causes of death among persons, not to mention the natural
disasters that can inflict damages to thousands of lives and properties.
FIRST AID
An immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes
self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available, encouragement, evidence of willingness to
help, and promotion of confidence by demonstration of competence.
GUIDELINES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE
1. Getting started
2. Plan your Action
3. Gather needed materials
4. Perform initial responses
5. Do primary Survey of the Victim
6. Check for ABC’s of life
AIRWAY
- Is the victim’s mouth and nose are clear for any Foreign body Obstruction?
BREATHING
- Is the victim breathing? Shallow or deep? Does he appear to be cocking?
CIRCULATION
- Is the victim’s heart beating? Assess pulse, is he severely breathing?
7. Activate Medical Assistance or transfer Facility
8. Do a secondary survey of the victim
9. Check Vital signs (monitoring)
10.Do the head-to-toe examination
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
❑ The Skin
❑ The largest single organ in the body.
❑ ·It is the complex layers of tissue that cover the surface of the body.
Classification:
1. Closed soft tissue injury
2. Open soft tissue injury
3. Explosion
❑ Closed Soft Tissue Injury – Skin is unbroken
1. Contusion
2. Internal laceration
3. Internal puncture
4. Crush injury
5. Rupture
❑ Signs & Symptoms:
1. Pain and tenderness
2. Swelling
3. Discoloration
4. Hematoma
5. Uncontrolled restlessness
6. Thirst
FIRST AID:
❑ ·Ice application
❑ ·Compression
❑ ·Elevation
❑ ·Splint
MOD 2
INFORMATION SHEET PR-2.1.1
“BANDAGING”
BANDAGE
A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on
its own to provide support to or to restrict the movement of a part of the body.
A Strip of material used mainly to support and immobilize used mainly to support and immobilize
a part of the body.
Uses:
● To support – Fractured bone
● To immobilize –Dislocated shoulder/jaw
● To apply pressure-stop bleeding and improve venous blood flow
● To flow secure a dressing in place
● To retain splints in place.
● Principles and Procedures for Applying Bandages
● Wash hand. (wear gloves where necessary)
● Assist victim to assume comfortable position on bed or chair and support the body part to be
bandaged.
● Always stand in front of the part/victim to be bandaged except when applying a bandage to the
head, eye and ear.
● Be sure the bandage is rolled firm.
● Make sure the body part to be bandaged is clean and dry.
● Assess skin before applying bandage for any breakdown.
● Observe circulation by nothing pulse, surface temperature, skin color sensation of the body part to
be wrapped.
● Principles and Procedures for Applying Bandages
● Always start bandaging from inner to outer aspect and far to near end.
● When bandaging a joint, ensures flexibility of the joint. (except if immobilization of joint is
required).
● Always start and end with two circular turns.
● Cover the area 2 inches above and 2 inches below the affected area (wound).
Types of Bandages:
● Triangular- Triangular bandages could be used on many parts of the body to support and
immobilize.
● Crape Bandage- Type of woven gauze which has the quality of stretching.
● Gauze/Cotton Bandage-Use retain and also used where application of pressure to an area is
needed.
● Adhesive bandage-use to retain dressing and also where application of pressure to an is needed.
Methods of Applying Bandages
● Circular- turns are used chiefly to anchor bandages to terminate bandages.
● Spiral-turns area used to bandage cylindrical parts of the body that are fairly uniform in
circumference, such as upper arm and upper leg.
● Spiral Reverse spiral-turns are used to bandage cylindrical parts of the body that are not uniform
in circumference, such as the leg or lower leg fore arm.
● Figure of Eight-Application of bandage on Elbow, Ankle, and Knee.
● Head Bandaging- Vertical bandage carried twice forwards and once backwards.
● Triangular bandage to the Head
● Turn the base (longest side) of the bandage up and center its base on center of the forehead,
letting the point (apex) fall on the back of the neck
● Take the ends behind the head and cross the end over the apex.
● Triangular Bandage Sling- A triangular bandage sling is usually made from a muslin bandage, but
any material that does not stretch (such as a fatigue shirt, trousers, poncho, blanket, or
shelter-half) can be used fold, cut, or tear the materials into a triangular shape.
Eye Injury and Bandaging-A penetrating eye injury is usually caused by a sharp object which has gone in,
or is protruding from the eye.
● Ear bandage
● Jaw injuries and Bandaging
● Bandaging
● Finger Bandaging
Securing Bandage
● Tape
● Metal
● Safety Pin
● Binders
● Binders used to secure a dressing in the rectum and perineal area.
● Abdominal binders (Scultetus).
MOD 3
INFORMATION SHEET PR-3.1.1
“TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS”
What is an Open Wound?
An open wound is a type of injury that causes an external or internal break in the body’s tissue. It
is commonly caused by accidents involving sharp or rough objects that cut through the skin and
leave some form of trauma. If left alone, it exposes the body to harmful bacteria, making it at risk
of infection.
Just like any other injury, open wounds can be classified into different categories. Minor cuts can
be treated at home, but severe cases require emergency services. In case a loved one is wounded
or hurt, identifying the wound type can be helpful when administering first-aid.
Types of Open Wounds and Their Treatment Methods
● Abrasion
Abrasions occur when the skin rubs against a rough surface. This kind of wound is not deep, so there is
little to no bleeding that occurs. However, the affected area will need cleaning since it may have been
exposed to foreign substances such as dirt and bacteria.
● Puncture
Punctures are hole-shaped wounds caused by pointy objects such as needles and nails. It may seemingly
be harmless, but if the wound is contaminated, antibiotics or a tetanus shot may be needed. Meanwhile,
deep punctures (e.g., gunshot wounds) require immediate medical intervention.
● Incision
An incision is a clean and straight wound caused by a knife, broken glass, or any sharp object. Doctors
usually make incisions when performing surgery, but it can be lethal when suffered during an accident. If
tendons are affected, an incision will cause heavy bleeding and possibly cause permanent damage.
Treatment is done via thorough wound cleaning and stitching.
Laceration
A laceration is a deep and jagged cut that results in skin tears and heavy bleeding. This usually
happens when people mishandle knives, machinery, and other sharp tools. Similar to an incision,
getting a laceration requires extensive cleaning and stitches.
● Avulsion
An avulsion is a severe wound that can result in the partial or complete tear of the skin and tissues. They
usually occur during violent accidents such as car crashes, explosions, and other incidents that involve
trauma. Apart from heavy bleeding, some cases of avulsions can also lead to the loss or dislocation of
limbs.
● Amputation
An amputation refers to the loss of an extremity such as an arm, finger, or leg. In the case of an accident,
it comes with severe bleeding, which requires emergency medical management. However, amputations
can also be done in a medical procedure to manage certain diseases such as gangrene
Signs of Infection
If a major wound is left alone or treated incorrectly, it can lead to an infection. If these symptoms start to
manifest, consult with a healthcare professional as soon as possible.
● Fever – An infection may spike up the body’s temperature. If it surpasses the normal threshold of
37.5°C, consult with a doctor for medication.
● Malaise – This refers to fatigue, lack of energy, and a general feeling of discomfort. If recovering
from surgery, transparency with a care provider can help speed up recovery.
● Redness – Wound redness is a natural part of healing, but it should eventually disappear in a
week. If it persists over an extended period or starts to expand and cover a larger area, it may be a
sign of infection.
● Swelling – Similar to redness, swelling is another part of wound healing that should disappear
gradually. Otherwise, proceed to a medical center for treatment.
● Increase in temperature of the surrounding area – If the surrounding area of the cut starts to feel
warm, this means the immune system is at work due to a bacterial infection.
● Bodily aches – Persisting pain in the wound and its surrounding area can mean an infection. In
case the discomfort becomes unbearable, seek help.
● Vomiting – Along with nausea and loss of appetite, vomiting is also a common symptom of
infections, though it can also be a sign of other ailments.
● Discharge – During the healing process, the wound may start to secrete yellow, green, or brown
pus. While it may be a natural byproduct of the body due to the buildup of dead, white blood
cells, this is also a sign of an infection.
● Unpleasant odor – This commonly happens along with the discharge.
Complications that May Arise from Wound Infection
Here are some notable ailments that may arise from a wound infection.
● Cellulitis – This infection penetrates the deeper layers of the skin, causing pain in the affected area
while exhibiting other flu-like symptoms.
● Sepsis – This refers to the body’s reaction to an infection, causing damage to various organ
systems. Typically, chemicals are released into the bloodstream to fight off an infection, but with
sepsis, the chemicals are out of balance, causing changes that can damage organs.
● Osteomyelitis – It is a bacterial infection of the bone that leads to redness, fever, swelling,
weakness, and pain.
● Necrotizing fasciitis – A rare condition caused by flesh-eating bacteria that affects the fascial lining
of the skin. This serious condition should be treated as soon as possible because it can spread all
over the body.
● Lockjaw (tetanus infection) – An illness that causes the jaw muscles to spasm. Those affected will
feel pain and have difficulty opening their mouths.
● Impetigo (staph infection) – This skin infection is common among children and causes sores,
redness, and swelling around one’s nose and mouth.
MOD 4
INFORMATION SHEET PR-4.1.1
“HEAT EMERGENCIES PATIENT/CASUALTY HANDLING”
INTRODUCTION
Heat emergencies are of three types: heat cramps (caused by loss of salt) heat exhaustion (caused by dehydration),
and heat stroke (shock).
1. Heat Cramps – a muscular pain and spasm due to largely to loss of salt from the body in sweating
or too inadequate intake of salt.
Signs and symptoms
• Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen or legs
• Heavy perspiration
• Lightheadedness; weakness
FIRST AID:
• Have the victim rest with his/her feet
• Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub
• Give the victim electrolyte beverage to sip or make salted drink
• To relive muscle cramps massage the affected muscles gently but firmly until they relax
2. Heat Exhaustion – a response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness, and collapse due to
inadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluids through sweating.
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• Cool, pale or red moist skin
• Dilated pupils
• Headache
• Extreme thirst
• Nausea; vomiting
• Irrational behavior
• Weakness; Dizziness
• Unconsciousness
FIRST AID:
• Have the victim rest with his or her feet elevated
• Cool the victim
• Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make a salted drink
• Monitor the victim for signs of shock
• If the victim starts seizures, protect him/her from injury and give first aid for convulsions
• If the victim loses consciousness, give first aid for unconsciousness.
3. Heat Stroke/Sun stroke- a response to heat characterized by extremely high body temperature
and disturbance of sweating mechanism.
3. Heat Stroke/Sun stroke- a response to heat characterized by extremely high body temperature
and disturbance of sweating mechanism
Signs and symptoms
• Raised body temperature
• Dry, hot, red skin
• Dark urine
• Small pupils
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Extreme confusion
• Weakness
• Seizures
• Unconsciousness
FIRST AID:
• Cool the victim
• Give First Aid for shock
• If the victim starts having seizures, give first aid for seizures
• Keep the victim cool as you await medical help
4. SEIZURE - is a sudden involuntary muscle contraction, usually due to uncontrolled electrical activity in
the brain.
Signs and Symptoms
• Local tingling or twitching in part of the body
• Brief blackout or period of confused behavior
• Sudden falling, loss of consciousness
• Drooling, frothing of the mouth
• Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching, jerking limbs
• Grunting; snorting
• Loss of bladder and bowel control
• Seizure are often associated with epilepsy; high blood pressure; heart disease, etc.
First Aid:
If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not necessary to call physician unless
• The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes
• Another seizure begins soon after the first
• He/ She does not regain consciousness after the jerking movement has stopped
• Pregnant
• Carries identification as diabetic
• Is in the water and has swallowed large amounts of water.
PATIENT / CASUALTY HANDLING
Emergency Rescue
Is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to a place of safety.
METHODS OF RESCUE
TRANSFER
▪ Is moving a patient from one place to another after giving first aid.
Factors to be considered in the selection of choosing the transfer method:
Nature and severity of the injury.
Size of the victim.
Physical capabilities of the first aider.
Number of personnel and equipment available.
Distance to be covered.
Sex of the victim (last consideration)
Pointers to be observe during transfer
• Victim’s airway must be maintained open.
• Hemorrhage is controlled.
• Victim is safely maintained in the correct position.
• Regular check of the victim’s condition is made.
• Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively applied.
• The patient’s body is moved as one unit.
• The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the victim.
• First aiders/bearers must observed proper ergonomics in lifting and moving of patient.
• The method of transfer is safe, comfortable, and as speedy as circumstances permit
One-man assist/carries/ drags
• Assist to walk
• Carry in arms (cradle)
• Pack strap carry
• Piggy back carry
• Fireman’s carry
• Fireman’s drag
• Blanket drag
• Armpit/shoulder drag
• Cloth drag
• Feet drag
• Inclined drag (head first- passing the stairway)
Two-man assist/ carries
• Assist to walk
• Four-hand seat
• Hands as a litter
• Carry by extremities
• Chair as a litter
• Fireman’s carry with assistance
Three-man carries
• Bearers alongside (for narrow alley)
• Hammock carry
Four/six/eight-man carry
Blanket
MOD 5
INFORMATION SHEET PR-5.1.1
“HIV/AIDS PREVENTION”
WHERE DID HIV COME FROM?
HIV infection in humans came from a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa. The chimpanzee version of the virus
(called simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV) was probably passed to humans when humans hunted these
chimpanzees for meat and came in contact with their infected blood.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
● Implies the entire course of HIV infection, from asymptomatic infection and early symptoms of
AIDS
● A chronic condition, controllable with medications and stir adherence to treatment
recommendations.
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
● is a deadly disease that destroys the body’s defence system and its ability to fight off infections
and cancer.
A. THE INFECTION PROCESS OF THE HIV
1. The virus can enter the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during sex.
2. Sexual Contact – where there is penetration and semen or vaginal fluids are exchange.
3. Parental- in 15% cases, it is by blood transfusion or blood product transfusion.
4. From Mother to Child- women can transmit HIV to their babies during pregnancy or birth, when infected
maternal cells enter the baby’s circulation.
5. In nursing mothers, transmission can occur through breast milk.
6. Infected Blood or blood products by sharing contaminated needles or by transfusion of infected blood
(where portal of entry exist like broken skin or mucous membrane)
7. HIV can be spread in health-care settings through accidental needle sticks or contact with contaminated
fluids.
8. HIV can also spread to organ transplantation.
A. HIV IS NOT SPREAD BY:
1. Shaking hands
2. Touching and hugging
3. Toilet belongings
4. Sharing belonging
5. Caring for someone with AIDS
6. Insect bites
7. Using public baths
8. Conversing with an infected peers
B. WHO CAN GET INFECTED BY HIV/AIDS
1. Anyone, male or female, young or old, from any country or any
Religion can acquire HIV.