Science Class Six || [Link].

xyz Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello

CLASS SIX
JEST/PST
NOTE
‫هر قسم جا نوٽس هاڻي پي ڊى ايف ۾ اساجني جي ويب‬
.‫سائيٽ تي موجود آهن‬
‫ نوٽس‬JEST/PST 
‫ پراڻا حل شده پيپر‬
‫ آنالئن ٽيسٽ‬
)‫ سهڌ ٽيڪسٽ بڪ بورڊ ڪتاب (پي ڊى ايف‬
.‫ داخال جي بارى ۾ آ گاهي‬
.‫اڄ اساجني ويب سائيٽ تي وزٽ ڪهدا‬
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Science Class Six || [Link] Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

 Basic unit of life is called CELL

 First scientist who observed the cell was ROBERT HOOK
 Cell was discovered in 1665
 An instrument used to increase the size of object is called MICROSCOPE
 Cell was discovered from the piece of CORK
 Cork is a piece of OAK plant
 Cell means hollow space or small room
 First discovered cells are like honey comb
 Cell can only be seen with microscope
 Cells in our outer layer of our skin are dead
 Cell membrane is partially permeable layer
 Cytoplasm is jelly like substance
 Vacuoles are spaces contain air, liquid or food
 Nucleus controls all the activities of cell
 Chromosomes are thread like structures
 Chromosomes transferred from parents to off spring
 Cell membrane is bilayer
 Mitochondria are respiratory organ of cell
 Mitochondria are power house of cell
 Nucleus contains chromosomes
 Cell wall is present in plant cell
 Cell wall is not present in animal cell
 Chloroplast are tiny disc like structures
 Chloroplast contains chlorophyll
 Chlorophyll is a green substance
 Chlorophyll traps sun light
 Liquid in vacuoles called cell sap
 Cell wall is thick permeable membrane
 Cell wall is made up of tough substance called cellulose
 Cell wall support and give regular shape to cell
 In plant cells vacuoles are large in size
 Chloroplast are not present in animal cell
 Plant cell usually have one large size vacuole

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 Animal cell have many small vacuoles
 Unicellular are made up of only one cell
 Multicellular are made up of many cells
 Unicellular are usually found in water or on moist are like tree, trunk and in soil
 Paramecium and chlamydomonas are unicellular
 Amoeba is also unicellular
 Nerve cell carry messages around the body
 Muscles cell contract to bring movement
 Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body
 Same type of cell together to perform same function forms tissue.
 Epithelial and muscle are animal tissue.
 Epidermal and photosynthetic are plant tissue.
 Epidermal tissue protects plant from injury and drying.
 Different tissue work together and perform a particular job forms organs.
 Heart, lungs, liver, stomach, kidney and brain are animal organs.
 Heart pumps blood.
 Lungs purify blood.
 Liver stored digested food and remove harmful waste material.
 Leaves, roots, stem and flowers are plant organs.
 Leaves are also called food factory.
 Stem support plants.
 Stem transport water and food throughout the plant body.
 Roots absorb water.
 Flowers help in reproduction of plants.
 When different organs working together to perform a particular function form organ
system.
 Root system grows below the soil.
 Shoot system grows above the soil.
 Shoot system includes stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and branches
 Cellular hierarchy cell—tissue--- organ----- organ system --- organism
 A group of cells doing the same function called tissues
 Different tissues that perform the same function form an organ
 Several organs carrying out the same function form an organ system
 Different systems makeup an organism
 Hydra is multicellular animal
 SENSE ORGANS
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 stimuli means change in environment
 sense can detect stimuli
 humans have five senses
 senses of human are sight, smell, taste, hear and touch
 sense organ of sight is eye
 sense organ of smell is nose
 sense organ of taste is tongue
 sense organ of hear is ear
 sense organ of touch is skin
 receptors can detect change in environment
 we can see by reflection of light
 bulging surface of eye is cornea
 iris is coloured part of eye
 central opening of eye is called pupil
 retina is screen of eye
 lens is behind this iris
 nerve that transfer information from retina to the brain is optic nerve
 sense organ of hearing is ear
 ear is made up of three parts
 outer ear is called pinna
 outer ear contains ear canal
 middle ear contains eardrum and tree bones
 malleus incus stapes are bones of middle ear
 inner ear contains cochlea
 nerve that transfer information from cochlea to the brain is acoustic nerve
 sense organ of smell is nose
 nose cavity called nasal cavity
 nasal cavity contains odor receptors
 nerve that transfer information from odor receptors to the brain is olfactory nerve
 sense organ of taste is tongue
 tongue has four kinds of tastes salt sweet sour and bitter
 tongue is muscular organ
 rough surface of tongue is called papillae
 papillae contains taste buds
 nerve that transfer information from taste buds to the brain is lingual nerve
 sense organ of touch is skin
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 skin feels touch temperature pain and pressure
 outer layer of skin is called epidermis
 dermis is layer under the epidermis
 inside the dermis there are sense receptors
 nerve that transfer information from sense receptors to the brain is ganglia nerve
 brain receives information in the form of electrical signals
 electrical signals can transmit to the brain by sensory neurons

 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

 leaf is a green part of plant

 upper layer of leaf is water proof
 upper layer of leaf is waxy
 lower layer of leaf contains stomata
 leaf contains chloroplast
 in chloroplast green material is present called chlorophyll
 gases exchange through stomata
 exchanged gases are CO2 and O2
 leaf contains leaf veins
 leaf veins contains tubes
 tubes transport water and food to and from leaf
 green plants are only living organisms that make their food
 plants make their own food by photosynthesis
 photosynthesis comes from Greek language
 photo means light synthesis means putting together
 photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast
 chlorophyll traps sun light
 for photosynthesis water carbon dioxide sunlight and chlorophyll is required
 during photosynthesis glucose and water is formed
 products of photosynthesis are glucose and water
 extra glucose is stored in the form of starch
 formula of glucose is C6 H12 O6
 formula of water H2O
 leaf is called food factory
 leaf is also called most efficient solar panel on earth

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Science Class Six | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 necessary factors for photosynthesis are light, water, carbon dioxide, temperature
and chlorophyll
 photosynthesis become slow at above 450 C and at very cold temperature
 energy is needed in photosynthesis
 photosynthesis occurs only in plants
 photosynthesis is food making process
 in photosynthesis CO2 is used
 energy is released in respiration
 respiration occurs in all living organisms
 respiration is food using process
 in photosynthesis CO2 is produced
 photosynthesis CO2 + H2 O ------------- C6 H12 O6 + O2
 Respiration C6 H12 O6 + O2 ------------ CO2 + H2 O + energy
 ENVIRONMENT AND INTERACTIONS
 Biotic components of environment are producers, consumers and decomposers
 Producers are plants , algae and some bacteria
 Producers make food
 Consumers consume food
 Consumers eat producers
 Leaves of plants are like solar panels
 Consumers that eat only plants called primary consumers
 Cow, goat and rabbit are primary consumers
 Consumers that eat primary consumers called secondary consumers
 Lion, dog and wolf are secondary consumers
 Decomposers are microbes and insects
 Decomposers decompose the dead bodies
 Light, air, soil, temperature and water are abiotic components
 Pakistan is blessed with all types of land, water and air environment
 Deserts are very hot, dry and sandy places
 Rain forest has heavy rain fall
 Biota is also called biotic components
 Living interacts with nonliving and living for food shelter and protection
 Study of the relationship between biotic and abiotic components called ECOLOGY
 Community of biotic and abiotic and their interaction with each other forms
ECOSYSTEM
 In grass land ecosystem soil is link between biotic and abiotic components
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 Limiting factors restrict the over population of any specie
 At arctic low temperature is limiting factor
 In desert environment limiting factor is water
 At arctic regions solar energy is limiting factor
 Predator feed directly on prey
 Predators harm the prey but prey may or may not die
 Lion-deer, lion is predator and deer is prey
 Parasites live on or in parts of other living things called host
 Parasite is type of predator but it is smaller than host
 Parasite draws nourishment from the host and rarely kills the host
 In mutualism both organisms are beneficed
 Honeybee sucking nectar from flower is mutualism interaction
 Mosquito sucking blood it is parasitism
 ATOMS, MOLECULES,MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
 Everything around us is made up of atoms
 An atom is smallest particle of an element which has all the properties of that
element
 When two or more atoms combine together a molecule is formed
 A molecule is smallest particle of a compound and is made up of group of atoms
 Elements are given a name and a symbol to represent them
 Atom has subatomic particles called electron, proton and neutron
 Simplest form of a substance is called element
 There are almost 118 elements
 Hydrogen is lightest elements and gas
 Hydrogen is filled is party balloons
 Metals are usually solids at room temperature
 Nonmetals are often gasses but some are solids
 There are mostly 95 metals
 There are mostly 17 non metals
 There are mostly 06 metalloids
 H, He N, O, Ne, Cl, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn are nonmetals in gaseous state
 Bromine Br is nonmetal in liquid state
 C, P, S, Se, and I are nonmetals in solids states
 B, Si, Ge, As Sb and Te are metalloids
 Metals are good conductors
 Nonmetals are poor conductors
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 Metals are ductile, malleable and shiny
 Nonmetals are soft and dull
 Compounds are made up by chemicals combinations of two or more elements
 A mixture is made up of two or more substances but not chemical combined
 Air is mixture of gases
 Air contains 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 0.9% other gases and 0.037% Carbon dioxide
 Steel is mixture of Iron and Carbon
 Sharbat is mixture of sugar, water and rose flower tea is mixture
 Formula of carbon dioxide is CO2
 Sources of CO2 are burning of fossils fuels, wood, coal, respiration, car exhaust
smoke
 Filtration is a process of separating insoluble solids from a mixture
 Filtration occurs through filter paper
 The process of a cooling a hot saturated solution to obtained crystals is called
crystallization
 Process of purifying liquid is distillation
 Process of purifying solid is sublimation
 Methods in which coloured chemicals or substances especially dyes separated
called chromatography
 Sodium (Na) Potassium( K) Iron( Fe) Mercury (Hg) Copper (Cu) Gold (Au) Silver (Ag)
Lead (Pb) Radon (Rn) Antimony (Sb) Arsenic (As) Tungsten (W)

 AIR

 Air is essential for life.

 Plants require CO2 for photosynthesis.
 Plants require O2 for respiration.
 Animals require only O2 for respiration.
 Nitrogen is basic element of the plants and animals protein.
 Protein is important for growth of plants and animals.
 A layer of ozone is also in air.
 Moving air is called wind.
 Joseph priestly is traditionally credited with discovering OXYGEN in 1774.
 Oxygen is required for respiration and combustion.
 In combustion CO2 gas is released.
 Earlier nitrogen is called Azote means without life.
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Science Class Six | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Converging of atmospheric N2 in to plants and animals protein is called nitrogen
cycle.
 Nitrogen fixing is a process in which roots of leguminous plants takes N2 from air
and converts into nitrates.
 % of CO2 in air is 0.04%.
 CO2 is greenhouse gas which traps heat.
 Excessive CO2 causes global warming.
 SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

 Homogeneous mixture of two or more than two components is called solution

 Components of solution that gets dissolve is called solute
 Components of solution that dissolves the solute is called solvent
 Aqueous solution is that in which water is solvent
 Water is universal solvent
 Relative amount of solute and solvent present in solution is called concentration of
solution
 If ratio of solute to solvent is high, solution is called concentrated
 If ratio of solute to solvent is low, solution is called dilute
 A solution that cannot dissolve more solute at given temperature is called saturated
solution
 A solution that can dissolve more solute at given temperature is called unsaturated
solution
 Suspension are mixtures in which solute particles are dispersed
 Solubility is maximum quantity of solute which can be dissolved in 100gm of water at
given temperature
 Suspension is heterogeneous mixture
 Solution is homogeneous mixture
 Suspension is translucent or opaque
 Solution is transparent and clear
 Fog in winter is caused due to suspended water, smoke and dust particles in the air
 Temperature affects the solubility

 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS

 Ability to perform various tasks is called energy

 Ability to do work is called energy
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 Unit of energy is joule (J)
 We get heat and light from sun
 Energy which every moving object has kinetic energy
 Energy when you are at height from the ground is called potential energy
 Thermal energy web get from heat
 Sound energy is created by vibrations of particles
 Electrical energy is flow of –ve charges electrons
 K.E which every moving object possess
 Car moving, riding cycle, electron moving, child running are examples of K.E
 Potential energy is stored energy
 P.E, if an object is not in motion but is completely stationary
 K.E depends upon mass and speed
 P.E depend upon mass and height
 T.V, converts electrical energy in to light and sound energy
 Bulb converts electrical energy into light and heat energy
 Chemical energy from fuel in car converts into kinetic energy
 Energy cannot be created nor be destroyed but it can be changed from one form to
another form is called LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
 Washing machine converts electrical energy in to kinetic, sound and heat
 The machines which converts one form of energy to other in order to conserve it are
called
ENERGY CONVERTERS
 T.V, washing machine, radio, calculators, lamp, and drill are electrical converters.
 Limitless sources of energy are also called renewable sources of energy
 Limited sources of energy are called non-renewable energy
 Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy.
 Water. Solar and wind are renewable sources of energy
 We get energy for our body from food
 Food is fuel for body
 K.E, P.E, Sound, heat, chemical and electrical are forms of energy.

 FORCE AND MACHINES

 An agency which changes or tries to change the state or shape of body is called
FORCE
 Machine is a device which makes our work easier and fast
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Science Class Six | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 A wheel and axel is a special kind of lever where the center of wheel is fulcrum
 The wheel is the circular path the efforts travels and the AXEL is the rod that goes
through the center of wheel
 Wheel and axel help us turn and move things easily
 Wheel and axel used in daily life in fan bicycle motor etc.
 Pulley is kind of simple machine
 Pulley consist of wheel with groove and rope runs inside the groove
 Pulley has two types fixed and movie able pulley
 When a pulley is hinged to a fixed support it is called fixed pulley
 When a pulley is free to move up and down is called moveable pulley
 Double pulley system consist of two pulleys with a rope running around them to lift a
load
 Drawing water from well is done with pulley
 Crane use pulley to lift heavy load
 An elevator uses a pulley to lift people
 The more pulleys you have the easier it is to move heavy load
 Alarm clock and bicycle also uses pulley
 A gear is just a wheel with teeth sometimes called a COG
 You can save energy and make work easier by using gears
 By increasing force on gears we increase speed and change direction
 Car steering is an example of wheel and axel
 Gears can change speed direction force but not fulcrum
 Flag, water wells and bicycles uses fixed pulley
 Wheel barrow is a kind of wheel and axel

 PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

 When light comes in contact with a substance and is engulfed is called

ABSORPTION FO LIGHT
 Reflection occurs when light bounces of a shiny surface
 When waves of light come in contact with the surface and then bounce back off at
the same frequency and angle this is called REFLECTION OF LIGHT
 When a ray of light reflects off a surface, the angle of incident is equal to the angle of
reflection is called LAW OF REFLECTION
 When rays of light reflected at same angles from shiny smooth surface as parallel
rays of light is called REGULAR OR SPECULAR REFLECTION

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Science Class Six | Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 When rays of light falls on rough surface they reflected in different directions is
called DIFFUSE, IRREGULAR OR SCATTERED REFLECTION
 Mirrors are extremely good reflectors because they have smooth and shiny surface
 Light have regular reflection on plane mirrors
 In plane mirrors always virtual images are formed
 Pin hole camera forms real image
 Plane mirrors are used in optical instruments as reflectors
 Optical instruments are microscope, telescope, periscope and kaleidoscope
 A periscope uses two plane mirrors one above the other at 450
 Periscope is used in submarines to monitor the surface of water from the depth of
water
 Kaleidoscope operators on the principle of multiple reflections
 Kaleidoscope uses mirrors at 600
 A mirror which has a reflecting surface inward is called CONCAVE MIRROR
 A mirror which has a reflecting surface outwards is called CONVEX MIRROR
 Image formed in Concave mirror is virtual, upright and large in size than object
 Image formed in convex mirror is real, inverted and smaller in size than object
 Image formed by plane mirror is equal in size of object
 Concave mirrors are used for shaving and makeup purpose
 Car’s rear-view mirror is convex mirror
 Convex mirrors are used as security mirrors in shopping malls
 Dentist and car headlights uses concave mirrors

 INVESTIGATING SOUND

 Sound is form of energy

 Sound is produced by vibrating objects
 A microphone is a device which converts sound energy into electrical energy
 When the sound waves strikes the diaphragm it vibrates
 Sound travels in form of eaves called longitudinal waves
 Sound waves creates rarefactions and compressions
 A rarefaction is region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart
 A compression is a region in longitudinal wave where the particles are closest
together
 Marin mersenne was the first to measure the speed of sound in air
 Robert boyle discovered that sound waves must travel in a medium
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Science Class Six || [Link] Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 Speed of sound is slower than the speed of light
 Flash of light travels 300000 kilometers per second
 The speed of sound depends on the medium the sound is traveling through
 A sound wave will travel faster in dense medium rater than through a less denser
medium
 Sound waves travels faster through solid than through liquids
 Speed of sound depend up on the temperature of the medium
 Hotter the medium quicker the sound will travel through it
 Speed of sound in air is 332 m/s
 Speed of sound in glass is 5100 m/s
 Sound waves enter the ear canal and make ear drum to vibrate
 A sound especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance is
called NOISE
 Intensity of sound is measure in decibels
 Noise has intensity level 85 or above decibels may cause gearing loss
 Hearing loss is due to damage of hair cells in an inner ear
 Speed of sound in steel is 6420 m/s
 Audible frequency has range 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
 Sound cannot travel through vacuum because vacuum has no any medium
 Sound has slowest speed in gases

 SPACE AND SATELLITES

 Astronomy is branch of science in which we study about the celestial objects of the
universe
 Sun, moon, stars, earth, mars, Jupiter are called celestial bodies of our solar system
 Celestial bodies means naturally existing bodies
 If a celestial body moves around a planet or a star it is called natural satellite
 If a human made object moves around a celestial body it is called artificial satellite
 Moon is natural satellite of earth
 Space refers to the vacant area that exist between all celestial objects of the universe
 Celestial bodies are also called astronomical objects
 Human set foot on moon in 1969 by Neil Armstrong
 Neil Armstrong spent about two and a half hours’ time on moon
 There are about 173 known natural satellites orbiting different planets in the solar
system
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Science Class Six || [Link] Prepared by: Najaf Hyder Memon Darbello
 All the known eight planets are natural satellites of sun
 All planets of the solar system excepts Venus and mercury have moons
 Asteroids, comets, meteoroids are also called natural satellites of sun.
 Moon is a celestial body orbiting earth
 Moon is about one fourth size of earth
 In 1969 NASA´S spaceflight named APOLLO 11 landed first humans on the moon
 Moon does not produce its own light
 Moon appears shiny because it reflects all the sun light falling on it on to earth
 Asteroids are irregular shaped solid objects made up of rocks and metals
 There are millions of asteroids orbiting the sun in outer space
 Asteroid belt is the majority of asteroids exist in a region located between the orbits of Mars
and Jupiter
 Asteroids some time called minor planets
 Asteroids cannot be seen through our naked eye
 We use telescope to see asteroids
 Comets are the small broken pieces of ice dust and gases
 Comets are found beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto
 Comets are also called dirty snowballs
 Comet consist of nucleus coma and tail
 The nucleus of comet is a cold rocky body
 Halley’s comet is the only comet visible to the naked eye from earth
 It appears on the sky every 76 years
 It was first observed in 240BC
 Last time it was seen in 1986
 Next time it will be visible in 2062
 Meteoroids are small rocky particles found to be floating in outer space
 Meteors are also called fireballs or shooting stars
 Applications of artificial satellites are telecommunication TV signal broadcasting earth
imaging weather fore casting and navigation
 Ground stations are use large dish antennas and computer labs to collect and process
incoming satellite data
 Astronaut are humans travel into the space for various explorations
 Weather satellites used to provide latest information about atmosphere
 Communication satellites are used to provide fast and accurate communication all over
world
 Navigation satellite are used to locate the exact position of any object
 Scientific satellites are used for scientific research and space exploration studies
 GPS means global positioning system.

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