Teacher’s

MANUAL

Science
Today
Class 7
 Class - 7
Unit 1 - Food

1 Nutrition in Plants
Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) Green plants 2. (d) Starch
3. (c) Stomata 4. (a) Light
5. (d) Saprophytic 6. (d) Mushroom
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. Heterotrophic 2. nutrition
3. Green plants 4. Haustoria
5. Insectivorous plants 6. Plants
D. Match the following :
1. Amarbel (i) Parasitic plants
2. Fungi (v) Saprophytic plant
3. Nitrogen fixing (iv) Rhizobium
4. Pitcher plant (ii) Insectivorous plant
5. Plants food factory (iii) Leaf
E. Answer the following questions :
1. The process of taking in food by an organisms and its
utilisation by the body is called nutrition.
2. Green plants prepare their own food through a process
called photosynthesis. The cells of green leaves and
young stems of plants contain numerous green
structures called chloroplasts. The chlorophasts are
green because of the presence of a green pigment
called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight.
Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air through
tiny pores called stomata. These pores are located on
the underside of the leaves. The stomata are
surrounded by guard cells. The guard cells control
2
 closing or opening of stomata. The water is absorbed
from the soil by the root hairs present in roots. The
water and minerals absorbed by the plants are
transported to leaves through xylem vessels that are
like pipes. These pipes run through the root, stem,
branches and leaves. Using the energy from the sun, a
chemical reaction takes place in the green parts of the
plant, in which carbon dioxide and water are
converted into food in the form of glucose. Oxygen is
released in the process.
Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight + glucose +
oxygen.
Since the synthesis of food occurs in the presence of
sunlight, it is called photosynthesis.
3. Take a leaf from a healthy plant and put it in a test
tube containing alcohol. Now place the test tube with
the leaf in the beaker containing water. Keep the
complete setup over the burner and let it boil till all
the chlorophyll is removed from the leaf. The green
colour of the leaf disappears.
[Caution : Do not heat the test tube containing alcohol
directly on the burner as it is inflammable.]
Using forceps carefully take the leaf out and wash it in
water. Put a few drops of iodine solution on the leaf.
You will observe that parts of the leaf become
blue–black. These parts of the leaf have starch in
them.
4. Imagine what will happen to life on earth in the
absence of photosynthesis. In the absence of
photosynthesis, life will not be possible as :
* There would be no food available. In the absence
of food, the survival of living organisms will not
be possible as all organisms are directly or
indirectly dependent on food made by plants.

3
 * Oxygen, a by-product of photosynthesis, will not
be released. Living organisms will not be able to
perform an important activity of life, respiration.
Without respiration, no living organisms can
survive.
* Photosynthesis maintains a balance between
oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
This balance will be disturbed in the absence of
photosynthesis.
5. In a pitcher plant, the pitcher-like structure is the
modified part of the leaf. The leaf tip is modified to
form a lid which can open or close the mouth of the
pitcher. Inside the pitcher, downward-pointing hair are
present. Once an insect enters the pitcher, the lid
closes and the insect gets trapped in the hair.
Digestive juices secreted in the pitcher now digest the
insect.
6. However, on a farm these nutrients have to be added
to the soil in the form of manure and fertilizers. These
manures and fertilizers contain plant nutrients such as
nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.

2 Nutrition in Animals

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) Butterfly 2. (c) Canines 3. (b) Four only
4. (b) Nutrition 5. (a) Blood 6. (b) Stomach
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. Assimilation 2. Amoeba 3. Ingestion
4. enamel 5. Saliva 6. Proteins

4
D. Answer the following questions :
1. The liver secretes bile juice which is stored in the gall
bladder. The bile breaks up fats into tiny droplets that
can be digested and absorbed more easily.
2. The four different types of teeth found in humans:
(i) Your front teeth are known as incisors. These are
chisel-shaped and are used for biting and cutting.
(ii) Next to the incisors are the canines. These are
pointed and are used for piercing and tearing pieces of
food such as meat.
(iii) The teeth at the back of your mouth are broad
with an almost flat surface. These crush and grind the
food. These are called the premolars and molars.
Molars are larger than premolars.
3. Stomach is a U-shaped, thick-walled flattened bag
present in the upper abdomen. It is the widest part of
the alimentary canal and receives food from the food
pipe. It is about 12 inches long and 6 inches wide at
its widest point. An average adult's stomach can hold
about two litres of food. The thick muscular walls of
the stomach contract to churn the food to mix it with
digestive juice produced by the cells lining the
stomach. The digestive juice contains the enzyme
pepsin that helps in breaking down proteins into
amino acids.
The inner inning of the stomach secretes mucous,
hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. The mucous
protects the lining of the stomach.
4. Parasites do not digest their food to get energy. Instead
of this, they absorb the digested food from their host.

Starfish Bird Rabbit Frog

5
 5. Amoeba is a microscopic, single-celled organism
found in pond water. It is simple organism having an
irregular shape.
The unicellular Amoeba engulfs tiny particles of food
by throwing its false feet, known as pseudopodia
around it. The pseudopodia join together to form a
small cavity known as a food vacuole. The food inside
the vacuole is digested by digestive juices. It is
absorbed an assimilated there to provide energy and
perform other functions.
6. The ability to ruminate not only provides for better
utilisation of the food but it has the added advantage
that the time needed for grazing (in a dangerous
environment with little cover) is reduced to a
minimum. The chewing of meal can be carried out
later in a safe place.
E. Matching :
1. Liver Bile juice
2. Samll intestine Villi
3. Deer Omnivore
4. Large intestine Absorption of water
5. Humans Ruminant
6. Amoeba Food vacuole
7. Stomach Hydrochloric acid
8. Mouth cavity Saliva

Unit 2 - Materials

3 Fibre to Fabric

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) Jute 2. (c) Cat
3. (b) Angora goat 4. (a) Goat
5. (c) Cocoon 6. (c) Mulberry leaves
6
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. animal fibres 2. Synthetic fibres
3. Angora wool 4. Cocoon
5. Sericulture 6. Alpaca fleece
D. Answer the following questions :
1. Fibres obtained from plants are called plant fibres. The
base of plant fibres is cellulose which is the material
used by nature as a structural material in the plant
world. Cotton, jute, flax and hemp are plant fibres.
Fibres obtained from animals are called animal fibres.
They are made up of proteins, the complex
compounds that form a major part of bodies of all
animals. Wool and silk are animal fibres. Wool comes
mainly from fleece of sheep.
2. Lohi, Nali, Bakharwal, Marwadi, Patanwadi and
Rampur Bushair are some names of Indian breeds of
sheep that yield wool.
3. The removal of wool from a sheep is called Shearing.
It can be done manually with a large razor or with a
shearing machine. Producers shear their animals in
summer months. This relieves the animals from the
warm covering on its body. This also enables the
animals to grow back its fleece by winter time.
4. The sheared skin with thick coat of hair is then washed
thoroughly with detergent in tanks to remove grease,
dirt and dust. This process is called scouring.
5. The female silk moth lays eggs. When the eggs hatch,
a tiny caterpillar crawls out. This is the silkworm and
larva. The silkworms are continuously feed on finely-
chopped mulberry leaves for about six weeks. During
this period, they grow in size and their glands that
produce silk develop and attain one-third the size of
the larva. At this stage, silkworm is ready to enter the
7
 next stage of its life cycle called pupa. The pupa grows
and changes inside the cocoon. A few weeks later the
cocoon opens and an adult moth comes out. In four to
six days, the female moth lays around 400 eggs and
another life cycle starts.
6. Silk is a strong, shiny fibre that is used to make cloth.
Silk has a natural beauty that few other fibres can
equal and is often called the queen of fibres.
Silk yarn is made from the thread-like filaments that a
silkworm spins around itself to form its cocoon.
E. Matching :
1. Scouring (e) Food of silk worm
2. Mulberry leaves (d) Yield silk fibres
3. Lohi (f) Breed of sheep
4. Fleece (b) Hair of sheep
5. Tassar (g) Type of silk
6. Yak (a) Wool yielding animal
7. Cocoon (c) Reeling
F. Activity :
1. Answer the following :
(a) Fleece (b) Mohair (c) Lohi, Nali
(d) Shearing (e) Angora
2. Draw and label the life cycle of a silk moth.
Do yourself.

4 Heat

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) Temperature 2. (d) 37 °C
3. (a) -10 °C to +110 °C 4. (d) (a) and (c)
5. (c) (a) and (b)

8
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. Energy 2. Thermometer 3. Mercury
4. Mouth 5. Convection 6. Reading
D. Answer the following questions :
1. It is made up of a thin, long and uniform glass tube
called capillary tube. It has a bulb at one end. A silver-
coloured liquid called mercury present in the bulb is
used for measuring temperature.
2. Mercury is a good conductor of heat and so quickly
reaches the temperature of the surrounding.
3. A clinical thermometer is almost the same as a
laboratory thermometer but has a slight 'bent' or 'kink'
in the capillary tube just above the bulb. To check the
body temperature the thermometer is normally placed
in the mouth. The mercury in the bulb expands
according to the temperature in the mouth and its
level increase in the capillary tube. We take out the
thermometer from the mouth (after keeping its bulb in
the mouth for about a minute) and read the making on
the scale to know our body temperature.
4. Land and sea breeze near the coastal areas are a result
of the convectional currents set up in air. Land surface
being a better conductor of heat than water gets
heated fastest during the day. This makes the air close
to the land surface warmer. The warmer air rises up
and the cool air from the sea rushes to take its place.
This gives rise to the sea breeze.
At night, the land cools faster than water in the sea.
So, the air above the sea is warmer than the air over
the land surface. The warmer air over the sea being
lighter rises up and the cool air from the land takes its
place. This gives rise to land breeze.
5. The three modes of heat transfer are conduction,
convection and radiation.
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E. Activity
1. Answer the following :
(a) Heat (b) Temperature
(c) Mercury (d) Clinical thermometer
(e) Thermometer
(f) Conduction, Convection, Radiation.

5 Acids, Bases and Salts

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) Acids 2. (b) Citric acid
3. (d) Soap 4. (a) Citric acid 5. (b) Turmeric
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable word given in the box :
1. Mineral acids 2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Bases 4. Sodium hydroxide
5. Litmus 6. Synthetic indicator
D. Answer the following questions :
1. The word acid is derived from Latin word acere
meaning 'sour to taste'. The sour taste of many fruits is
due to an acid or acids present in them, for example
sour taste of lemon is due to citric acid, that of grapes
due to tartaric acid. Different substances contain
different types of acids.
Most of the acids present in food stuff are mild acids,
they do not harm our body in normal amount. But all
acids are not mild. Some of the acids are harmful and
highly corrosive when such acids fall on your body,
they produce burning sensation and even chars the
skin. Hence acids should be handled with care.
Bases are bitter to taste, and hence very few bases are
10
 present in edible compounds but form a variety of
other products like soaps, detergents and cosmetics.
A base can neutralize an acid's acidity. When people
suffer from 'acidity' in the stomach they take an
antacid. Antacids are bases, they neutralize the acid in
the stomach. Several antacids contain the base
magnesium hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide.
Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide are
mild bases. Calcium hydroxide is a strong base.
Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide from
which soap is made are also strong bases. Most of the
bleaches, soaps, toothpastes and cleaning agents
contain bases.
2. It is not possible to taste each and every substance to
identify chemical nature. Also, it may be dangerous to
touch each and every substance. To overcome this
problem, special types of substances called indicators
are used to get to know the chemical nature of
substances. The indicators change their colour when
added to a solution containing an acidic or a basic
substance.
Indicators are the substances that are used to test the
acidic or basic nature of a substance.
Water, oxygen, alcohol, sugar and salt solutions are
neutral in nature.
3. The substances that are neither acidic nor basic in
nature are called neutral substances. Do you know
what happens when an acid is added to a base? When
an acid is added to a base, a salt and water are
formed. Also there is evolution of heat. The reaction
between an acid and a base is called neutralization
reaction.

Acid + Base Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

11
 Our stomach release hydrochloric acid which help in
digestion. But some times overproduction of
hydrochloric acid takes place which cause acidity in
stomach. This acidity is sometimes painful and results
in the formation of ulcers. Hence removal of acidity is
must. Thus, Antacid tablets containing magnesium
hydroxide are given to the persons suffering from
acidity to neutralise excess acid produced in the
stomach.
4. China rose indicator is prepared by keeping the china
rose petals in warm water for some time. After some
time, the solution becomes pink. Now it is ready to act
as an indicator.
5. If a vegetable falls on the cloth or fabric. It leaves a
yellow stain on the cloth. If you put slight soapy
solutions on it, at first instance it turns reddish orange
and then gradually it get removed. The reason is that
vegetable posses turmeric power in it which posses a
natural dye of yellow colour and when this dye comes
in contact with acids or bases it changes its colour.
6. Acidic waste from factories in rivers are first treated
with bases so as to neutralise the wastes and prevent
the river water from getting acidic which is harmful for
the aquatic life.

6 Changes of Matter

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (a) Physical properties 2. (a) Photosynthesis
3. (b) Colour of the solution changes to green
4. (d) All of these 5. (a) Presence of air and water
6.(b) Pure solids only

12
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. Physical 2. Chemical
3. Chemical equation 4. Effervescence
5. Shipping industry
D. Match the following :
1. Magnesium oxide (d) Stainless steel
2. Vinegar (f) Hydrated iron oxide
3. Lime water (e) Ca(OH)2
4. Copper sulphate (b) Deep blue crystals
5. Rust (a) Blue litmus red
6. Alloy (c) Basic oxide
E. Answer the following questions :
1. When a substance undergoes a change in its physical
properties, that change is said to be a physical change.
During a physical change, no new substance is
formed. Physical changes are generally reversible
changes.
Examples of Physical change :
Melting of wax
Breaking of glass
Cutting of nails
Crushing of iron
2. When two or more substances react in such a way that
there is formation of one or more new substances, the
change is called a chemical change or a chemical
reaction.
Conversion of milk to curd is an example of chemical
change because new substances are formed which
have different composition and properties.
3. The properties of a substance like volume, state,
temperature, shapes, size, colour, weight and texture
are called its Physical properties.
13
 When a substance undergoes a change in its physical
properties, that change is said to be a physical change.
During a physical change, no new substance is
formed. Physical changes are generally reversible
changes.
The change is reversible and temporary.
No loss or gain of energy takes place during a physical
change.
No new substance is formed.
No change in mass occurs during a physical change.
When two or more substances react in such a way that
there is formation of one or more new substances, the
change is called a chemical change or a chemical
reaction.
Conversion of milk to curd is an example of chemical
change because new substances are formed which
have different composition and properties. The
product formed are entirely different from the initial
substance.
4. You must have noticed iron objects like iron nails or
iron gates covered with a reddish-brown substance.
This substance is rust. When iron is left exposed to
moist air, it chemically reacts with oxygen and water
in the air to form a powdery substance iron (Fe2O3)
which we call rust
4Fe+3O2+H20 3Fe2O. H2O
Rusting occurs in the presence of both oxygen and
water. The more humid the air, faster the rusing
accurs. The rust slowly ‘eats away’ or corrodes the
iron, leading to considerable loss. For example, rusting
of ships is a major problem in the shipping industry as
the body of a ship is always in contact with water, and
the air around is also very humid. The salt in water
speeds up the process of rusting. This leads to huge

14
 monetary losses to the shipping industry. Rusting of
iron can be prevented in many ways.
(i) By avoiding direct contact with air and moisture:
It is done by using the followings methods :
Pointing the surface of iron articles.
Applying grease or oil on the exposed parts of
iron articles.
Electroplating the surface of iron articles with
metals, which are not attacked by atmospheric
moisture. The shining parts of bicycle are given a
coating of chroming (Chrome plating) to protect
them from rusting. Galvanizing the surface of iron
articles. Galvanizing is a process in which a layer
of metals like chromium or zinc is deposited on
the surface of iron articles electrolytically by
passing electric current.
(ii) By alloying : When mixed with certain corrosion
resistant metals or some non- metals , iron forms
alloys which are resistant to rusting. Stainless
steel, an alloy of iron, nickel and chromium does
not rust.
5. Copper sulphate solution is blue in colour. It changes
to green colour due to the formation of substances.
Hence, this is a chemical change. This change can be
represented as :
Copper sulphate + Iron Iron sulphate + Copper
(CuSo4) (Fe) (FeSO4) (Cu)
(Blue) (Grey) (Green) (Brown)

6. The process of obtaining large crystals of pure

substance from a concentrated solution is known as
crystallisaiton.
Thus, method of crystallisation separates a pure solid
in the form of its crystals from a solution.

15
 Formative Assessment-1
A. Tick (3) for the correct answer :
1. (d) Starch 2. (b) Nutrition 3. (a) Goat
4. (d) 37OC 5. (a) Soap
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
C. Fill in the blanks :
1. Green plants 2. Amoeba
3. Angora wool 4. Thermometer
5. Hydrochloric acid
D. Answer the following questions :
1. The process of taking in food by an organism and its
utilisation by the body is called nutrition.
2. The liver secretes bile juice which is stored in the gall
bladder. The bile breaks up fats into tiny droplets that
can be digested and absorbed more easily.
3. The removal of wool from a sheep is called
Shearing. It can be done manually with a large razor
or with a shearing machine. Producers shear their
animals in the summer months. This relives the
animals from the warm covering on its body. This also
enables the animals to grow back its fleece by winter
time.
4. Land and sea breeze near the coastal areas are a result
of the convectional currents set up in air. Land surface
being a better conductor of heat than water gets
heated fastest during the day. This makes the air close
to the land surface warmer. The warmer air rises up
and the cool air from the sea rushes to take its place.
This gives rise to the sea breeze.
At night, the land cools faster than water in the sea.
So, the air above the sea is warmer than the air over
the land surface. The warmer air over the sea being
lighter rises up and the cool air from the land takes its
place. This gives rise to land breeze.
16
 5. It is not possible to taste each and every substance to
identify its chemical nature. Also, it may be dangerous
to touch each and every substance. To overcome this
problem, special types of substances called indicators
are used to get to know the chemical nature of
substances. The indicators change their colour when
added to a solution containing an acidic or a basic
substance.
Indicators are the substances that are used to test the
acidic or basic nature of a substance.
Water, oxygen, alcohol, sugar and salt solutions are
neutral in nature.
Formative Assessment-II
A. Tick (3) for the correct answer :
1. (c) Green plants 2. (c) Butterfly 3. (c) Jute
4. (d) (a) and (c) 5. (b) Citric acid
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F
C. Fill in the blanks :
1. Insectivorous plants 2. Nutrition
3. Sericulture 4. Mercury 5. Bases
D. Answer the following questions :
1. However, on a farm these nutrients have to be added
to the soil in the formal manure and fertilizers. These
manures and fertilizers contain plant nutrients such as
nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus.
2. Stomach is a U-shaped, thick-walled flattened bag
present in the upper abdomen. It is the widest part of
the alimentary canal and receives food from the food
pipe. It is about 12 inches long and 6 inches wide at
its widest point. An average adult's stomach can hold
about two litres of food. The thick muscular walls of
the stomach contract to churn the food to mix it with
digestive jucie produced by the cells lining the
stomach. The digestive juice contains the enzyme
17
 pepsin that helps in breaking down proteins into
amino acids.
The inner inning of the stomach secretes mucous,
hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. The mucous
protects the lining of the stomach.
3. The sheared skin with thick coat of hair is then washed
thoroughly with detergent in tanks to remove grease,
dirt and dust. This process is called scouring.
4. A clinical thermometer is almost the same as a
laboratory thermometer but has a slight 'bent' or 'kink'
in the capillary tube just above the bulb. To check the
body temperature, the thermometer is normally placed
in the mouth. The mercury in the bulb expands
according to the temperature in the mouth and its
level increase in the capillary tube. We take out the
thermometer from the mouth (after keeping its bulb in
the mouth for about a minute) and read the making on
the scale to know our body temperature.
5. The word acid is derived from Latin word acere
meaning 'sour to taste'. The sour taste of many fruits is
due to an acid or acids present in them, for example
sour taste of lemon is due to citric acid, that of grapes
due to tartaric acid. Different substances contain
different types of acids.
Most of the acids present in food stuff are mild acids,
they do not harm our body in normal amount. But all
acids are not mild. Some of the acids are harmful and
highly corrosive when such acids fall on your body,
they produce burning sensation and even chars the
skin. Hence acids should be handled with care.
Base are bitter to taste, and hence very few bases are
present in edible compounds but form a variety of
other products like soaps, detergents and cosmetics.
A base can neutralize an acid's acidity. When people
suffer from 'acidity' in the stomach they take an
18
 antacid. Antacids are bases, they neutralize the acid in
the stomach. Several antacids contain the base
magnesium hydroxide or aluminium hydroxide.
Magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide are
mild bases. Calcium hydroxide is a strong base.
Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide from
which soap is made are also strong bases. Most of the
bleaches, soaps, toothpastes and cleaning agents
contain bases.
Summative Assessment-1
A. Activity :
1. Answer the following :
(a) Fleece (b) Mercury
(c) Angora (d) Thermometer
2. Write their chemical names :
Do yourself.
B. Let's discuss :
Do yourself.
C. Project :
Do yourself.
Unit 3 : The World of The Living

7 Weather, Climate and Adaptations

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) Hibernation 2. (c) Climate
3. (b) Wind speed 4. (a) Very cold
5. (b) Drinks and stores large quantity of water at a time
6. (c) A cute sense of smelling
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. F

19
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. Weather 2. Meterologist 3. Sun
4. Hygrometer 5. Millimeters 6. Polar regions
D. Match the following :
1. Polar bear (b) Polar region
2. New world monkey (a) Long tail
3. Icy area around the poles (d) Thick white fur
4. Humid and wet climate (c) Tropical rainforest
E. Answer the following questions :
1. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a
particular time and place. You must have noticed that,
the weather report and forecast change everyday.
Today the weather may be cloudy, sunny or rainy but
it may change tomorrow. Weather may change from
day to day, even from hour to hour.
The weather reports are prepared daily by an agency
of the government. Weather experts use computer
technology and data from earth stations and satellites
to predict the weather. This is known as weather
forecasting.
Another commonly heard term relating to the
atmospheric conditions is climate. Climate tells us
what it is usually like in the place where you live.
Bengaluru is known to have a mild climate, Chennai a
humid climate, Kashmir a snowy climate and
Cherrapunji a rainy climate. How would you describe
the climate of the place where you live?
The average weather pattern of a place taken over a
long time, say 25 years is called the climate of that
place.
It describes the total of all weather conditions
occurring over a period of years in a given place. This
includes average weather conditions, regular weather
sequences like winter, spring, summer and autumn
and special weather events like cyclones and floods.
20
 2. (a) Thermometer (b) Rain gauge
(c) Hygrometer
3. There are a number of factors which affect the climate
of a place. They are latitude, altitude, distance from
the sea, ocean currents, direction of the wind and
humidity. Human activities also affect the climate.
4. The bodies of polar bears and several other animals
living in very cold conditions are covered with dense,
fine fur that traps air (which is an insulator of heat) to
keep them warm. Polar bears have two thick layers of
fur, as well as layer of fat under the skin. These
provide excellent insulation. So much so that the polar
bear has to move slowly otherwise the heat generated
during physical activity can make it overheated! When
it does become overheated due to physical activity,
the polar bear goes for swimming in the water to cool
off! Its wide and large paws help it to swim.
5. Like polar bears, penguins also have very small ears
which help the animal to retain as much heat as
possible. They huddle together when it is very cold.
This keeps them warm.
6. Tropical rainforests are found in Western Ghats and
Assam in India, Southeast Asia, Central America and
Central Africa. The climatic conditions in rainforests
are highly suitable for supporting a rich variety of
plants and animals.

8 Winds, Storms and Cyclones

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (a) hot, humid, tropical areas 2. (c) thunderstorm
3. (a) strong winds 4. (b) Bernoulli principle
5. (c) Andhra Pradesh
21
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. calamity 2. Violent storm 3. exerted
4. Barometer 5. Hot air 6. earth
D. Answer the following questions :
1. Air is all around us and it exerts pressure on us. We
can feel the force exerted by air on our face when we
sit on a fast riding motorbike.
2. The storms may occur on land or over the seas.
Different types of storms are caused by violent air
currents and are accompanied by heavy rains, high
speed winds and lightning.
3. The low pressure in the centre of the cyclone, also
called the eye of the cyclone.
4. Arrangement of rapid communication of the warning
to ports, fishermen, ships and the general public.
Fast and effective ways of moving people to safe place
in the event of an approaching cyclone.
Construction of cyclone shelters in areas prone to it
and developing awareness about them in the people.
An efficient cyclone forecast and warning system.
Do not drink water that could be contaminated.
Do not touch a wet electrical appliance, switch, or
cable.
Do not go out just for the sake of fun.
Do not make any undue demands on the rescue force
and cooperate with them.
5. Wind speed, direction, temperature, and level of
humidity are some of the factors affecting the
development of cyclone.
6. Uneven heating on the earth is the main curse of wind
generation.
Activity
E. Answer the following :
Do yourself.
22
 9 Soil

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) Weathering 2. (c) Humus
3. (a) Soil composition 4. (b) Bedrock
5. (c) Afforestation 6. (b) Loamy soil
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in the box :
1. Soil 2. Humus 3. Formation
4. Subsoil 5. Clayey soil 6. Erosion
D. Answer the following questions :
1. Soil is made up two main components :
Tiny bits of mineral particles, which come from large
rocks. These minerals include salts of iron,
magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium, etc.
Many of these minerals are needed by plants for their
growth.
The other component is humus, which is dark brown
in colour and consists of decaying remains of plants
and animals. A variety of dead and decaying
organisms contribute to the formation of humus. A lot
of it is formed by decaying leaves of plants.
2. Sandy soil is the soil with large proportion of sand
grains. The pore spaces are large and hence it has low
water retention capacity. Sand particles are quite large.
They cannot fit closely together, so there are large
spaces between them. These spaces are filled with air.
We say that the sand is well aerated. Water can drain
quickly through the spaces between the sand particles.
So, sandy soils tend to be light, well aerated and rather
dry.
23
 Clayey soil is the soil with large proportion of clay
particles and a little sand. The pore spaces are small
and hence the rate of passage of water to its lower
level is very slow. It has good water retention capacity.
Clay particles, being much smaller, pack tightly
together, leaving little space for air. Unlike sandy soil,
water can be held in the tiny gaps between the
particles of clay. So clay soils have little air. But they
are heavy as they hold more water than the sandy
soils.
3. Humus is a component which is dark brown in colour
and consists of decaying remains of plants and
animals.
4. Different types of soil are found in different places.
The main factors that effect the type of soil found at a
place are kind of parent rock, plant cover and climate
(temperature, humidity, wind, rainfall and sunshine).
Growing of crops in a region is determined by the
type of soil present in that region.
Sandy soil, found in deserts, does not support growth
of crops. In sandy soil the soil particles are quite big,
so the water percolates very quickly. It also carries
away the nutrients.
Loamy soil is suitable for growing crops like lentils
(masoor) and gram. Such soil does not show water
logging. Water is easily drained out of it.
Clayey soil is good for crops like wheat and paddy.
Clayey soil has good water retaining capacity.
Waterlogging takes place when there is heavy rainfall.
Being rich in humus, clayey soil is very fertile.
5. Do yourself.
6. Preventing erosion of soil is known as soil
conservation. Some methods of soil conservation are
as follow :
m Planting trees as shelter belts to reduce the effect of
strong.
24
 m Preventingovergrazing.
m Planting trees (afforestation) more areas should be
covered with trees.
m Flood control by construction of dams.
m Terrace farming on sloping area in hills, which
reduces steepness of slopes and checks soil erosion.
E. Matching :
A horizon humus
B horizon Subsoil
C horizon broken rocks
R horizon Solid rock
O horizon litter

10 Respiration

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (c) Anaerobes 2. (b) Abdominal cavity
3. (a) Spiracles 4. (b) Does not move
5. (a) respiration 6. (a) Stomata
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. Oxidation 2. breathing 3. aerobe
4. oxygen 5. inhalation 6. exhalation
D. Answer the following questions :
1. Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen using if
for release of energy by oxidation of food, and
eliminating the waste products carbon dioxide and
water.
2. The two main process of respiration are external
respiration or breathing, i.e. taking in air rich in
oxygen (inhalation) and giving out air rich in carbon
dioxide (exhalation).
25
 Internal respiration or cellular respiration, i.e. using
oxygen to break down food to release energy. Internal
respiration occurs in the body cells.
3. The human respiratory system consists of organs
responsible for talking in oxygen for respiration and
releasing carbon dioxide and water vapour, which are
the waste products formed during respiration. The
nostrils (the passage in the nose) trachea (windpipe)
bronchi and lungs are the main organs of the
respiratory system. The mucous and the hair present
inside our nose trap dirt, dust particles and disease-
causing germs and prevent them from entering the
respiratory system. We do not get clear air if we
breathe through our mouth instead of our nose.
Therefore, we should always breathe through the
nose. It will protect us from catching an infection.
4. Fish and many other aquatic animals have a special
organ called the gill to breathe underwater. Gills help
them to use dissolved oxygen in water. Gills are
projections of the skin and are well supplied with
blood vessels for exchange of gases.
5. All living organisms need energy to do work. Energy is
required to perform various function of life, such as
nutrition, excretion, growth, movement, transportation
and reproduction. Without energy, organisms cannot
do any work. that energy is released from digested
food through the process of respiration. During this
process, the nutrients of the digested food react with
oxygen in the body cells to release energy.
6. The respiration is a vital biological process. All living
organisms need to respire to get the energy needed for
their living and survival. Both breathing and
respiration are not the same, they are quite different.
Breathing occurs in a single step while respiration is a
two step process. The first step of respiration is

26
 breathing (mechanisms of exchanges of gases) and the
second step is the oxidation of digested food
(occurring in the cells in order to release energy)

11 Transportation of Substances

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) Xylem 2. (c) RBCs 3. (d) 4
4. (d) Plasma
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words given in the box :
1. leaves 2. Osmosis 3. Xylem
4. Plasma 5. Arteries 6. heart
D. Answer the following questions :
1. All living organisms need energy for various metabolic
activities, for movement and for locomotion. Have
you ever thought from where does that energy come?
This energy is derived from the food we eat.
Food and oxygen are transported to all the cells in the
body for respiration and growth.
Plants are photosynthetic, they prepare their own food
with the help of carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll
and sunlight. Roots take water and minerals from soil
and transport these to the leaves for photosynthesis.
Leaves make food by the process of photosynthesis.
This food is the basic source of energy which is
utilised to carry out vital activities of life. This food is
ultimately transported to all parts of the plant.
2. Water and minerals salts dissolved in water enter the
plants through the thin root hair present in roots. Root
hair are outgrowths from the layer of outer cells of the
27
 root. The root hair increase the surface area of the root
for the absorption of water and mineral salts.
Water is absorbed by the roots from the soil by
process called osmosis.
Plants contain pipe like vessels to transport water and
nutrients from the soil.
3. In our body there is present a network of tubings
which connect each organ, tissue and cell to other. It
connects one cell to another so that the useful
products like food, hormones that are produced in one
organ can reach other organ where they are required
Enzyme, Insulin which is produced in pancreas is
carried by blood to different parts of body and reach
liver for its proper function. It decreases the level of
glucose in blood.
4. The circulatory system consists of blood, heart and
blood vessels.
The blood : Blood is a red coloured, viscous liquid
flowing in blood vessels. It is a fluid medium for
transportation. It carries oxygen and ingested food to
various parts of our body. It also carries waste material
for removal from our body.
In an average healthy adult, the volume of blood is
about one-eleventh of the body weight. Normally,
volume of blood in an average human adult is
between 4 to 5 litres.
Blood vessels are tube-like structures that transport
blood throughout the body.
The heart is a muscular organ located in chest cavity.
It is slightly titled towards the left. It is about the size
of a clenched fist. It beats 60 to 80 times a minute
throughout your life. Its function is to pump blood to
all parts of the body.
5. There are three types of blood vessels arteries, veins
and capillaries.
28
Arteries : Arteries carry blood away from the heart. As the
heart pumps blood into the arteries, the blood flows
rapidly and at a high pressure. Arteries have thick
elastic walls to allow stretching and to deal with the
high pressure of blood coming from the heart. The
pulse can be felt at any of the places where the arteries
lie close to the skin. You can perform an activity to
study the pulse rate.
Veins : Veins are the blood vessels which carry carbon
dioxide rich blood or deoxygenated blood from the
body organs back to the heart. Veins have thinner
walls than arteries. Blood in the veins, does not move
under high pressure and so does not push strongly on
walls of the veins. Valves are present in the veins to
stop the backward flow of.
Capillary : When an artery reaches an organ, it splits
into smaller and smaller vessels. The smallest blood
vessels are called capillaries. Capillaries are extremely
thin-walled. They are spread throughout the organ so
that all cells have blood passing close to them. When
the blood leaves an organ, capillaries join together to
form larger and larger vessels and ultimately form the
veins.
E. Activity :
Do Yourself.

12 Reproduction in Plants

Let Us Practice
A. Tick (3) the correct answer :
1. (b) Budding 2. (c) Zygote 3. (c) Stamen
4. (a) Lotus 5. (d) None of these
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T

29
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct words given in the box :
1. reproduction 2. identical 3. budding
4. dispersal 5. Bisexual
D. Answer the following questions :
1. In sexual reproduction, fusion of two types of gametes
takes place. Two parents take part in the formation of
gametes, and new individual are produced from these.
The new individual is not identical to either of the
parents.
2. Other flowers like corn and papaya contain only male
or only female reproductive organs. They are known
as incomplete (or unisexual) flowers.
3. Self pollination :
When pollen grains from a flower are carried to the
stigma of the same flower or on the other flower of the
same plant, it is called self-pollination.
Cross pollination :
When the pollen grains from a flower of one plant are
carried to the stigma of another plant of the same kind,
it is called cross pollination.
4. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living
organisms including plants. There are different
methods by which new individuals are produced by
their parents.
Plants reproduce by various methods. These method
can be divided into two types :
(i) asexual reproduction, and
(ii) sexual reproduction
In asexual reproduction, the new individual is
produced by a single parent. Seeds are not produced,
and there is no union of gametes (sex cells). The new
individual is identical to the parent.
In sexual reproduction, fusion of two types of gametes
takes place. Two parents take part in the formation of

30
 gametes, and new individual are produced from these.
The new individual is not identical to either of the
parents. It has features of both the parents.
5. After pollination, the fusion of male gamete with the
female gamete takes place. The process of fusion of
male and female gaemetes is called fertilisation.
Fertilisation leads to the formation of zygote which
develops into an embryo.
Durng fertilisation, the following events occur :
* After landing on the stigma, the pollen grains
germinate and produce their tubes. The tubes are
called pollen tubes. They carry the male gamete.
* Only one pollen tube reaches the ovule. Female
gamete is present inside the ovule.
* Finally, the male gamete fuses with the female
gamete, thus fertilisation occurs.
E. Activity :
Do Yourself.
Formative Assessment-III
A. Tick (3) for the correct answer :
1. (c) Hibernation 2. (c) Weathering 3. (c) Anaerobes
4. (b) Xylem 5. (b) Budding
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
C. Fill in the blanks :
1. Arteries 2. Calamity
3. Soil 4. Oxidation
5. Leaves
D. Answer the following questions :
1. Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a
particular time and place. You must have noticed that,
the weather report and forecast change everyday.
Today the weather may be cloudy, sunny or rainy but
it may change tomorrow. Weather may change from
31
 day to day, even from hour to hour.
The weather reports are prepared daily by an agency
of the government. Weather experts use computer
technology and data from earth stations and satellites
to predict the weather. This is known as weather
forecasting.
Another commonly heard term relating to the
atmospheric conditions is climate. Climate tells us
what it is usually like in the place where you live.
Bengaluru is known to have a mild climate, Chennai a
humid climate, Kashmir a snowy climate and
Cherrapunji a rainy climate. How would you describe
the climate of the place where are you?
The average weather pattern of a place taken over a
long time, say 25 years is called the climate of that
place.
It describes the total of all weather condition occurring
over a period of years in a given place. This includes
average weather conditions, regular weather
sequences like winter, spring, summer and autumn
and special weather events like cyclones and floods.
2. Air is all around us and it exerts pressure on us. We
can feel the force exerted by air on our face when we
sit on a fast riding motorbike.
3. Soil is made up two main components :
Tiny bits of mineral particles, which come from large
rocks. These minerals include salts of iron,
magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and potassium, etc.
Many of these minerals are needed by plants for their
growth.
The other component is humus, which is dark brown
in colour and consists of decaying remains of plants
and animals. A variety of dead and decaying
organisms contribute to the formation of humus. A lot
of it is formed by decaying leaves of plants.

32
 4. Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen using if
for release of energy by oxidation of food, and
eliminating the waste products carbon dioxide and
water.
5. All living organisms need energy for various metabolic
activities, for movement and for locomotion. Have
you ever thought from where does that energy come?
This energy is derived from the food we eat.
Food and oxygen are transported to all the cells in the
body for respiration and growth.
Plants are photo synthetic, they prepare their own
food with the help of carbon dioxide, water,
chlorophyll and sunlight. Roots take water and
minerals from soil and transport these to the leaves for
photosynthesis. Leaves make food by the process of
photosynthesis. This food is the basic source of energy
which is utilised to carry out vital activities of life. This
food is ultimately transported to all parts of the plant.
Formative Assessment- IV
A. Tick (3) for the correct answer :
1. (c) Thunderstorm 2. (c) Humus 3. (a) Spiracles
4. (c) RBCs 5. (a) Lotus
B. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements :
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T
C. Fill in the blanks :
1. hygrometer 2. violent storm 3. Subsoil
4. oxygen 5. Artery
D. Answer the following questions :
1. The bodies of polar bears and several other animals
living in very cold conditions are covered with dense,
fine fur that traps air (which is an insulator of heat) to
keep them warm. Polar bears have two thick layers of
fur, as well as a layer of fat under the skin. These
provide excellent insulation. So much so that the polar
bear has to move slowly otherwise the heat generated
during physical activity can make it overheated! When
33
 it does become overheated due to physical activity,
the polar bear goes for swimming in the water to cool
off! Its wide and large paws help it to swim.
2. The storms may occur on land or over the seas.
Different types of storms are caused by violent air
currents and are accompanied by heavy rains, high
speed winds and lightning.
3. The other component is humus, which is dark brown
in colour and consists of decaying remains of plants
and animals.
4. The two main process of respiration are external
respiration or breathing, i.e. taking in air rich in
oxygen (inhalation) and giving out air rich in carbon
dioxide (exhalation).
Internal respiration or cellular respiration, i.e. using
oxygen to break down food to release energy. Internal
respiration occurs in the body cells.
5. In our body there is present a network of tubings
which connect each organ, tissue and cell to other. It
connects one cell to another so that the useful
products like food, hormones that are produced in one
organ can reach other organ where they are required.
Enzyme, Insulin which is produced in pancreas is
carried by blood to different parts of body and reach
liver for its proper function. It decreases the level of
glucose in blood.
Summative Assessment-II
A. Activity :
1. Answer the following :
Do Yourself.
2. Write their chemical names :
Do Yourself.
B. Let's discuss :
Do Yourself.
C. Project :
Do Yourself.
34
This Teacher’s Manual contains
material to guide teachers to initiate
the topics with a warm up.
Thereafter complete instructions
are given on how to proceed with
each chapter. This manual also
contains correct and possible
solutions.

` 50.00