UCE306: ARCHITECTURE DRAWING AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Lecture 10
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
By
Dr. Himanshu Chawla

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 Building Components

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
 SHALLOW
FOUNDATION

ISOLATED
FOOTING

COMBINED
FOOTING

TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla 3

 Introduction
• A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely
the super structure which is above the plinth level
and the substructure which is below the plinth
level.
• Substructure is otherwise known as the
foundation and this forms the base for any
structure.
• The soil on which the foundation rests is called
the “foundation soil”.

TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla 4

Foundation

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 Objectives of a Foundation
• A foundation is provided for the following
purposes:
• To distribute the total load coming on the structure
on a larger area.
• To support the structures.
• To give enough stability to the structures against
various disturbing forces, such as wind and rain.
• To prepare a level surface for concreting and
masonry work.

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 Soil types and ground water table conditions

Factors Structural requirements and foundations

affecting design
of foundation Site condition and environmental factor

Economy etc.

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
 Well
foundation

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Shallow Foundation (Spread Foundation)

Depth of foundation is less Isolated footing (single

than or equal to its width. footing, column footing):

In framed structures where

The columns involved can
several columns are to be
be provided with masonry
constructed, isolated
or concrete footing.
footings can be adopted.

If masonry footing is provided, steps are given and

the foundation area is thus increased so that the
stresses developed at the base is within the limit.
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 • Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…

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• Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…

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 Masonry Foundation

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 RCC FOUNDATION

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
 RCC
FOUNDATION

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
[Link]

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Combined Footing
• This type of footing is adopted when the space between two columns
is so small that the foundation for individual columns will overlap.
• A combined footing is so proportioned that center of gravity (CG) of
the supporting area is in line with the CG of the two columns loads.
Hence, a combine footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in shape.
• Rectangular shape is only possible where loading conditions is such
that either two columns are equally loaded or the interior column
carries greater load

For more detail refer to book “Building Construction” by Sushil Kumar 16

Eccentric Loading on Foundation

For more detail refer to book “Building Construction” by Sushil Kumar 17

Strap footing/Cantilever footing

Solution of Eccentric Loading on

Foundation is connecting with
another footing by a beam or
provide combined footing

For more detail refer to book “Building Construction” by Sushil Kumar 18

 Grillage Foundation
A foundation which consists of one, two or more
tiers (layers) of beams (typically steel) superimposed
on a layer of concrete to disperse load over an
extensive area is grillage foundation.

Steel Grillage Foundation

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
 Grillage Foundation

Steel grillage foundation

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
Timber Grillage Foundation

For more detail refer to book “Building Construction” by Sushil Kumar 21

 RAFT FOUNDATION
• A foundation system in which essentially the entire building is placed on a large
continuous footing.
• Usually large concrete slab supporting many columns.
• Commonly used as foundation for silos, chimneys, large machinery.
• It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced with steel, which carries the downward
loads of the individual columns or walls.

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TIET, Patiala Dr. Himanshu Chawla
RAFT FOUNDATION

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Raft foundation is generally suggested in the following situations:
R A F T F O U N D A T IO N S 5
• Whenever building loads are so heavy or the allowable pressure on soil so small that individual footings
would cover more than floor area.
• Whenever soil is highly compressible and it is difficult to define and assess the extent of each of the weak
pockets or cavities and, thus, estimate the overall and differential settlement.
• When structures and equipment to be supported are very sensitive to differential settlement.
• Where structures naturally lend themselves for the use of raft foundation such as silos, chimneys, water
towers, etc.
• Floating foundation cases wherein soil is having very poor bearing capacity and the weight of the super-
structure is proposed to be balanced by the weight of the soil removed.
• Buildings where basements are to be provided or pits located below ground water table.
• Buildings where individual foundation, if provided, will be subjected to large widely varying bending
moments which may result in differential rotation and differential settlement of individual footings causing
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distress in the building.
 TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATION

Flat plate type

Flat plate thick under Columns
Beam and slab construction
Box structures
Mats placed on piles

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 Flat plate type
A mat of uniform thickness is provided. This is most suitable when the column loads are
relatively light and the spacing of columns is relatively small and uniform.

ELEVATION
PLAN

PLAN

Flat plate type ELEVATION

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 Flat plate thick under columns

• When the column loads are heavy, this type is more suitable than the flat plate
type.
• A portion of slab under the column is thickened to provide enough thickness for
negative bending moment.

Flat plate thick under columns

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 Beam & slab construction
• The beams run in two perpendicular directions and a slab is provided
between the beams.
• This type suitable when the bending stresses are high because of large
column spacing and unequal column loads.

BEAMS
SLAB

Beam & slab type/ribbed

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 Box structures
A box structure is provided in which the basement walls act as stiffeners for the mat. This type of mat
foundation can resist very high bending

Box structures

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 Mats placed on piles
• The mat is supported on piles in this type of construction.
• This type of mat foundation is used where the soil is highly compressible
and water table is high.
• This type of construction reduces the settlement and also control the
buoyancy.

Mats placed on piles

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Construction Procedure of Raft Foundation

Soil test

Excavation

Reinforcement

Levelling & dressing

Column positioning
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 Bearing
capacity
of soil

Classification of
Soil Test soil

Moisture
content

water
table

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 EXCAVATION

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 Top Reinforcement
Placing Reinforcement

Another batch of
A batch of
reinforcement
horizontal
placement to
reinforcement
complete the
placing
bottom mesh

Vertical rod
placement over
Columns rod bottom mesh to Chair bars
placement hold the upper Column rods Bottom Reinforcement
mesh then upper
mesh placement

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Form Work
Timber form work
Plastic form work
Steel form work

Timber form work

Plastic form work

Steel form work
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 Placing of Concrete

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 Curing
The process of maintaining the moisture and temperature conditions of concrete
for hydration reaction to normally so that concrete develops hardened properties
over time.

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 Merits of Mat Foundation
 Raft foundation is economic due to combination
of foundations & floor slab.
 Require little excavation.
 Can cope with mixed and poor ground condition.
 It reduces different settlement.

Demerits
 It
require specific treatment for point loads.
 Edge erosion occur if not treated properly.

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Foundation in Black Cotton Soil
• Black cotton soil called expandable soil.
• It is very dangerous due to its volumetric changes with the change of atmospheric
condition.
• Due to more swelling & shrinkage formed cracks and sometimes wide 15 to 20 cm and
deep about 2.5 to 4 m.
Precautions for Foundation in Black Cotton Soil
• Foundation should be taken at such depth where cracks can not extend. Depth at
least 1.5 m.
• If depth does not exceed 1.5 m then entire black cotton soil may be removed and
foundation should be laid on hard bed.
• Foundation or masonry work does not directly contact with B.C. soil, it can be done
by wider & deeper trench for foundation by filling sand or moorum on either side or
below foundation.
• Bed of foundation should be made firm or hard by ramming per 30 cm layer,
moorum should be 15 cm each layer which is well watered & rammed.
• Construction should be made in dry season if possible. 39
 Types of Foundation in Black Cotton Soil
1. Strip or Pad foundation
2. Pier Foundation
3. Under-reamed pile foundation

It should be provided for medium load,

When swelling pressure are relatively high,

alternate layer of moorum and sand are
provided which will act as spring, and can
compress or expand with sub soil
movement,
When soil is soft or poor B.C. 30 cm thick
ballast or moorum should be provide and
rammed 30 cm thick layer of course sand.

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Refernces
• Building Construction by Sushil Kumar
• Building Construction by B.C. Punmia; Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun
Kumar Jain
• Building Construction & Materials by Gurcharan Singh

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THANKYOU

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