WILLIAM T

MOGAE
201801048
EEB 344

BASIC ELECRICAL MACH

Date of submission: 23/04/2021

LAB 1: THE TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Objectives of the experiment……………………………………………………………………….……………2

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2-3

Theory………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3-6

Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

Procedure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7

Results ………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………8-10

Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

Observations……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11

References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12

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OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this experiment is:

 To introduce the method of testing a single-phase transformer and determine the
equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer.

 To understand the basic simple working principle of a transformer.

INTRODUCTION

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit
to another, or multiple circuits.[1] A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across
any other coils wound around the same core. [2] Electrical energy can be transferred between
separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. A transformer is
a specific form of a coupled circuit in which the coupling mechanism is the mutual inductances
between two coils. The common magnetic flux path is provided by an iron core. A transformer can
be represented as shown in Figure 1a. A physical implementation is given in Figure 1b.

N1, N2 are the number of turns at the primary and secondary windings; φ1 is the flux produced by I1
and φ2 is the flux produced by I2. In Figure 1a, it is seen by using the right-hand rule method that
with the currents as shown the magnetic flux produced by the coils is additive; if the secondary
current direction is reversed, the flux would be subtractive.
When coil 1 is supplied with an alternating current, the magnetic field is coupled into coil 2 which
induces a voltage V2 across the coil. The resultant current in coil 2 creates its own magnetic field
which, in turn, is coupled to coil 1. This mutual coupling results in a term called mutual inductance,
M. The mutual inductance M is related to the self inductances through the coupling factor k (k ≤ 1):

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W here L1 and L2 are the self-inductances of coils 1 and 2, respectively.

THEORY

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Figure 1: PHYSICAL AND EQUIVALENT ARRANGEMENT OF OPEN CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT

[3]As the name suggests, the secondary is kept open circuited and nominal value of the input
voltage is applied to the primary winding and the input current and power are measured. In
Fig. 19(a) V, A, W are the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter respectively. Let these meters
read V1, I0 and W0 respectively. Figure on the right shows the equivalent circuit of the
transformer under this test. The no load current at rated voltage is less than 1 percent of
nominal current and hence the loss and drop that take place in primary impedance (r1 + jxl1)
due to the no load current I0 is negligible. The active component Ic of the no load current I0
represents the core losses and reactive current Im is the current needed for the magnetization.
Thus the watt meter reading is

W0 = V1Ic = Pcore
For

Voc = open circuit voltage (rated voltage) on primary side

Ioc = open circuit current (primary side)

Woc =open circuit input power (primary side), [Link]-meter reading

Therefore

Ic = W0/V1

and

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Im = √(I 2 0 − I 2)

Zoc = Ro+jXm

Figure 2: open circuit characteristics

Consideration of practical circuit below

Figure 3: PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

Open circuit impedance angle, = cos -1(Poc/(VocIoc)

Soc = VocIoc

∠θ
Zoc = Voc/Ioc oc

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SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Figure 4: PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Figure 5: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The purpose of this test is to determine the series branch parameters of the equivalent circuit
of equivalent circuit above. As the name suggests, in this test primary applied voltage, the
current and power input are measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited. Let
these values be Vsc, Isc and Wsc respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated
current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of
the nominal voltage. The excitation current which is only 1 percent or less even at rated

thus assumed to be absent. Also I1 = I ′ 2 as I0 ≃ 0. Therefore Wsc is the sum of the copper
voltage becomes negligibly small during this test and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is

losses in primary and secondary put together. The reactive power consumed is that absorbed
by the leakage reactance of the two windings.
Wsc = I 2 sc(r1 + r ′ 2 )
Zsc = Vsc / Isc
(xl1 + x ′ l2 ) = √(Z2 sc − (r1 + r ′ 2 ) 2)
If the approximate equivalent circuit is required then there is no need to separate r1 and r ′ 2 or
xl1 and x ′ l2 . However if the exact equivalent circuit is needed then either r1 or r ′ 2 is
determined from the resistance measurement and the other separated from the total. As for
the separation of xl1 and x ′ l2 is concerned, they are assumed to be equal. This is a fairly
valid assumption for many types of transformer windings as the leakage flux paths are
through air and are similar.

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VOLTAGE REGULATION
[4]Voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude of secondary voltage due to a
change in load current, with primary voltage held constant due to series impedances.
The formula for voltage regulation is
V s , nl −V s , fl
×100 %
V s , fl
VR =

V P /a−V S , fl
×100 %
V S , fl
=

Where, Vs,nl = secondary voltage at no-load

Vs, fl = secondary voltage at full-load

Efficiency of the transformer is defined as:

P out P in−P loss Ploss

=1−
η Pin Pin Pin
= =

Where Pin, Pout, and Ploss are: input power, output power and power loss respectively.

Also in terms of losses,

P out
η P out + Plosses
= X100%

V S I S Cos ϕ
η V S I S Cos ϕ +PCu +P core
= X100

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EQUIPMENT
 Computer
 MAT LAB Application with SIMULINK
 1 KVAWattmeter
 Voltmeter Ammeter
 Single-phase transformer
 Variac 4

PROCEDURE

Open circuit

The transformer was observed carefully, and all data was recorded from its name plate. Using that
information, the rated current was determined for the HV and LV sides. The circuit was connected as
shown in figure 2. Starting from 25V the voltage was increased up to the LV side as indicated in table
1. For each setting corresponding readings was recorded in table 1.

Figure 7 showing transformer equivalent open circuit

Short circuit

The circuit was connected as shown in figure 3. Slowly the current was increased from 0.5A so that
the input is equal to the current 4.5A. All instrument readings were tabulated accordingly as before
and repeated at input intervals shown in table 1. For each setting the short circuit power was
calculated and in accordance with earlier explanations. This time then voltage was resolved into
components to yield the elements Req and Xeq this were expressed in terms of the high voltage turns.

Figure 8 showing transformer equivalent closed circuit

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 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Turns ratio = 1:1

(a) open-circuit test
l.V winding supplied – to measure magnetizing parameters and iron loss

Table 1; showing the results obtained for the open circuit experiment
Power
NO: Voc Ioc Poc factor Ip Im Rm Xm
1 25 0.12 2.05 0.71 0.08 0.08 293.43 295.84
2 50 0.23 8.04 0.70 0.16 0.16 304.40 310.55
3 75 0.35 18.15 0.70 0.24 0.25 306.12 300.06
4 100 0.47 32.08 0.68 0.32 0.34 312.89 290.18
5 150 0.70 72.08 0.69 0.48 0.50 310.55 296.05
6 200 0.93 129.40 0.69 0.65 0.67 311.67 297.11
7 220 1.02 152.70 0.68 0.69 0.75 317.18 294.16

Graph of current against voltage

0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Im ( A )

0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
Voc ( A)

Figure 9 showing graph of voltage against current for the open circuit part of the experiment

(b) Short-circuit test h.V. winding - to measure leakage, impedance parameters and copper
loss.

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 Table 2 showing the results for experiment

NO: Vsc Isc Psc Powerfactor Req Xeq

1.00 9.75 1.00 9.74 1.00 9.74 0.44

2.00 24.23 2.50 59.42 0.98 9.51 1.88

3.00 33.87 3.50 116.80 0.99 9.53 1.65

4.00 43.61 4.50 193.20 0.98 9.54 1.70

5.00 58.00 6.00 346.00 0.99 9.61 1.03

6.00 77.60 8.00 612.90 0.99 9.58 1.54

7.00 97.00 10.00 967.30 1.00 9.67 0.72

Graph of current against voltage

12.00

10.00

8.00
Isc(Amps)

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Vsc ( volts)

Figure 10; showing graph of current against voltage

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 Chart Title
12.00

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

Req Xeq

Figure 11; showing graph of Req and Zeq

SAMPLE CALCULTIONS
Using table 1
2
V OC V OC
X m= =
I OC sin ∅ OC QOC

25
Xm = =295.84Ω
0.12 sin 44.765

2
V OC V
Rm = =¿ OC
I OC cos ∅ oc P OC

25
Rm= =293.4 3 Ω
0. 12 cos 44.765

Using table 2

P SC
Req = 2
I sc

59.42
Req= 2
=9.50 72 Ω
2.50

X eq= (
√V SC 2
i SC
2
) −R eq

Xeq=
√( 24.23 2
2.50 )
−9.50722

Xeq = 1.884Ω

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DISCUSSION

In this experiment the main objective was to introduce the method of testing a single-phase
transformer and determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer. We used MAT LAB to
build the above circuits being the open and short circuit of a transformer and simulated with
SIMULINK to approximate series parameters of the transformer with and without load. The results
obtained on table 1, show that the power factor values vary slightly and are within a range of 0.71
and 0.68 as the open circuit voltage increases, power measured for the circuit increased at the same
rate as voltage increased, Ip and Im increase at the same rate. Graph of voltage against current for
the open circuit part of the experiment shows linearity between voltage and current. Table 2 shows
that the power factor when the circuit has a load is close to ideal power factor value.

OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION

It was observed that Short circuit test is used for finding out Core losses and open circuit test is used
for finding out reactance Xm and Resistance Rc. Both, short circuit test and open circuit test should
be performed to get the accurate equivalent circuit for the transformer. Core losses include
Hysteresis losses and Eddy current losses.

As per the results and analysis, the objective of this experiment was achieved. We were able to
introduce the method of testing a single-phase transformer and determine the equivalent circuit
parameters of a transformer as well as understand the basic simple working principle of a
transformer. As shown by the experiment conducted most of the results were close to theoretical
values obtained. The reason for the slight difference in practical and theoretical values could be due
to the simulation errors.

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REFERENCE

[1] A. Longo and R. Pieri, ‘A voltmeter ammeter method for measuring the leakage
reactance and resistance of both primary and secondary windings of transformers’, in Proc.
Intl Conf. on Electrical Machines, University of Technology, Vienna, September 1976, Part
II, paper T8

[2]Stephen J. Chapman, Electrical Machinery Fundamentals (WCB/McGraw-Hill, New

York, 1999) pp. 76–82.

[3] Bedell, Frederick (1942). "History of A-C Wave Form, Its Determination and
Standardization". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 61 (12):
864. doi:10.1109/T-AIEE.1942.5058456. S2CID 51658522.

[4]Mack, James E.; Shoemaker, Thomas (2006). "Chapter 15 – Distribution

Transformers" (PDF). The Lineman's and Cableman's Handbook (11th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill. pp. 15-1 to 15-22. ISBN 0-07-146789-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on
2013-02-10. Retrieved 2013-01-12.

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