Example 1.

1
1
 A lake had a water surface elevation of 103.200 m above
datum at the beginning of a certain month. In that month the
lake received an average inflow of 6.0 m3/s from surface runoff
sources. In the same period the outflow from the lake had an
average value of 6.5m3/s. Further, in that month, the lake
received a rainfall of 145 mm and the evaporation from the
lake surface was estimated as 6.10cm.
 Write the water budget equation for the lake
 Calculate the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the
month. if the average lake surface area can be taken as 5000 ha.
Assume that there is no contribution to or from the ground water
storage.
 Solution
:
2 In a time period Δt the water budget for the lake can be written as
Input volume – Output volume = change in storage
( I Δt + P.A ) − (QΔt + EA) = ΔS
where
I = average inflow rate,
Q= average outflow rate,
P = precipitation,
E = evaporation,
A = surface area of the lake and S = change in lake storage
volume.
Here Δt = 1 month = 30 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 2.592x106s = 2.592 Ms In
one month:
Inflow volume =I *Δt =6.0*2.592=15.55Mm3
Inflow volume =Q *Δt=6.5*2.592=16.848Mm3
3
Input due to precipitation =PA=

Out flow due to evaporation=EA=

:
Hence ΔS=15.55+7.25-16.848-3.05=2.904Mm3

Change in Elevation Δ Z=

New water surface elevation at the end of the month

= 103.200+0.058
=103.258m above the datum
4 Example 1.2
Estimate the evaporation for a month for a lake of 500
hectare surface area. The mean discharge from the
lake is estimated to be 1m3/s. The monthly rainfall is
about 10cm. A stream flows with an average discharge
of 2m3/s into the lake. The water level in the lake
dropped about 5cm in the month. The seepage loss are
negligible.
5 Solution
 Monthly inflow, Q = 2*3600*24*30 = 51.84*105m3
 Monthly outflow, O = 1*3600*24*30 = 25.9*105m3
 Monthly rainfall, P = 0.1*500*10,000 = 5*105m3
 Change in storage, ∆S = -0.05*500*10,000 = -2.5*105m3
 From water balance:
E = (5 + 51.84 – 25.9 – 0 – (2.5))*105 = 33.42*105m3
E = 33.42*105/(500*104) = 0.6684m = 66.84cm
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

1.3
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Additional number of rain gauge

= 9-6
= 3 additional rain gauge is needed
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

8 Example
Normal rainfall of 6 rain gauge stations A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and
A6 are 122, 98, 72, 116, 135 and 110 cm respectively. During a
particular storm station A2 was inoperative due to some
mechanical defect. The locations of the stations on a map are
given in Fig. below and bracket terms give the rainfalls. Calculate
the missing rainfall of station A2 by all the methods and compare
the results. Assume the proportionality factor, b=2.
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

9
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

10 Solution
Check the magnitude of each normal annual precipitation
𝑁𝑖−𝑁𝑥
| |
𝑁𝑥
122−98 135−98
| |=0.24 >0.1( station A1) | |=0.37 >0.1( station A5)
98 98
72−98 110−98
| |=0.26 >0.1 (station A3) | |=0.12 >0.1( station A6)
98 98
116−98
| |=0.18 >0.1 (Station A4)
98
I. Arithmetic Mean Method
The normal annual rainfall of the missing stations is 98cm .
The surrounding stations do not fall within 10% range
We cannot apply the arithmetic mean method to this problem
II. Normal Ratio Method
11
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

12 [Link] Distance Method

 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

13
Example 1.5
Precipitation station X was inoperative for
part of a month during which a storm
occurred. The respective storm totals at
three surrounding stations A,B and C were
107,89 and 122 mm. The normal annual
precipitation amounts of stations X, A,B
and C are 978, 1120, 935 and 1200 mm
respectively. Estimate the storm
precipitation for station X.
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

14 Solution:
•Check the magnitude of each normal annual
𝑁𝑖−𝑁𝑥
precipitation | |
𝑁𝑥
1120−978
| |=0.14 >0.1( station A)
978
935−978
| |=0.04 <0.1 (station B)
978
1200−978
| |=0.23 >0.1 (Station C)
978
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

15 •Since the absolute value of two stations is greater

than 0.1, the normal ratio method is used to
estimate the missing data at St. X.
N𝑥 P1 P2 P3 Pn
Px = ( + + +⋯+ )
𝑛 N1 N2 N3 Nn
978 107 89 122
Px = ( + + )
3 1120 935 1200

Px= 95.3mm
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

16 Example 1.6
The normal annual precipitation at stations A, B, C and D in a given catchment are 80.97, 67.59,
76.28 and 92.01 cm respectively. In the year of 2000, the station D was inoperative. The stations
A, B and C recorded annual PCPs of 91.11, 72.23 and 79.89 cm respectively. estimate the
missing PCP at St. D in that year by using an appropriate method.
Solution:
𝑁𝑖−𝑁𝑥
Check the magnitude of each normal annual precipitation | |
𝑁𝑥
80.97 − 92.01
| |=0.12 >0.1
92.01

67.59 − 92.01
| |=0.27 >0.1
92.01

67.59 − 92.01
| |=0.17 >0.1
92.01
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Example 1.7
17 Since all the absolute value of each magnitude is greater than 0.1, the normal ratio
method is used to estimate the missing data at St. D.

N𝑥 P1 P2 P3 Pn
Px = ( + + +⋯+ )
𝑛 N1 N2 N3 Nn

92.01 91.11 72.23 79.89

PD = ( + + )
3 80.97 67.59 76.28

PD = 99.37 cm
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Example 1.8
18
Calculate the missing PCP at St. D using the IDW method. The precipitation
record at St. A, B and C for a specified year were 90, 75 and 82 cm, respectively.
The distance from the missing PCP station D (0,0) to nearby station is (9,3),
(26,18) and (4,6), respectively for A, B and C. Assume the proportionality factor,
b=1.

Solution:
𝑛
1
Px = di−b Pi
𝑊
𝑖=1

W = di−b
𝑖=1

di= ( Xi − Xx)2 + (Yi- Yx) 2))0.5

 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

19 Solution:
Station x y di di−b Pi Pi∗di−b

A 9 3 9.49 0.11 90 9.9

B 26 18 31.62 0.03 75 2.25
C 4 6 7.21 0.14 82 11.48
𝑛 𝑛
D 0 0 W = di−b 0.28 di−b Pi 23.68
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

1 𝑛 84.57 cm
PD = 𝑖=1 di
−b Pi
𝑊
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

20 Example 1.9
[Link] RF of station A and the average
annual RF of five surrounding stations
from 1996 to 1977 are given below. Check
the consistency of data of station A. If data
is found inconsistent, then correct the
inconsistent data.
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU
21

Annual Avr. Annual Avr. Annual Annual Avr.

Ppt of 5 Ppt of 5
Ppt of stations
Avr. Ppt stations
station A surrounding of station surrounding
Year (mm) station A (mm) Year A (mm) station A (mm)
1996 1430 1410 1986 1380 1440
1995 1100 1260 1985 1210 1460
1994 1170 1100 1984 1760 1730
1993 1100 1230 1983 1400 1080
1992 1200 1150 1982 1240 970
1991 1220 1430 1981 1760 1320
1990 1280 1150 1980 1480 1350
1989 750 950 1979 1740 1410
1988 1120 1230 1978 1420 1270
1987 1250 1350 1977 1580 1260
22 Year [Link] of A Cum. Avr. Ppt of A Avr. Ppt of group
Cum Avr. Ppt of
group
1996 1430 1410
1995 1100 1260
1994 1170 1100
1993 1100 1230
1992 1200 1150
1991 1220 1430
1990 1280 1150
1989 750 950
1988 1120 1230
1987 1250 1350
1986 1380 1440
1985 1210 1360
1984 1760 1730
1983 1400 1080
1982 1240 970
1981 1760 1320
1980 1480 1350
1979 1740 1410
1978 1420 1270
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Solution Mean Yearly of

Cummulative
of
23 Year Annual rainfall of A Cumulative of A
Surrounding
stations
Surrounding
stations

1996 1430 1430 1410 1410

1995 1100 2530 1260 2670
1994 1170 3700 1100 3770
the year in 1993 1100 4800 1230 5000
decreasing order 1992 1200 6000 1150 6150
1991 1220 7220 1430 7580
1990 1280 8500 1150 8730
yearly
1989 750 9250 950 9680
precipitation
1988 1120 10370 1230 10910
values
1987 1250 11620 1350 12260
1986 1380 13000 1440 13700
cumulative 1985 1210 14210 1360 15060
rainfall 1984 1760 15970 1730 16790
1983 1400 17370 1080 17870
yearly
1982 1240 18610 970 18840
surrounding
1981 1760 20370 1320 20160
station
1980 1480 21850 1350 21510
precipitation
1979 1740 23590 1410 22920
1978 1420 25010 1270 24190
cumulative
1977 1580 26590 1260 25450
precipitation
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

24 Double mass curve

30000

25000 1978
Cummulative of doubtful station X

1980
20000
1982
1984
15000

10000

5000

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Cummulative of Surrpounding stations
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

25 Slope of Original line:

S1 =(15970-1430)/(16790-1410) = 0.945
Slope of Deviated line
S2 =(26590-15970)/(25450-16790) = 1.226
Difference in slope
= (1.226-0.945)/0.945 = 29.72% > 10%
Correction
=0.945/1.226 = 0.771
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Year Annual rainfall of A corrected cumulative

26 1996 1430 1430 1430
1995 1100 1100 2530
1994 1170 1170 3700
1993 1100 1100 4800
1992 1200 1200 6000
1991 1220 1220 7220
1990 1280 1280 8500
1989 750 750 9250
1988 1120 1120 10370
1987 1250 1250 11620
1986 1380 1380 13000
1985 1210 1210 14210
1984 1760 1760 15970
1983 1400 * 0.771 1079 17049
1982 1240 * 0.771 956 18005
1981 1760 * 0.771 1357 19362
1980 1480 * 0.771 1141 20503
1979 1740 * 0.771 1341 21844
Correction
1978 1420 *0.771 1095 22939
1977 1580 * 0.771 1218 24157
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Double Mass Curve

27

Cumulative of X after correction

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Cummulative of Surrounding Stations
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

28 Example 1.10
Test the consistency of 10 years of annual PCP data measured at 4 stations as given
below. (Assume all PCP stations are located in a homogenous meteorological region)
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Solution: Arrange the data in reverse order.

29
year Annual catch (in.) at gage
A B C D
1986 34 35 35 37
1985 37 39 36 41
1984 35 34 33 39
1983 28 30 24 28
1982 31 33 31 29
1981 34 34 30 30
1980 27 26 27 29
1979 26 27 24 28
1978 33 36 32 32
1977 30 31 27 29
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Solution: First check the consistency for Station D. Check for

30 the remaining stations as exercise.
year Annual catch ( in.) at gage
D Cum. D Avg.(A+B+C) Cum. Avg
(A+B+C)
1986 37 37 34.67 34.67
1985 41 78 37.33 72
1984 39 117 34 106
1983 28 145 27.33 133.33
1982 29 174 31.67 165
1981 30 204 32.67 197.67
1980 29 233 26.67 224.34
1979 28 261 25.67 250.01
1978 32 293 33.67 283.68
1977 29 322 29.33 313.01
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

31 Double mass curve

350

1977
300
1978

250 1979

1980

200 1981
Cum. D

1982
150
1983

100 1984

1985
50
1986

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
[Link] (A+B+C)
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

Solution:
32 o The slope of the upper portion of the DMC for 1984 to 1986 is differ from
the slope from 1977 to 1983.
o The slope from 1984 to 1986:
117 − 37
Sa = = 1.12
106 − 34.67
o The slope from 1977 to 1984:
322 − 117
Sc = = 0.99
313.01 − 106

o The upper portion (1984-1986) should be adjusted using the following

correction factor:
Sc 0.99
K= = = 0.88
Sa 1.12
The upper portion (1984-1986) should be adjusted using the following correction
factor:
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

33 Solution:
The upper portion (1984-1986) should be adjusted using the following correction
factor:
o Therefore, the corrected values are:

P1984 = 0.88∗39 =34.32

P1985 = 0.88∗41 =36.08

P1986 = 0.88∗37 =32.56

 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

year Annual catch (in.) at gage

34 Avg.(A+B+C) Cum. Avg D Cum. D Adjusted
(A+B+C)

1986 34.67 34.67 37 37 32.56

1985 37.33 72 41 78 36.08

1984 34 106 39 117 34.32

1983 27.33 133.33 28 145

1982 31.67 165 29 174

1981 32.67 197.67 30 204

1980 26.67 224.34 29 233

1979 25.67 250.01 28 261

1978 33.67 283.68 32 293

1977 29.33 313.01 322

 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

35
 Example 1.11
 Find the mean precipitation for the area sketched below
by Thiessen’s method. The area is composed of a square
plus an equilateral triangle plot of side 10 kilometers.

46 cm
A B 65 cm

F E (70 cm

60 cm

80 cm
D C 76 cm
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

36 Solution
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

37 Area of square plot = 10 × 10 = 100 km2

Area of inner square=√50*√50=50km2
Difference of area = 50 km2
Area of each corner triangle in the square plot =
50/4 = 12.5 km2
1/3 area of the equilateral triangular plot =
1/3( ½*10*10 SIN60)=14.4km2

Pav=

=66.8cm Ans.
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

38
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

39
Example 1.12
The isohytes for a storm in a catchment and the
area of the catchment bounded by the isohyets is
tabulated below.
Isohyets (cm) Area (km2)
Station -12.0 30
12.0-10 140
10-8.0 80
8.0-6.0 180
6.0-4.0 20

• Estimate the mean precipitation due to the

storm?
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

40
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU
Exercises
1. The surface area of a vertical walled reservoir is 2.5·106 m2. The
41 average inflow to the lake is 0.3 m3/s, and the average evaporation is
3000 mm for a given year.
A. Determine the daily evaporation rate in millimeters and cubic
meters.
B. Determine the change in storage in millimeters and cubic meters
during the year. Is the change in storage increase or decrease?
C. Find the time required to raise the reservoir level by 100 mm.
2. The normal annual precipitation of five rain gauge stations A, B, C, D and E are
125, 102, 76, 113 and 137 cm respectively. During the particular storm the PCP
recorded by stations A, B, C and D are 13.2, 9.2, 6.8 and 10.2 cm, respectively. The
station E was inoperative during that storm. Estimate the missing rainfall at storm E
during that storm ( use an appropriate method)
2. The long-term average annual rainfall (in.) and storm event totals (in.) for three
gages are given below. Determine the missing storm event catch at a gage with a
mean annual catch of 23.0 in. using both the station-average and the normal-ratio
methods. Discuss the difference. Which method could provide the more accurate
result? Why?
 Engineering Hydrology ASTU

42 3. Test the consistency of 22 years of annual PCP data measured at station A. Rainfall data for
station A as well as the average annual rainfall measured at a group of eight neighboring
stations located in a meteorologically homogenous region are given as follows.
Year Annual RF Avg. annual Year Annual RF Avg. annual
of St. AA RF of 8 St. of St. AA RF of 8 St.
(mm) groups (mm) (mm) groups (mm)

1946 177 143 1957 158 164

1947 144 132 1958 145 155

1948 178 146 1959 132 143

1949 162 147 1960 95 115

1950 194 161 1961 148 135

1951 168 155 1962 142 163

1952 196 152 1963 140 135

1953 144 117 1964 130 143

1954 160 128 1965 137 130

1955 196 193 1966 130 146

1956 141 156 1967 163 161