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Removal of Physicochemical Parameters of Grey Water Using Biofiltration

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 Original Article

Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 - 4891

ISSN: 2349 – 4891

International
Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies
(Multidisciplinary Open Access Refereed e-Journal)

Correlations of Biomechanical Characteristics with Ball Speed in Penalty Corner Push-In

Removal of Physicochemical Parameters of Grey Water Using Biofiltration Techniques
Rengaraj Chithra Devi & Nirmaladevi D. Shrinithivihahshini

Research Scholar, Assistant Professor, Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, School of
Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India.

Received 06th January 2017, Accepted 5th February 2017

Abstract
Wastewater from household use discharged to the environment without any sort of treatment, which causes
harmful effects to the surroundings and surface ground water pollution. There are various treatment methods available for
treating the grey waters with and without help of physical methods, chemical and biological materials. In the present study,
the grey water samples were collected from the student hostel of Bharathidasan University on a daily basis around 35 days
(300 liters/day). A total of 10,500 liter greywater was treated in this study through continuous (four different bio-bed)
treatment tank processes with the help of natural absorbents such as sand, pea gravel, coir waste, charcoal, and
Lipianodiflora and Canna indica. The combinations of these ingredients were aligned in the treatment tank with different
propositions as well as different orders. The before and after treatment grey water samples were analyzed by
physiochemical analysis. The range of physiochemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, total alkalinity (TA), total
hardness (TH), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in
untreated and treated grey water were 8.3–8.7, 1812.0–1980.0 µS/cm, 1129.7–1220.0 mg/L, 272–330 mg/L, 384.2–455.0
mg/L, 0.2–0.6 mg/L, 137.6–157.1 mg/L, 362.9–420.0 mg/L; and 7.94–8.2, 642.3–760.0 µS/cm, 410–490.0 mg/L, 136–160
mg/L, 139.6–165.0 mg/L, 3.9–4.9 mg/L, 16.34–20.3 mg/L, and 68.2–78.0 mg/L, respectively. The 1–3-fold level of
pollution was decreased in treated grey water than untreated grey water owing to the efficacy of bio-filters.

Keywords: Grey water, bio-bed filters, Lipianodiflora, Canna indica, physiochemical parameters.
© Copy Right, IJRRAS, 2017. All Rights Reserved.

Introduction indicator bacteria in grey water (Casanova et al., 2001).

Wastewater from your bathroom sinks, showers, This study investigated the presence of specific
tubs, washing machines, and other house hold pathogens and indicator bacteria in grey water and
wastewater are called grey water. It also does not have calculated the performance of leading challenger
contact with fecal materials and toilet waste, washing treatment technologies for grey water reuse. The
diapers, and septic tanks (Little et al., 2001). It may recycled grey water is loaded with nutrients such as
contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, household nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous, which can be
cleaning products, and fewer pathogens. Normally, it is used for irrigation, landscaping, and gardening. Benefits
usually safer to handle and easier to treat and recycle of grey water recycling and use include reduced fresh
onsite for toilet flushing, landscape or crop irrigation, water use, decrease in the amount of wastewater to septic
and other non-potable uses. Gray water is distinct from tanks or treatment plants, less chemical use, recharge of
black water in the amount and composition of its groundwater, useful for plant growth, and also raises
chemical and natural contaminates. However, the use of awareness of natural cycles (Emerson, 1998).
non-toxic and low-sodium soap and personal care The variety of conventional intensive
products is recommended to keep vegetation not get technologies is in competition with natural systems to
affected when reusing grey water for irrigation purposes treat the grey water of medium and small size
(Dixon et al., 1999). communities. The unique important feature of biological
The recycled grey water is used for toilet treatment is that it stabilizes the organic matter in a
flushing, irrigation, etc., and this can considerably reduce prohibited manner that otherwise causes problems, such
potable water consumption (FBR, 2005). The as mosquito breeding, water and soil contamination, and
contaminant load of grey water is less than that of blockage in the distribution systems used for irrigation
domestic manure but it has the occurrence of fecal and toilet flushing (Eriksson et al., 2002; Lina Abu
Ghunmiet al., 2010). Experiences of treating gray water
Correspondence by natural and eco-friendly treatment systems have not
Rengaraj Chithra Devi been widely reported. To the best of our knowledge, this
E-mail: chithrabdu@[Link], Ph. +9198657 93922 is the first report to treat the grey water through bio-bed
process with a combination of soil and stones, and this is

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International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

a less time-consuming and low-cost process. Experimental set-up of bio-bed 1

The treatment tank (TT) 1 was filled vertically
Materials and Methods with gravel (6–8 mm) and sand (2 mm) materials at 17
Study Area and Sampling cm and 10.5 cm, respectively. The whole tank was filled
The grey water samples were collected from the with the same manner and it consists of 4 columns (2
student hostel of Bharathidasan University, gravel and 2 sand columns). The vertically assigned
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, on a daily basis for gravel and sand column was extended up to 20 cm in
about 35 days. In this hostel, nearly two thousand height (h). The remaining 3 cm was unfilled to allow the
students were staying and the ground water source was water samples entering into the structure. The TT was
used for all purposes. 300 liters of water samples was initially washed with tap water to release the trapped air
collected and processed every day and a total of 10,500 packs and void spaces. Then, the Lipianodiflorawas
liters were processed during this study. transplanted into the TT 1 and the set-up was not
disturbed up to 60 days for allowing sufficient growth of
Designing of treatment tank L. nodiflora. During this period, the water was added to
Kadappa slabs were used for the construction of the TT1 regularly for Lipianodiflora and it acts as a
four same sized rectangular bio-beds with proper vegetative cover of TT1. The TT1 was kept just below
dimensions [55.0 cm (l) x 39.5 cm (b) x 23.0 cm (h)] the grey water collection tank outlet in order to pass the
(Figure 1). All the treatment tanks were washed with tap grey water. The flow rate of grey water was adjusted to
water before treatment starts. 3.4 mL/sec.

Figure I. Experimental set-up: Design of treatment tanks

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Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

Experimental set-up of bio-bed 2 oxygen demand, and total organic carbon) were
Sand (7 cm), coir waste (6 cm), and sand (7 cm) measured in the laboratory using the standard
materials were filled the TT2 horizontally up to 20 cm procedures(APHA, 2005; Vigneshet al., 2014, 2015,
(h). The remaining 3 cm was unfilled to allow the water 2016). The physiochemical parameters were analyzed in
samples entering into the structure. Similar to TT1, the both raw and treated (after it passed 4 TT) grey water
Lipianodiflorawas transplanted into the TT2 and the set- samples every day.
up was not disturbed up to 60 days for allowing
sufficient growth of L. nodiflora. The separate pipeline Results and discussion
(outlet) from TT1 was connected with TT2, and the TT1 The range of physiochemical parameters such
treated grey water was passed through this pipeline. as pH, EC, TDS, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness
(TH), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand
Experimental set-up of bio-bed 3 (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in
The gravel (2 cm) was added in the bottom of untreated grey water were 8.3–8.7, 1812.0–1980.0
the TT3 followed by creamy layer of clay (which was µS/cm, 1129.7–1220.0 mg/L, 272–330 mg/L, 384.2–
collected from where it grew), red soil (14.5 cm), and 455.0 mg/L, 0.2–0.6 mg/L, 137.6–157.1 mg/L, 362.9–
humus (partially degraded plant debris) (3 cm). The 420.0 mg/L, respectively. The mean concentration of
remaining 3 cm was unfilled to allow the water samples physiochemical parameters such as phenolphthalein
entering into the structure. Then, the Canna indica(60 alkalinity (PA), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH),
tillers) was transplanted into the TT3 with 15 cm depth, calcium hardness (CH), carbonate (CO32-), bicarbonate
and each plant was transplanted with 5-cm gap. This set- (HCO3-), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl -),
up was not disturbed upto 60 days for allowing sufficient nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), sulphate (SO42-),
growth of Canna indica. A separate pipeline (outlet) sodium (Na), and potassium (K) in untreated grey water
from TT2 was connected with TT3, and the TT2 treated were 15.3, 272, 384.2, 205.5, 18.3, 294.6, 82.5, 43.4,
grey water was passed through it. 270, 18.09, 3.5, 45.20, 118.4, and 18.97 mg/L,
respectively. During this study period (around 35 days),
Experimental set-up of Filter bed 4 the parameters were not highly fluctuated and the
The TT4 was filled horizontally from the untreated gray samples were collected from same place.
bottom with sand (8 cm) followed by charcoal (7cm) and The EC value of untreated grey water (routine kitchen
sand (5cm).The remaining 3 cm was unfilled to allow the waste of the Bharathidasan University hostel) was not
water samples entering into the structure. No plant crossed 1000 µs/cm as well as standard permissible level
materials were transplanted in the TT4.A separate of WHO (2003) and BIS (1991). The physiochemical
pipeline (outlet) from TT3 was connected with TT4, and parameters of untreated and treated grey water samples
the TT3 treated grey water was passed through it. were summarized in (Figures II–XV).
A total of 10,500 liter of grey water was treated Waite (2006) reported that grey water in two
through TT system over a period of 35 days. The reason sites at Oman had a mean EC of 817.0 μS/cm and 1045.2
for keeping the standard 8-hour running period is in real- μS/cm, respectively. Various studies on grey water
time situation, grey water generation at homes is taking quality in different countries have been published and the
place on an average for 8 hours (morning 10.30 a.m to EC ranges from 325.0 to 1140.0 μS/cm (Jeppesen, 1996).
evening 5.30 p.m). Based on the Jeppesen (1996) report, the average EC
level in our study was slightly increased when compared
Treatment processes to the previous reports. According to the standard
Physicochemical parameters such as pH, classification of EC of grey water (Eriksson et al., 2002),
electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) the results from the studied samples were within the
(Henna, HI 9811-5), and dissolved oxygen (DO) (Lutron, range of around 1700–2000. This untreated grey water
DO-5509) were measured using field kit on the site, and may be used for garden irrigation and the EC increases
other parameters (total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, on a frequent basis, and for a prolonged period, certain
total hardness, calcium hardness, calcium, magnesium, sensitive plants could suffer salt injury (Eriksson et al.,
chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate sodium, potassium, 2002).
dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical

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Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

Table 1
Comparison of untreated and treated grey water: physicochemical parameters in Canna plant (T-test)
Greywater
Untreated Treated t value P value
Parameters Mean±SD Mean±SD
pH 8.33±00.21 7.94±00.10 9.722 <0.001**
EC (µS/cm) 1812.00±92.86 642.29±60.30 62.503 <0.001**
TDS (mg/L) 1130±00.06 410±00.04 60.839 <0.001**
TA (mg/L) 272.00±32.00 136.00±12.59 23.399 <0.001**
PA (mg/L) 15.29±15.00 0 6.030 <0.001**
CO32- (mg/L) 18.34±18.00 0 6.030 <0.001**
HCO3- (mg/L) 294.66±12.26 166.03±15.37 38.699 <0.001**
TH (mg/L) 384.29±36.74 139.66±14.31 36.709 <0.001**
CaH (mg/L) 205.60±18.50 78.86±08.68 36.697 <0.001**
Ca+2 (mg/L) 82.34±07.41 31.60±03.46 36.697 <0.001**
+2
Mg (mg/L) 43.40±04.63 14.80±02.23 32.887 <0.001**
Cl- (mg/L) 270.00±17.37 102.69±08.45 51.237 <0.001**
NO3- (mg/L) 18.09±03.33 5.57±00.85 21.550 <0.001**
PO4-3 (mg/L) 3.55±00.17 0.93±00.09 80.239 <0.001**
SO4-2 (mg/L) 45.20±03.27 8.89±01.13 62.084 <0.001**
+
Na (mg/L) 118.40±18.67 25.43±03.23 29.026 <0.001**
K+ (mg/L) 18.97±03.90 3.86±00.81 22.452 <0.001**
DO (mg/L) 0.19±00.16 3.93±00.51 41.446 <0.001**
BOD3 (mg/L) 137.69±10.65 16.34±02.76 65.218 <0.001**
COD (mg/L) 362.91±29.56 68.23±06.70 57.521 <0.001**
Note : 1. ** denotes significance at 1% level

Table 2
Percentage reduction of Physicochemical and biological characteristics of Untreated and Treated greywater
Parameters Untreated grey water Treated grey water % Removal
pH 8.33±00.21 7.94±00.10 5
EC (µS/cm) 1812.00±92.86 642.29±60.30 65
TDS (mg/L) 1130±00.06 410±00.04 64
TA (mg/L) 272.00±32.00 136.00±12.59 100
PA (mg/L) 15.29±15.00 0 50
CO32- (mg/L) 18.34±18.00 0 100
HCO3- (mg/L) 294.66±12.26 166.03±15.37 44
TH (mg/L) 384.29±36.74 139.66±14.31 64
CaH (mg/L) 205.60±18.50 78.86±08.68 62
Ca+2 (mg/L) 82.34±07.41 31.60±03.46 62
Mg+2 (mg/L) 43.40±04.63 14.80±02.23 66
Cl- (mg/L) 270.00±17.37 102.69±08.45 62
NO3- (mg/L) 18.09±03.33 5.57±00.85 69
PO4-3 (mg/L) 3.55±00.17 0.93±00.09 74
SO4-2 (mg/L) 45.20±03.27 8.89±01.13 80
Na+ (mg/L) 118.40±18.67 25.43±03.23 79
K+ (mg/L) 18.97±03.90 3.86±00.81 80
DO (mg/L) 0.19±00.16 3.93±00.51 95
BOD3 (mg/L) 137.69±10.65 16.34±02.76 88
COD (mg/L) 362.91±29.56 68.23±06.70 81
(Concentration is reported as Mean values ± Std. deviation).

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International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

This treatment study demonstrated that there is loss of efficiency in biological things (Campos et al.,
potential for application of low-technology grey water 2002). The treatment system successfully reduced the
treatment at small-scale level. The pollutant (organic load of the pollution in a large extent due to the
matter, nutrients, and bacteria) removal efficiencies absorption efficacy of plants.
achieved by treating grey water with a sand, gravel, and
two important plants indicated that the bio-filters could Conclusion
reduce (1-3-fold) the pollution load in grey water. The The continuous treatment (bio-bed) system
range of physiochemical parameters such as pH, EC, greatly improved the grey water quality with a low-cost
TDS, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), dissolved process and the process is less time consuming. The
oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and different bio-bed filters were designed with low cost and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) in treated grey water easily available raw materials and eco-friendly materials
were 7.9–8.2, 642.3–760.0 µS/cm, 410–490.0 mg/L, for treatment process. The bio-bed filters gradually
136.0–160 mg/L, 139.6–165.0 mg/L, 3.9–4.9 mg/L, reduced the pollution due to use of natural filters such as
16.34–20.3 mg/L, and 68.2–78.0 mg/L, respectively. The sand, pea gravels, and plants. Even though the different
mean concentration of physiochemical parameters such bio-beds reduced the level of physiochemical parameters
as phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA), calcium hardness in grey water, the treated water contained low range of
(CH), carbonate (CO32-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), calcium all the parameters, except a few parameters. Based on the
(Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), findings of this study, this treatment technology could be
phosphate (PO43-), sulphate (SO42-), sodium (Na), considered as an alternative methodology to treat the
potassium (K) in treated grey water were 0.0–0.0, 78.8– grey water in both small- and large-scale level. The
95 mg/L, 0.0–0.0, 166.03–195.2 mg/L, 31.60–38.1,14.8– benefits found are low energy demand, less operating
19.4, 102.69–117, 5.5–6.9, 0.9–1.2, 8.8–13.7, 25.43– and maintenance cost, highly effective purification, and
33.2, and 3.8–5.1 mg/L, respectively. Pollutant removal less area occupied. Hence, this study concluded that bio-
processes may delay through the usage of different filters bed-based treatment is effective than other natural
and also biofilm formation, particle agglomeration, and treatment processes.

Figure
1. pH of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

pH
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2
8.0
7.8 Untreated
7.6 Treated
7.4
7.2
D13
D15
D17
D19
D21
D23
D25
D27
D29
D31
D33
D35
D1
D3
D5
D7
D9
D11

Number of Days

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International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

2. Electrical Conductivity of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Electrical Conductivity
2500

2000
EC(µs/cm)

1500

1000
Untreated
500
Treated
0
D13
D15
D17
D19
D21
D23
D25
D27
D29
D31
D33
D35
D1
D3
D5
D7
D9
D11

Number of Days

3. Total Dissolved Solids of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Total Dissolved Solids

1.40
1.20
1.00
TDS (ppt)

0.80
0.60
Untreated
0.40
Treated
0.20
0.00

Number of Days

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Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

4. Total Alkalinity of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Total Alkalinity
350
300
250
200
mg/L

150
Untreated
100
Treated
50
0
D19
D1
D3
D5
D7
D9
D11
D13
D15
D17

D21
D23
D25
D27
D29
D31
D33
D35
Number of Days

5. Carbonate of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Carbonate
70
60
50
40
mg/L

30 Untreated
20 Treated
10
0
D1 D4 D7 D10 D13 D16 D19 D22 D25 D28 D31 D34
Number of Days

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Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

6. Bicarbonate of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Bicarbobate
350
300
250
200
mg/L

150 Untreated
100 Treated
50
0
D1 D4 D7 D10 D13 D16 D19 D22 D25 D28 D31 D34
Number of Days

7. Total Hardness of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Total Hardness
500
450
400
350
300
mg/L

250
200 Untreated
150
100 Treated
50
0

Number of Days

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International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

8. Calcium Hardness of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Calcium Hardness
300

250

200
mg/L

150

100 Untreated
Treated
50

Number of Days

9. Calcium of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Calcium
120

100

80
mg/L

60
Untreated
40
Treated
20

0
D1 D4 D7 D10 D13 D16 D19 D22 D25 D28 D31 D34
Number of Days

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International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

10. Magnesium of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Magnesium
60
50
40
mg/L

30
Untreated
20
Treated
10
0
D17

D31
D11
D13
D15

D19
D21
D23
D25
D27
D29

D33
D35
D1
D3
D5
D7
D9

Number of Days

11. Chloride of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Chloride
350
300
250
200
mg/L

150
Untreated
100
Treated
50
0
D13

D21
D11

D15
D17
D19

D23
D25
D27
D29
D31
D33
D35
D5
D1
D3

D7
D9

Number of Days

40
International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

12. Nitrate of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Nitrate
30

25

20
mg/L

15
Untreated
10
Treated
5

0
D1 D4 D7 D10 D13 D16 D19 D22 D25 D28 D31 D34
Number of Days

13. Phosphate of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Phosphate
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
mg/L

2.5
2.0
1.5 Untreated
1.0 Treated
0.5
0.0
D29
D9
D1
D3
D5
D7

D11
D13
D15
D17
D19
D21
D23
D25
D27

D31
D33
D35

Number of Days

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15. Sulphate of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Sulphate
60

50

40
mg/L

30
Untreated
20
Treated
10

0
D1 D4 D7 D10 D13 D16 D19 D22 D25 D28 D31 D34
Number of Days

16. Sodium of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Sodium
160
140
120
100
mg/L

80
60 Untreated
40 Treated
20
0
D23
D11
D13
D15
D17
D19
D21

D25
D27
D29
D31
D33
D35
D1
D3
D5
D7
D9

Number of Days

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Devi et al. 2017 ISSN: 2349 – 4891

17. Potassium of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Potassium
30
25
20
mg/L

15
10 Untreated
Treated
5
0

Number of Days

18. Dissolved Oxygen of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Dissolved Oxygen
6.0
5.0
4.0
mg/L

3.0
2.0 Untreated
Treated
1.0
0.0

Number of Days

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19. Biological Oxygen Demand of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Biological Oxygen Demand

180
160
140
120
100
mg/L

80
Untreated
60
Treated
40
20
0
D1 D4 D7 D10 D13 D16 D19 D22 D25 D28 D31 D34
Number of Days

20. Chemical Oxygen Demand of Untreated greywater and Treated Greywater

Chemical Oxygen Demand

450
400
350
300
mg/L

250
200
150 Untreated
100 Treated
50
0

Number of Days

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International Journal of Recent Research and Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017
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Please cite this article as: Rengaraj Chithra Devi & Nirmaladevi D. Shrinithivihahshini (2017). Removal of
Physicochemical Parameters of Grey Water Using Biofiltration Techniques. International Journal of Recent 45
International
Research and Journal of Recent
Applied Research
Studies, and31-45.
4, 2(8), Applied Studies, Volume 4, Issue 2 (8) February 2017

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