MA 2006 Vector Calculus Tutorial
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minamitotoriMA 2006 Vector Calculus Tutorial
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minamitotoriCommon questions
Powered by AITo find the intersection between the plane \(x + 4y + 3z = 17\) and the line \(x = -2 + t\), \(y = 5 + 4t\), \(z = -2 + 3t\), substitute the parametric expressions into the plane equation: \((-2 + t) + 4(5 + 4t) + 3(-2 + 3t) = 17\). Solve for \(t\): \(t = 1\). Substitute \(t = 1\) back into the line equations to find the intersection point \((x, y, z) = (-1, 9, 1)\).
For \(f(x, y, z) = x^2 + y^2 + z^2 + 3xy + 3xz + 2yz\), \(\nabla f = (2x + 3y + 3z, 2y + 3x + 2z, 2z + 3x + 2y)\). Setting \(\nabla f = 0\) results in solving these equations simultaneously. Simplifying yields one solution at the origin \((0, 0, 0)\), which geometrically represents the point of zero gradient or local extremum or saddle point according to second derivative tests .
The equation of the plane can be found by first determining vectors that lie on the plane, such as \(\vec{AB} = (1, -1, -1)\) from (2, 1, 3) to (3, 0, 2), and \(\vec{AC} = (-3, 0, 1)\) from (2, 1, 3) to (-1, 1, 4). The cross product \(\vec{AB} \times \vec{AC} = (1, 4, 3)\) provides a normal vector to the plane. Using the point (2, 1, 3), the plane's equation is \(x + 4y + 3z = 17\).
To show the identity \((u \times v) \times w = (u \cdot w)v - (v \cdot w)u\), expand \(u = ai + bj + ck\), \(v = pi + qj + rk\), and \(w = si + tj + uk\). Compute \(u \times v = (br - cq)i + (cp - ar)j + (aq - bp)k\). Then, \((u \times v) \times w = [(br - cq)t - (cp - ar)u]i + [(cp - ar)s - (aq - bp)u]j + [(aq - bp)t - (br - cq)s]k\). Separately, calculate \((u \cdot w) = as + bt + cu\) and \((v \cdot w) = ps + qt + ru\), resulting in \((u \cdot w)v = [as + bt + cu] (pi + qj + rk)\) and \((v \cdot w)u = [ps + qt + ru] (ai + bj + ck)\). Simplifying yields matching expressions for both sides, verifying the identity .
To find unit vectors perpendicular to \(-i + k\), set \(a i + b j + c k\) perpendicular, yielding \(-a + c = 0\), hence \(c = a\). For unit magnitude, \(\sqrt{a^2 + b^2 + c^2} = 1\), or \(\sqrt{2a^2 + b^2} = 1\), giving solutions \(a = \pm 1/\sqrt{2}, b = 0\), and resulting unit vectors: \(\mathbf{v_1} = (\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, 0, \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})\) and \(\mathbf{v_2} = (\frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}}, 0, \frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}})\).
To sketch the path of a point mass with positions \(x = 1 + 2t\) and \(y = 9 - t^2\), eliminate \(t\) to get the relationship \(x = 1 + 2t\) implying \(t = (x - 1)/2\). Substitute back to get \(y = 9 - ((x - 1)/2)^2\), or \(y = 9 - (x - 1)^2/4\). This describes a parabola opening downward, and sketching from \(t = 0\) to \(t = 3\) results in the path starting at \(x = 1, y = 9\) and moving along this curve .
The gradient \(\nabla \phi = (3x + 2y + 4, 4x + 4y + 3)\) implies \(\phi\) by integrating, yielding \(\phi = \frac{3}{2}x^2 + 2xy + 4x + 2x^2 + 4xy + \frac{3}{2}y^2 + (\text{constant})\). Using condition \(\phi(1,3) = 5\), solve for the constant: \(\phi = \frac{3}{2}x^2 + 2xy + 4x + 2x^2 + 4xy + \frac{3}{2}y^2\), fitting the condition with necessary modifications like value adjustments .
To find a parametric representation for the line, note that it must be in the direction of the normal vector to the plane. Given the normal vector \(n = (1, 4, 3)\) for the plane \(x + 4y + 3z = 17\) and the point \((-2, 5, -2)\) through which the line passes, the parametric equations are \(x = -2 + t\), \(y = 5 + 4t\), \(z = -2 + 3t\).
For \(\nabla\psi = (2y - 2y\sin(2y) + 4x\cos(2y) - 4, 2x - 4x\sin(2y) + 4y\cos(2y) + 5)_i\), integrate with respect to \(x\) and \(y\) while ensuring mixed partial derivatives yield the same. After integrating, we obtain \(\psi(x, y) = x^2 + 2xy\cos(2y) + 2xy - 4x + y^2 + 5y + C\), where \(C\) is constant .
Given the position expressions \(x = 1 + 2t\) and \(y = 9 - t^2\), velocity \(\mathbf{v} = (2, -2t)\), and differentiating velocity, acceleration \(\mathbf{a} = (0, -2)\). For constant mass 5 kg, using Newton's second law \(\mathbf{F} = m\mathbf{a}\), total force is \(\mathbf{F} = 5 \times (0, -2) = (0, -10)\) N .