Scribd
Upload
4 views3 pages

Algebraic Operations and Binomial Expansion

This document covers algebraic operations, specifically focusing on the addition, subtraction, and multiplication of polynomial expressions, as well as binomial expansion for positive integers up to 3. It provides definitions, examples, and step-by-step solutions for various polynomial operations and binomial expansions. The document aims to enhance understanding of polynomial functions and their manipulations.

Uploaded by

Gab
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views3 pages

Algebraic Operations and Binomial Expansion

This document covers algebraic operations, specifically focusing on the addition, subtraction, and multiplication of polynomial expressions, as well as binomial expansion for positive integers up to 3. It provides definitions, examples, and step-by-step solutions for various polynomial operations and binomial expansions. The document aims to enhance understanding of polynomial functions and their manipulations.

Uploaded by

Gab
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Lesson 1

ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS
Objectives
1. perform operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication of polynomial expressions;
2. solve problems involving the binomial expansion (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 where 𝑛 is a positive integer not
greater than 3 and 𝑎,𝑏∈ℝ.

Polynomials
A polynomial in x is a function of x which consists of a series of integral powers of
x.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 + . . . + 𝑎1 𝑥1 + 𝑎0
The order or degree of a polynomial is the power of the highest power of the
variable, x.
e.g. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5 2nd order polynomial
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3 3rd order polynomial

We can add, subtract, multiply and divide polynomials

Addition, subtraction and multiplication of algebraic expressions


Reminder: Pay attention to negative numbers/terms especially when working with
brackets
Simplify

1. 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 5 − (3𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 + 4𝑦)


= 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 5 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦
= −𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 + 5

2. (𝑥 − 3)(4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5)
= 𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5) − 3(4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 5)
= 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 15
= 4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 15

3. 5𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4) − 2(𝑥 + 3)2


= 5𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4) − 2(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3)
= 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 20 − 2(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)
= 5𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 20 − 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 18
= 5𝑥 3 − 17𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 38

4. 2𝑥(𝑦 − 3) + 𝑦(3𝑥 − 1)
= 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 𝑦

5. (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)
= 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

6. (2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )
= 4𝑥 2 − 𝑦 4

BINOMIAL EXPANSION
– a binomial consists of two terms
Example - Binomial Squared
Expand

Applying the pattern


1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) Expand
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2 = (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )
= (2𝑥)2 + 2(2𝑥)(𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 2 )2
= 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4

Example - Binomials Cubed

1. Expand: (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)


= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦)
= 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
= 1𝑥 3 𝑦 0 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1𝑦 3 𝑥 0
= 1𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1𝑦 3 (as 𝑦 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 0 = 1)
NB: The Pattern

i) There are 4 terms


ii) The coefficients of the respective terms are 1, 3, 3, 1
iii) In each term of the expansion, the power of the 1 st term decreases from given power to
0 and the power of the second term increases from 0 to given power.
iv) In each term the sum of the indices (powers or exponents) equals given power.
Applying the pattern
Expand

1. (3𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 1(3𝑥)3 𝑦 0 + 3(3𝑥)2 𝑦1 + 3(3𝑥)1 𝑦 2 + 1(3𝑥)0 𝑦 3


= 27𝑥 3 + 3 × 9𝑥 2 𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 Recall 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏
= 27𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 𝑦 + 9𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3

2. (2𝑥 3 − 𝑦 2 )3 = 1(2𝑥 3 )3 + 3(2𝑥 3 )2 (−𝑦 2 ) + 3(2𝑥 3 ) + (−𝑦 2 )2 + 1(−𝑦 2 )3


= 8𝑥 9 − 3(4𝑥 6 )𝑦 2 + 3(2𝑥 3 )𝑦 4 − 𝑦 6
= 8𝑥 9 − 12𝑥 6 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 3 𝑦 4 − 𝑦 6

Try these using (𝑥 + 𝑦)3 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 where applicable.

1. (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)3
2. (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)3

Past paper June 2019

Solution

𝑥 𝑥 0 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥 3
(2 − )3 = 1(2)3 (− ) + 3(2)2 (− ) + 3(2)1 (− ) + 1(2)0 (− )
3 3 3 3 3

12𝑥 6𝑥 2 𝑥3
=8− + −
3 9 27
2 𝑥3
= 8 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 −
3 27

Common questions

Powered by AI

Negative numbers can drastically alter the outcome of polynomial operations and are especially important during subtraction and multiplication. For example, when simplifying expressions like 2x^2 - 4xy + 5 - (3x^2 - yx + 4y), it is essential to distribute the negative sign across all terms in the brackets, leading to correct cancellation or inclusion of terms like -3x^2, +yx, and -4y .

Expanding (3x + y)^3 involves systematically applying the binomial theorem. Recognize it as (a+b)^3 where a = 3x and b = y. Using coefficients 1, 3, 3, 1, calculate terms: (3x)^3 = 27x^3, 3*(3x)^2*y = 27x^2y, 3*(3x)*y^2 = 9xy^2, and y^3 = y^3. These calculations combine to form the expansion 27x^3 + 27x^2y + 9xy^2 + y^3. This process emphasizes understanding of term distribution and coefficient application .

Examples of simplified polynomial expressions include: Simplifying 2x^2 − 4xy + 5 − (3x^2 − yx + 4y) results in -x^2 - 3xy - 4y + 5; and (x−3)(4x^2 + 3x + 5) simplifies to 4x^3 - 9x^2 - 4x - 15. These examples demonstrate correct application of addition, subtraction, and multiplication following distribution and combination of like terms .

To expand (4x−x^2y)^3, apply the binomial expansion by treating 4x as 'a' and -x^2y as 'b'. Use the coefficients 1, 3, 3, 1: (4x)^3 + 3*(4x)^2*(-x^2y) + 3*(4x)*(-x^2y)^2 + (-x^2y)^3. Calculate each: (4x)^3 = 64x^3, 3*(4x)^2*(-x^2y) = -48x^4y, 3*(4x)*(-x^2y)^2 = 12x^5y^2, and (-x^2y)^3 = -1x^6y^3. Thus, the expanded form is 64x^3 - 48x^4y + 12x^5y^2 - x^6y^3 .

The expansion of (x+y)^3 uses the binomial theorem principles, showing how coefficients (1, 3, 3, 1 from Pascal’s triangle) determine the number of combinations of each term. Each term has its degrees of x and y adding up to 3, and the powers of x decrease from 3 to 0 as those of y increase from 0 to 3, resulting in the expression x^3 + 3x^2y + 3xy^2 + y^3 .

The expansion of (x+y)^3 reveals several patterns: each term's powers of x decrease from 3 to 0 while y's increase from 0 to 3, maintaining a sum of powers of 3; symmetric coefficients 1, 3, 3, 1 demonstrate Pascal's triangle's influence; and expansion showcases consistent power combination and distribution principles, underpinning the binomial theorem concept .

The degree of a polynomial is crucial as it represents the highest power of the variable in the expression, which influences the leading term's behavior. When performing operations such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication, aligning terms by their degrees helps ensure that like terms are combined correctly. For example, simplifying (x-3)(4x^2 + 3x + 5) requires distributing and then combining terms to maintain the polynomial's structure according to their degrees .

Coefficients in a binomial expansion signify the number of combinations of terms and are derived from the binomial theorem using Pascal’s triangle. For instance, the expansion (x+y)^3 generates coefficients 1, 3, 3, 1, representing the powers of terms combined. These coefficients reflect the combinatorial counts and symmetry inherent to the expansion process, demonstrating uniform distribution across terms .

The binomial expansion pattern involves using the coefficients from Pascal's triangle, which is 1, 3, 3, 1 for a cubic expansion. To expand (2x^3 - y^2)^3, identify the terms as (a+b)^3 where a = 2x^3 and b = -y^2. Calculate each term: First term is (2x^3)^3 = 8x^9, the second term is 3*(2x^3)^2*(-y^2) = -12x^6y^2, the third term is 3*(2x^3)*(-y^2)^2 = 6x^3y^4, and the last term is (-y^2)^3 = -y^6. Thus, the expansion is 8x^9 - 12x^6y^2 + 6x^3y^4 - y^6 .

For (2x-3y)^3, recognize it as (a + b)^3 with a = 2x and b = -3y. Use the coefficients 1, 3, 3, 1: (2x)^3 + 3*(2x)^2*(-3y) + 3*(2x)*(-3y)^2 + (-3y)^3. Calculate: (2x)^3 = 8x^3, 3*(2x)^2*(-3y) = -36x^2y, 3*(2x)*9y^2 = 54xy^2, (-3y)^3 = -27y^3. Thus, the polynomial is 8x^3 - 36x^2y + 54xy^2 - 27y^3 .

You might also like