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Evolution Concepts and Mechanisms Explained

The document outlines key concepts in evolution, including evidence such as fossils, vestigial structures, and comparative anatomy. It discusses theories of evolution, including natural selection and the Hardy-Weinberg principle, as well as mechanisms of speciation and genetic variation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of population genetics and the effects of natural selection on traits within populations.

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7 views1 page

Evolution Concepts and Mechanisms Explained

The document outlines key concepts in evolution, including evidence such as fossils, vestigial structures, and comparative anatomy. It discusses theories of evolution, including natural selection and the Hardy-Weinberg principle, as well as mechanisms of speciation and genetic variation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of population genetics and the effects of natural selection on traits within populations.

Uploaded by

adelmohameddoda22
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dr.

Khaled Elshamanhory 8- Evolution Keywords ESTII Biology


Evidence of evolution Origin of earth
Fossils / bone: age by C14 Biochemistry: amino acid. Oparin: no O2 in ancient atmosphere, 1st organism is heterotrophic anaerobic bacteria
Vestigial structures: appendix / tail / hip bones (snakes / whales' legs) Urey and Miller: proved Oparin theory of chemical origin of life and produced organic matter
Intermediate link: duckbilled platypus (Aves / mammals) Continental drift: Pangaea is separated into 7 continents / isolation / islands / speciation / divergence
Embryology: fish gills DNA: common ancestor Series: Eon  Era  Period  Epoch.
Geologic era: Azoic, Precambrian, Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, cenozoic
Comparative anatomy
Homologous structures / divergence / common ancestor / island Theories of evolution
Same structure / different function Lamarck criticism / wrong
Whale swim Use and dis use/ acquired characters are inherited (giraffes stretch necks)
Forelimb
Primates grasp Charles Darwin
Analogous structures / convergence / different ancestor Natural selection/ key is variation / overpopulation / survival of the fittest
Different structure / same function Galapagos Islands / finches / adaptive radiation / ancestral species
Shark
Darwin criticism
Swim
Dolphin no genetics / fittest is strongest (offspring) / individual level (population)

Hardy – Weinberg Principle Punctuated equilibrium/ Eldridge Cladogram / phylogeny


Evolution is the change in allele frequency in a population over time Rapid abrupt change of life then stability DNA sequences
Allele frequency: p + q = 1 (p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1) The most related taxa are C and D
p2 is homozygous dominant, 2pq is heterozygous, and q2 is homozygous recessive Node is where divergence / split occurs
Gene pool: the total alleles in an area Fitness: the number of liable offspring
Assumptions of population genetics equilibrium / maintenance / no evolution
Large population size / random mating / no migration / no mutation / no natural selection
Evolution / population genetics change
Small size population / isolation / migration / mutation / natural selection
Small size population / bottle neck: founder effect / genetic drift (random loss of traits)
Mutation: main source of genetic variation / should be carried on gametes
Natural selection / survival of the fittest:
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics / insecticides and insects / pepper moth and pollution
Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive / diversifying selection
Speciation / reproductive isolation / cannot interbreed
Allopatric: geographical isolation (islands)
Number

Number


Number

Sympatric: temporal (breeding season) / behavioral (birds' songs)


   Coevolution: tiger / deer.
Trait Trait Trait

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