CSEC ADD MATHS 2018

SECTION I
Answer BOTH questions.
ALL working must be clearly shown.

1. (a) (i) Given that f ( x ) = x 2 - 4 for x ³ 0 , find the inverse function, stating its
domain.
SOLUTION:

m
Data: f ( x ) = x 2 - 4 for x ³ 0

co
Required to Find: f -1 ( x ) , stating its domain.
Solution:
Let y = f ( x )

.
hs
\ y = x2 - 4
y + 4 = x2
x2 = y + 4 at
m
x = y+4
Replace y by x, we obtain:
s
f -1 ( x ) = x + 4
as

$ -ve
sp

So, f -1 ( x ) = x + 4 for x ³ -4 .
.fa

(ii) On the grid provided below, sketch f -1 ( x ) .

w
w
w

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 m
. co
hs
SOLUTION: at
m
Data: Graph showing f ( x ) = x 2 - 4
Required To Draw: The graph of f -1 ( x )
s
as

Solution:
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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 (iii) State the relationship between f ( x ) and f -1 ( x ) .

SOLUTION:
Required to state: The relationship between f ( x ) and f -1 ( x )
Solution:
f ( x ) ¾¾¾¾¾¾
Reflection in y = x
® f -1 ( x )
The domain of f is the co-domain of f -1 . The co-domain of f is the
domain of f -1 .

m
If ( a, b ) is a point in f ( x ) then ( b, a ) will be the corresponding point on
f -1 ( x ) .

co
(b) Derive the polynomial, P ( x ) , of degree 3 which has roots equal to 1, 2 and -4 .

.
hs
SOLUTION:
Required to derive: Polynomial, P ( x ) , of degree 3 with roots equal to 1, 2 and
-4 .
Solution:
at
m
If 1, 2 and -4 are roots of the polynomial P ( x ) , then according to the Remainder
s
and Factor Theorem, ( x - 1) , ( x - 2 ) and ( x - ( -4 ) ) will be three factors of
as

P ( x) .
sp

\ P ( x ) = ( x - 1)( x - 2 )( x + 4 )
= ( x 2 - 3x + 2 ) ( x + 4 )
.fa

= x3 - 3x 2 + 2 x + 4 x 2 - 12 x + 8
= x3 + x 2 - 10 x + 8
w

Hence, P ( x ) = x3 + x2 - 10 x + 8 is the required polynomial of degree 3.

w
w

(c) An equation relating V and t given by V = ka t where k and a are constants.

(i) Use logarithms to derive an equation of the form y = mx + c that can be

used to find the values of k and a.

SOLUTION:
Data: V and t are related by the equation V = ka t , where k and a are
constants.
Required to express: The equation in the form of a straight line

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 Solution:
V = ka t
Taking lg:
lg V = lg ( ka t )
lg V = lg k + lg a t
lg V = lg k + t lg a
This is of the form y = mx + c , where y = lg V (a variable), m = lg a (a
constant), x = t (a variable) and c = lg k (a constant).

m
(ii) If a graph of y versus x from the equation in Part (c) (i) is plotted, a
straight line is obtained. State an expression for the gradient of the graph.

co
SOLUTION:
Data: The graph of y versus x from the equation in Part (c) (i) is a straight

.
line.

hs
Required to state: An expression for the gradient of the graph
Solution:
lg V = ( lg a ) t + lg k
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

The above diagram gives an indication of what the sketch may look like.
When y vs x is drawn, a straight line of gradient m is obtained and which
w

cuts the vertical axis at c.

So, when the equivalent form of lgV vs t is drawn, the straight line
w

obtained will have a gradient of lg a . (The intercept on the vertical axis

w

will be lg k .)

Given that g ( x ) = - x2 + x - 3 , express g ( x ) in the form a ( x + h ) + k ,

2
2. (a) (i)
where a, h and k are constants.

SOLUTION:
Data: g ( x ) = - x2 + x - 3

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 Required to express: g ( x ) in the form a ( x + h ) + k , where a, h and k
2

are constants.
Solution:
g ( x ) = - x2 + x - 3
g ( x ) = - ( x2 - x ) - 3

1 1
Half the coefficient of x is ( -1) = -
2 2
2
æ 1ö
So, g ( x ) = - ç x - ÷ + *, where * is to be determined

m
è 2ø
Consider

co
2
æ 1ö æ 1 öæ 1ö
-ç x - ÷ = -ç x - ÷ç x - ÷
è 2ø è 2 øè 2ø

.
hs
æ 1ö
= - ç x2 - x + ÷
è 4ø

= - x2 + x -
1
4
+
at
m
3
-2
4
s
- x2 + x - 3
as

3
So, * = -2
sp

4
2
.fa

æ 1ö 3
Hence, g ( x ) = - ç x - ÷ - 2 is of the form a ( x + h ) + k , where
2

è 2ø 4
1 3
w

a = -1 , h = - and k = -2 .
2 4
w

Alternative Method:
w

a ( x + h ) + k = a ( x + h )( x + h ) + k
2

= a ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) + k
= ax 2 + 2ahx + ah 2 + k
So ax 2 + 2ahx + ah2 + k = - x 2 + x - 3
Equating coefficients:
a = -1

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 2 ( -1) h = -1
1
\h = -
2
2

( -1) æç - ö÷ + k = -3
1
è 2ø
3
k = -2
4

m
2
æ 1ö 3
So, g ( x ) = - ç x - ÷ - 2 and which s of the required form where
è 2ø 4

co
1 3
a = -1 , h = - and k = -2 .
2 4

.
hs
(ii) On the grid provided below, sketch the graph of g ( x ) , showing the
maximum point and the y-intercept.

at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

SOLUTION:
Required to sketch: The graph of g ( x ) , showing the maximum point
and the y-intercept.
Solution:

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 2
æ 1ö 3
g ( x) = - ç x - ÷ - 2
è 2ø 4
2
æ 1ö
ç x - ÷ ³ 0 "x
è 2ø
2
3 3 æ 1ö
So g ( x ) has a maximum value of - ( 0 ) - 2 = -2 at - ç x - ÷ = 0
4 4 è 2ø
1
i.e. x =
2
æ1 3ö
So on the graph of g ( x ) , ç , - 2 ÷ is the maximum point.

m
è2 4ø
When x = 0 , g ( 0) = - ( 0) + ( 0) - 3 = -3
2

co
\ g ( x ) cuts the vertical axis at ( 0, - 3) .

.
Let g ( x) = 0

hs
\- x 2 + x - 3 = 0 is of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , where
a = -1, b = 1, c = -3
b2 = (1) = 1
2
at
m
and 4ac = 4 ( -1)( -3) = 12
Notice b 2 < 4ac , hence, g ( x ) has no real solutions and so does not cut
s

the horizontal axis.

as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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(b) In a geometric progression, the 3rd term is 25 and the sum of the 1st and 2nd terms
is 150. Determine the sum of the first four terms, given that r > 0 .

SOLUTION:
Data: Geometric series with the 3rd term = 25 and the sum of the first and second
terms = 150 . The common ratio, r > 0 .
Required to calculate: The sum of the first four terms

Calculation:
Let Tn = n th term for the geometric progression

m
Tn = ar n - 1 , where a = 1st term

co
Hence, T3 = ar 2 = 25 (data)

T1 = a and T2 = ar

.
hs
So a + ar = 150 (data)

Let ar 2 = 25 …Œ

From Œ:
a + ar = 150 …
at
m
25
a=
s
r2
as

Substitute into :
25 25
+ ´ r = 150
sp

r2 r2
´r 2
.fa

25 + 25r = 150r 2
1 + r = 6r 2
w

6r 2 - r - 1 = 0
( 3r + 1)( 2r - 1) = 0
w

1 1
So r=- or
w

3 2

1 1
r > 0 (data), so r = , Substitute r = in Œ:
2 2
2
æ1ö
a ç ÷ = 25
è2ø
a = 100

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 a (1 - r n )
Sn = , r <1
1- r

æ æ 1 ö4 ö
100 ç1 - ç ÷ ÷
ç è2ø ÷
So S 4 = è ø
1
1-
2
æ 1ö
= 200 ç1 - ÷
è 16 ø

m
15
= 200 ´
16

co
1
= 187
2

.
hs
Alternative Solution
Since we need to sum only the first four terms we can write the sequence up to 𝑛 = 4,
and sum the terms as follows:
at
m
)
𝐴 = 100, 𝑟 = *
s
1 1 1
𝑆, = 100 + 100 . 0 + 100( )* + 100( )*
as

2 2 2
1
𝑆, = 100 + 50 + 25 + 12
sp

2
1
𝑆, = 187
.fa

2
w

(c) If a and b are the roots of the equation 2 x 2 - 5 x + 3 = 0 , determine the value of
w

1 1
+ 2.
w

a 2
b

SOLUTION:
Data: a and b are the roots of the equation 2 x 2 - 5 x + 3 = 0
1 1
Required to calculate: 2 + 2
a b
Calculation:
Recall: If ax 2 + bx + c = 0

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 b c
x2 +
x+ =0
a a
If a and b are the roots of the equation, then
( x - a )( x - b ) = 0
i.e. x 2
- (a + b ) x + ab = 0
Equating coefficients:
b c
a +b =- and ab =
a a
So in 2 x - 5 x + 3 = 0
2

- ( -5 )

m
a +b =
2

co
5
=
2

.
3
And ab =

hs
2

Now
1
a2
+
b2
1b 2 +a 2
=
a 2b 2 at
m
a2 + b2
= 2 2
a b
s
as

(a + b )
2
= a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
a 2 + b 2 = (a + b ) - 2ab
2
So
sp

a 2 + b 2 (a + b ) - 2ab
2
.fa

Hence, =
a 2b 2 (ab )
2

5 * 3
w

6 27 − 2 6 27
=
3 *
w

6 27
w

25 1 1
−3 64 −3 34
= 4 = =
9 9 9
4 4 4
13 4
= ×
4 9
13 4
= =1
9 9

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 SECTION II
Answer BOTH questions.
ALL working must be clearly shown.

3. (a) Determine the equation of the circle that has center ( 5, - 2 ) and passes through
the origin.

SOLUTION:
Data: Circle has center ( 5, - 2 ) and passes through the origin.

m
Required to find: The equation of the circle.
Solution:

. co
hs
at
m
The equation of a circle with center ( a, b ) and radius r is given by
s

( x - a) + ( y - b)
2 2
= r2 .
as

( 5 - 0 ) + ( -2 - 0 )
2 2
The radius of the circle =
sp

= 29
.fa

So, the equation of the circle is ( x - 5) + ( y - ( -2) ) = ( )

2 2 2
29
( x - 5) + ( y + 2 )
2 2
= 29
w
w

We may express this in another form as ( x - 5)( x - 5) + ( y + 2)( y + 2 ) - 29 = 0

x 2 - 10 x + 25 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 - 29 = 0
w

x 2 + y 2 - 10 x + 4 y = 0

(b) Determine whether the following pair of lines is parallel.

x+ y =4
3x - 2 y = -3

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 SOLUTION:
Required to determine: Whether or not the lines x + y = 4 and 3x - 2 y = -3 are
parallel.
Solution:
x+ y =4 3 x - 2 y = -3
y = - x + 4 is of the form 2 y = 3x + 3
y = mx + c , where m = -1 is the 3
y = x + 1 is of the form
gradient. 2
3
y = mx + c , where m = is the
2

m
gradient.

co
3
-1 ¹
2
The gradient of the lines are not the same and so they are not parallel since

.
hs
parallel lines have equal gradients.

(c) The position vectors of two points, A and B, relative to a fixed origin, O, are given

at
by OA = 2i + j and OB = 3i - 5 j , where i and j represent the unit vectors in the x
and y directions respectively. Calculate:
m
(i) the magnitude of AB
s
as

SOLUTION:
Data: Position vectors of A and B, relative to O are OA = 2i + j and
sp

OB = 3i - 5 j .
Required to find: AB
.fa

Solution:
w
w
w

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 (1) + ( -6 )
2 2
AB = AO + OB AB =

= - ( 2i + j) + ( 3i - 5 j) = 1 + 36
= i - 6j = 37

(ii) ˆ , giving your answer to the nearest whole number.

the angle AOB

SOLUTION:
ˆ
Required To Calculate: AOB

m
Calculation:
ˆ
Let q be AOB

co
Recall:

.
hs
at
m
a . b = a b cos q
s
OA . OB = OA OB cos q
as

OA . OB = ( 2 ´ 3) + (1´ -5 ) = 6 - 5 = 1
sp

( 2 ) + (1)
2 2
OA = = 5
.fa

( 3) + ( -5)
2 2
OB = = 9 + 25 = 34
w

Hence, 1 = 5 34 cos q
w

1
cos q =
w

5 34
1
=
170
æ 1 ö
q = cos -1 ç ÷
è 170 ø
= 85.6°
» 86° to the nearest degree

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4. (a) A wire in the form of a circle with radius 4 cm is reshaped in the form of a sector
of a circle with radius 10 cm. Determine, in radians, the angle of the sector, giving
your answer in terms of p .

SOLUTION:
Data: A circle of radius 4 cm is formed into a sector of radius 10 cm.
Required to calculate: The angle of the sector
Calculation:
Circle of radius 4 cm ¾¾ ® Sector of radius 10 cm

m
. co
hs
at
The circumference of the circle will be equal to the perimeter of the sector.
m
Circumference of circle = 2p r
s
= 2p ( 4 )
as

= 8p cm
sp

The perimeter of the sector = r + r + rq (where θ is the angle of the sector in

radians)
8p = 10 + 10 + 10q
.fa

8p = 20 + 10q
8p - 20 = 10q
w

8p - 20
=q
w

10
2 ( 4p - 10 )
w

q=
10
4p - 10
q= radians
5

(b) Solve the equation sin 2 q + 3cos 2q = 2 for 0 £ q £ p . Give your answer(s) to 1
decimal place.

SOLUTION:
Required to solve: sin 2 q + 3cos 2q = 2 for 0 £ q £ p

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 Solution:
sin 2 q + 3cos 2q = 2
Recall: cos 2q = 1 - 2sin 2 q
sin 2 q + 3 (1 - 2sin 2 q ) = 2
sin 2 q + 3 - 6sin 2 q = 2
- 5sin 2 q = 2 - 3
- 5sin 2 q = -1
5sin 2 q = 1
1

m
sin 2 q =
5

co
1
sin q = ±
5

.
1 1
sin q = sin q = -

hs
5 5
q = 0.46 q = -0.46
Sin is positive in quadrants 1 and 2.
q = 0.46 at Sin is negative in quadrants 3 and 4.
So there are no solutions for the
m
and required range
q = p - 0.46
s
= 2.67
as

q = 0.46, 2.67 for 0 £ q £ p

q = 0.5 radians, 2.7 radians correct to 1 decimal place for 0 £ q £ p
sp

1 1 2 tan x
.fa

(c) Prove the identity - º .

1 - sin x 1 + sin x cos x
w

SOLUTION:
1 1 2 tan x
Required to prove: - º
w

1 - sin x 1 + sin x cos x

Proof:
w

L.H.S.:
1 1
-
1 - sin x 1 + sin x
(1 + sin x ) - (1 - sin x ) = 2sin x
(1 - sin x )(1 + sin x ) (1 - sin x )(1 + sin x )
2sin x
=
1 - sin 2 x
Recall: sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 Þ cos 2 x = 1 - sin 2 x

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 1 1 2sin x
So - =
1 - sin x 1 + sin x cos 2 x
sin x
Recall: tan x =
cos x
1 1 2sin x 1
Hence - = .
1 - sin x 1 + sin x cos x cos x
2 tan x
=
cos x
= R.H.S.
Q.E.D.

m
co
SECTION III
Answer BOTH questions.

.
hs
ALL working must be clearly shown.

5. (a) Given that y = x3 + 2 x 2 - 1, determine

at
m
(i) the coordinates of the stationary points
s
SOLUTION:
Data: y = x3 + 2 x 2 - 1
as

Required to determine: The coordinates of the stationary points

Solution:
sp

dy
Let the gradient function be .
dx
.fa

dy
dx
( )
= 3x3 - 1 + 2 2 x 2 - 1 - 0

= 3x 2 + 4 x
w
w

dy
At a stationary point, =0
dx
w

Let 3x 2 + 4 x = 0
x ( 3x + 4 ) = 0
4
\ x = 0 and x = -
3

When x = 0 : y = ( 0) + 2 ( 0) - 1
3 2

= -1

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 3 2
4 æ 4ö æ 4ö
When x = - : y = ç - ÷ + 2 ç - ÷ - 1
3 è 3ø è 3ø
64 32
= - + -1
27 9
5
=
27

æ 4 5 ö.
\ The stationary points are ( 0, - 1) and ç - , ÷
è 3 27 ø

m
(ii) the nature of EACH stationary point

co
SOLUTION:
Required to find: The nature of each stationary point

.
Solution:

hs
d2y
dx 2 ( )
= 3 2 x 2 - 1 + 4 (1)

= 6x + 4
at
m
d2y
When x = 0 : = 6 ( 0) + 4
dx 2
s
=4
as

>0
So ( 0, - 1) is a minimum point.
sp

4 d2y æ 4ö
When x = - : = 6ç - ÷ + 4
.fa

2
3 dx è 3ø
= -4
<0
w

So æç - ,
4 5 ö
w

÷ is a maximum point.
è 3 27 ø
w

Alternative Method:
We choose x values just higher and just lower than the x – coordinate of
the stationary point and observe the sign change of the gradient.

x -0.1 0 0.1
dy -ve 0 +ve
dx

So ( 0, - 1) is a minimum point.

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 x -1.4 4 -1.3
-
3
dy +ve 0 -ve
dx

So æç - ,
4 5 ö
÷ is a maximum point.
è 3 27 ø

m
(b) Differentiate y = 2 x ( 4 - 8x ) with respect to x, simplifying your answer.

co
SOLUTION:
Required to differentiate: y = 2 x ( 4 - 8x )

.
hs
Solution:
y = 2x ( 4 - 8x ) is of the form y = uv , where

u = 2x
du
dx
= 2 and
at
m
dv -4
v = 4 - 8x so =
dx 4 - 8x
s
dt
Let t = 4 - 8 x Þ = -8
as

dx
1
dv 1 - 12
So v = t 2 Þ = t
sp

dt 2
dv dv dt
= ´ (chain - rule)
.fa

dx dt dx
1
1 -2
= t ´ -8
2
w

1
-
= -4t 2
w

4
=-
w

1
t2
4
=-
4 - 8x

dy du dv
Recall: = v +u (Product law)
dx dx dx

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 -4
= 4 - 8x ´ 2 + 2 x ´
4 - 8x
2 4 - 8x 8x
= -
1 4 - 8x
2 ( 4 - 8x ) - 8x
=
4 - 8x
8 - 16 x - 8 x
=
4 - 8x
8 - 24 x
=

m
4 - 8x
8 (1 - 3 x )

co
=
4 - 8x

.
hs
NOTE: Some candidates may be knowledgeable of methods beyond the
constraints of the syllabus.

Alternative Method:
y = 2x 4 - 8x at
m
y2 = 4 x2 ( 4 - 8x )
s
y 2 = 16 x 2 - 32 x 3
as

Differentiating implicitly w.r.t x:

dy
2y = 32 x - 96 x 2
dx
sp

dy 32 x (1 - 3 x )
=
(
dx 2 2 x 4 - 8 x )
.fa

8 (1 - 3 x )
=
w

4 - 8x
w

6. (a) Show, using integration, that the finite area of the curve y = sin x in the first
4p
w

quadrant bounded by the line x = is smaller than the finite region of

9
y = cos x in the same quadrant and bounded by the same line.

SOLUTION:
4p
Required to prove: The finite area bounded by y = sin x and x = is smaller
9
4p
than the finite region bounded by y = cos x and x = .
9
Proof:

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 4p

m
The finite region bounded by y = sin x and x = , in the first quadrant, is
9
shown shaded.

co
4p
Area of the shaded region = ò 9
sin x dx
0

.
4p

hs
= [ - cos x + C ] 09 C is a constant
æ 4p ö
= ç - cos ÷ - ( - cos 0 )
è
at
9 ø
= 0.826 correct to 3 decimal places
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

4p
The finite region bounded by y = cos x and x = in the first quadrant is shown
w

9
by the shaded region.
4p
Area of the shaded region = ò 9
cos x dx
0
4p
= [sin x + K ] 09 K is constant
4p
= sin - sin 0
9
= 0.985 correct to 3 decimal places

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 0.826 < 0.985
4p
Hence, the area bounded by y = sin x and x = in the first quadrant is less
9
4p
than the area bounded by y = cos x and x = in the first quadrant.
9
Q.E.D.

(b) The finite region in the first quadrant bounded by the curve y = x 2 + x + 3 , the x-
axis and the line x = 4 is rotated completely about the x-axis. Determine the
volume of the solid of revolution formed.

m
SOLUTION:

co
Data: The region bounded by y = x 2 + x + 3 , the x-axis and x = 4 is rotated
completely about the x-axis.

.
Required to calculate: The volume of the solid generated.

hs
Calculation:
(1) < 4 (1)( 3)
2

at
b2 < 4ac in y = x 2 + x + 3 , where a = 1, b = 1 and c = 3
m
So y = x 2 + x + 3 is above the x-axis.
s
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

The above diagram shows part of part of y = x 2 + x + 3 :

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 m
co
The shaded region illustrates the region that is to be rotated 360° or 2p radians or
one complete rotation about the x-axis.

.
hs
The diagram below(not required or necessary) illustrates the shape of the solid
generated.

at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

The volume of the solid generated

x2
=pò y 2 dx
x1

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 (x + x + 3) dx
4 2
=pò 2
0

(x + 2 x3 + 7 x 2 + 6 x + 9 ) dx
4
=pò 4
0
4
é x5 x 4 7 x3 ù
=p ê + + + 3x 2 + 9 x + C ú C is a constant
ë5 2 3 û0
ìï ( 4 )5 ( 4 )4 7 ( 4 )3 üï
+ 3 ( 4 ) + 9 ( 4 )ý - ( 0 )
2
=p í + +
ïî 5 2 3 ïþ
æ 1024 448 ö

m
=p ç + 128 + + 48 + 36 ÷
è 5 3 ø

co
8 492p
= cubic units
15

.
hs
dy
(c) A curve which has a gradient of = 3x - 1 passes through the point A ( 4, 1) .
dx
Find the equation of the curve.

SOLUTION: at
m
dy
Data: = 3x - 1 and the curve passes through A ( 4, 1)
dx
s
Required to find: The equation of the curve.
as

Solution:
dy
y=ò dx
sp

dx
y = ò ( 3x - 1) dx
.fa

3x 2
y= - x+C where C is a constant
2
w

A ( 4, 1) lies on the curve.

w

3( 4)
2

1= -4+C
w

2
1 = 24 - 4 + C
C = -19

3x 2
\ The equation of the curve is y = - x - 19 .
2

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 SECTION IV
Answer only ONE question.
ALL working must be clearly shown.

7. (a) The number of runs scored by a cricketer for 18 consecutive innings is illustrated
in the following stem-and-leaf diagram.

0 2 3 6 7
1 0 3 5 8 9
2 4 4 6 8

m
3 1 4 5
4 5 7

co
Key 0|6 means 6

(i) Determine the median score.

.
hs
SOLUTION:
Data: Stem and leaf diagram showing the runs scored by a cricketer in 18
innings.
Required to find: The median score at
m
Solution:
The middle of 18 is 9 and 10.
s
From the diagram
as

The 9th score is 19.

The 10th score is 24.
So the median is
sp

9th 10th
19 24
.fa

­
Median
w

19 + 24
w

Median =
2
w

43
=
2
= 21.5

(ii) Calculate the interquartile range of the scores.

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The interquartile range of the scores
Calculation:
To locate the lower and upper medians we include the 9th and the 10th

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 scores as neither were the median score.
The lower quartile, Q1 , is the middle value from the 1st to the 9th value and
which is the 5th value.
Lower quartile, Q1 = 10

The upper quartile, Q3 , is the middle value from the 10th to the 18th value
and which is the 14th value.
Upper quartile, Q3 = 31

The interquartile range, (I.Q.R.) = Upper quartile - Lower quartile

m
= Q3 - Q1
= 31 - 10

co
= 21

.
(iii) Construct a box-and-whisker plot to illustrate the data and comment on the

hs
shape of the distribution.

SOLUTION:
at
Required to construct: A box-and-whisker plot to illustrate the data and
m
comment its shape.
Solution:
s
as
sp
.fa

The median is located just around the middle of the box and which
w

indicates that the data is almost symmetric. However, the fourth quartile
which is the right whisker is noticeably longer than the other three
w

quartiles. This indicates that there is more variability among the larger
scores than among the smaller scores.
w

(b) Insecticides A, B or C are applied on lots Q, R and S. The same crop is planted on
each lot and the lots are of the same size. The probability that a group of farmers
will select A, B or C is 40%, 25% and 35% respectively. The probability that
insecticide A is successful is 0.8, that B is successful is 0.65 and that C is
successful is 0.95.

(i) Illustrate this information on a tree diagram showing ALL the probabilities
on ALL branches.

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 SOLUTION:
Data: The data tells of the types of insecticides A, B and C used on lots P,
Q and R and their success rate.
Required To Illustrate: The data given on a tree diagram
Solution:
Based on the data, we let the probability P(X) be the probability of
choosing X and P(S) be the probability of success.

m
. co
hs
at
s m
as

(ii) An insecticide is selected at random, determine the probability that is

unsuccessful.
sp

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: P(Insecticide chosen at random is unsuccessful)
.fa

Calculation:
P(Insecticide is unsuccessful) = P ( A Ç S ¢ or B Ç S ¢ or C Ç S ¢)
= P ( A Ç S ¢) + P ( B Ç S ¢) + P (C Ç S ¢)
w

= ( 0.4 ´ 0.2 ) + ( 0.25 ´ 0.35 ) + ( 0.35 ´ 0.05 )

w

= 0.08 + 0.087 5 + 0.017 5

w

= 0.185

(c) A regular six-sided die is tossed 2 times.

(i) Calculate the probability of obtaining a 5 on the 2nd toss, given that a 5
was obtained on the 1st toss.

SOLUTION:
Data: A die is tossed two times.

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 Required to calculate: The probability of obtaining a ‘5’ on the second
toss given that a ‘5’ was obtained on the first toss.
Calculation:
Let X represent the event that a ‘5’ is obtained on the second toss.
Let Y represent the event that a ‘5’ was obtained on the first toss.
P ( X given Y ) = P ( X | Y )
P ( X ÇY )
=
P (Y )
1 1
´
= 6 6

m
1
6

co
1
=
6

.
hs
(ii) Determine the probability that a 5 is obtained on both tosses.

SOLUTION:
at
Required to calculate: The probability of obtaining a ‘5’ on both tosses.
Calculation:
m
P ( 5 and 5 ) = P ( 5 ) ´ P ( 5 )
s
1 1
= ´
as

6 6
1
=
sp

36

(iii) Explain why the answers in (c) (i) and (c) (ii) are different.
.fa

SOLUTION:
Required to explain: Why the answers to (i) and (ii) are different.
w

Solution:
In (ii) P(5 and 5), we are combining two independent events, that is,
w

events in which the occurrence of the first does not affect the outcome of
the second. The combined probability is calculated using the
w

multiplication rule, where 𝑃 (𝑋 ∩ 𝑌) = 𝑃 (𝑋)𝑃(𝑌).

In (i) P(X|Y) is a conditional probability for independent events. It requires

the probability of X only given that Y has occurred before. Since the
occurrence of a 5 on the second toss is not affected by the occurrence of 5
on the first toss, P(X|Y)=P(X), as shown below

C(D∩E) C(D)C(E)
𝑃(𝑋|𝑌 ) = = = 𝑃(𝑋)
C(E) C(E)

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8. (a) A particle moves in a straight line so that its distance, s metres, after t seconds,
measured from a fixed point, O, is given by the function s = t 3 - 2t 2 + t - 1.

Determine

(i) its velocity when t = 2

SOLUTION:
Data: Particle moves in a straight line so that its distance, s m, from O,
after t s is given by s = t 3 - 2t 2 + t - 1.
Required to calculate: Velocity when t = 2

m
Calculation:
Let velocity at the time, t, be v.

co
ds
v= (Definition)
dt
v = 3t 3 - 1 - 2 ( 2t 2 - 1 ) + 1 - 0

.
hs
v = 3t 2 - 4t + 1
When t = 2
v = 3 ( 2 ) - 4 ( 2 ) + 1 ms -1
2
at
m
= 12 - 8 + 1
= 5 ms -1
s
as

(ii) the values of t when the particle is at rest

SOLUTION:
sp

Required to calculate: t when the particle is at rest

Calculation:
.fa

When the particle is at rest, v = 0

Let 3t 2 - 4t + 1 = 0
( 3t - 1)( t - 1) = 0
w

1
\t =
w

or 1
3
1
w

So the particle is at rest when t = and again at t = 1 .

3

(iii) the distance between the rest points

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The distance between the two rest points
Calculation:
1
When t =
3

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 3 2
æ1ö æ1ö 1
s = ç ÷ - 2 ç ÷ + -1
è3ø è 3ø 3
1 2 1
= - + -1
27 9 3
23
=- m
27

When t = 1
s = (1) - 2 (1) + 1 - 1
3 2

m
= 1- 2 +1-1
= -1m

co
*F ,
The distance between the rest points = − *G − (−1) = *G m

.
hs
,
The distance between the rest points = m
*G

(iv)
at
the time at which the maximum velocity occurs.
m
SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The time at which maximum velocity occurs.
s
Calculation:
as

At maximum velocity, acceleration = 0

Let a be the acceleration at time t.
dv
a=
sp

(Definition)
dt
a = 3 ( 2t 2 - 1 ) - 4 (1)
.fa

a = 6t - 4
When a = 0
6t - 4 = 0
w

6t = 4
w

2
t=
w

3
2
\ Maximum velocity occurs at t = .
3

(b) A bus starts from rest at Station A and travels a distance of 80 km in 60 minutes to
Station B. Since the bus arrived at Station B early, it remained there for 20
minutes then started the journey to Station C. The time taken to travel from
Station B to Station C was 90 minutes at an average speed of 80 kmh-1.

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(i) On the grid provided, draw a distance-time graph to illustrate the motion
of the bus.

m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

SOLUTION:
Data: The journey of a bus from Station A to Station C.
Required to draw: A distance-time graph to illustrate the journey of the
w

bus.
Solution:
w

Phase from A to B:
w

The bus starts from rest at A, therefore, initial velocity = 0 ms-1 at A.

Distance after 60 minutes is 80 km.

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 m
The branch will be a straight line if we assume constant velocity.
The bus remains for 20 minutes at B.

co
Hence, from 60 to 60 + 20 = 80 minutes, the distance covered is still 80
km.

.
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

Phase from B to C:
90
90 minutes = hours
60
w

1
= 1 hours
w

2
Distance covered = Average speed ´ Time
w

1
= 80 kmh -1 ´1 hours
2
= 120 km

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 m
The completed distance-time graph looks like:

. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

(ii) Determine the distance from Station B to Station C.

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The distance from B to C
Calculation:
This had to be done is part (i) of the question so as to accurately complete

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 the distance-time graph.

(iii) Determine the average speed from Station A to Station B, in kmh-1.

SOLUTION:
Required To Find: The average speed from Station A to Station B in
kmh-1.
Solution:
Distance in km
The average speed from A to B in kmh -1 =
Time in hours
80 km

m
=
60 mins

co
80 km
=
1 hour

.
= 80 kmh -1

hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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