Lecture-4
Biosciences (BSE 102)
15/01/2025
Plant evolution
• Plant kingdom consists of
multicellular, eukaryotic
organisms Bryophytes
• Nonvascular
• Autotrophic: Prepare food
themselves
• Reproduction: Seedless
✓ Spores (invisible, moist plants
environment)
✓ Seeds Seed
plants
• Flowers started from
angiosperm lineage
Guess?
Plant Life Cycle
• Meiosis: It is a process of cell division Haploid (n) Female
that produces haploid spores Gametophyte
(reproductive cells).
Male
• Mitosis: It is a process of cell division Mitosis
Gametophyte
where a single cell divides to create two
identical daughter cells.
Spores (n) Fertilization
• Gametophyte: It is a haploid
multicellular structure.
Plant Life
• Sporophyte: It is a diploid multicellular
structure.
Cycle
Meiosis
Zygote
Sporophyte
Diploid (2n) (2n)
Bryophyta Life cycle of Moss
• Bryophytes lack vascular
tissues comprises of
Liverworts, Mosses,
Hornworts
• They have no conducting and
strengthening tissues (xylem
& phloem).
• They generally found in moist
and shady localities
• They are called amphibians of
the plant kingdom
• These plants live in soil, but they
need water for sexual
reproduction.
Land adaptations
• Challenges: Retain Moisture, Wind, UV
exposure, Support, Reproduction.
• Stomata: They are microscopic pores on the
surface of leaves and stems of plants that
allow them to exchange gases with the
environment.
• Cuticle (waxy coating): It is a hydrophobic
layer that covers the outer cell wall of a Stomata
plant's epidermis, protecting it from the
environment.
Land adaptations
• Vascular system (tissue to transport
water and nutrients)
✓ Xylem: Water comes up from roots Xylem
✓ Phloem: Sugar comes down from leaves (water)
• Supporting structure Phloem
(sugar)
✓ Roots
✓ Lignin in the cell wall gives wood strength
✓ Allow taller growth
• Why water plants do not need a
supporting system?
✓ Buoyancy
• Reproduction: Pollination and seed 200 µm
Microscopy images of wood
Seedless vascular plants
• First land plant to have vascular tissue.
• They also use spores and depend on water for
reproduction and nourishment.
• They classified based on the leaves
• Lycophytes (Microphylls)
✓Small leaves with a single vein
✓Club mosses, Spike mosses
• Monilophytes (Megaphylls)
✓Larger and have more than one vascular
strand
✓Ferns, Horsetails
Seed plants
• They produce seeds, which usually
contain an embryo and stored food.
• Most Seed plants have leaves, stems,
roots, and vascular tissue.
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Non-flowering plants, Flowering plants,
Softwood, Needle-like leaves Hardwood, Flat leaves
Reproductive system in cones Reproductive system in
flowers
Life cycle of
Pollinated by animals , wind, Pollinated by wind Angiosperm
water
Evergreen Seasonal life cycle
Has Haploid tissue Has triploid tissue
Cycas Corn
Guess?
Rhizopus bread
Fungi
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms
such as yeasts and mushrooms.
• Heterotrophic: acquire their nutrients by absorption.
• Most fungi cell walls are made of chitin.
• Hyphae (threadlike network): feeding structures
✓ They secrete powerful enzymes that digest macromolecules into
monomers and then absorb the small nutrient molecules into their
cells.
✓ Coenocytic and Septate hyphae
• Fungi supply essential nutrients to plants and are
enormously important in natural ecosystems and agriculture.
• Fungi are essential decomposers in ecosystems.
• In mycorrhizae, fungi help plants acquire nutrients from the
soil and plants provide the fungus with sugars and carbon.
Life cycle of Fungus
Example: Sporangiospores Example: Besidiospores
Phylogenetic tree of Fungi
• Aquatic fungus that does not typically form
mycelium.
• They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
• Coenocytic hyphae
• Both sexual and asexual reproduction
(sporangiospores)
• Coenocytic hyphae
• Form mycorrhizae
• Reproduce asexually (glomerospores)
• Septate hyphae
• Sexual reproduction (Ascopores)
• Septate hyphae
• Sexual reproduction (Besidiospores)
Can algae provide a renewable source of energy?
It takes about 2 kgs of Algae to make 1 liter of biodiesel