Curve Sketching
Types of Graphs
1. Linear &
2. Quadratic :
Completing
>
Square
3. Cubic (New) ↑
4. Exponential
5. Rational
>
Asymptote (New/
I Liner
ya ya
ya y
c
&k &w
In s
mx+ mu+ [ b
y y
c x=
y
=
= = c
m : + Ve m :
-Ve
a Quadratic
an General form of
y
=
+ bu+ c < a Quadratic
Equation
y a(n
h)
=
-
+ ki
completed Square form
Maximum Value
Yu -Y Ihk
·
y-intercept
y-intercepts .
h
Tv
n
*
n
&
RL N h
R ·
(h k)
,
Maximum curve
y
Minimum
or best
value - MinimumCurve
· Nature ( or
(
-Turning Point
-
What need to
you Quadratic curve?
3
Intercepts sketch a
a x-int/roots
.
b .
y-int
1 Nature
y-an + bu +c < General form of
a Quadratic Equation
I as Minimum
il so
a Maximum
where a is thecoeff i
of
Turning Point (h k)
2
,
General form >
completed Square form
an+ bu+c <
a(x n)" k T -
P(h k)
y
+
y
-
= =
,
· -
n the
change
signthe sign
:
Ki remains as it is
formula
O How.
to
bring a Quadratic Equation in
completed square form ?
Examples (a+b) =
a+ 2b + b
(a-b]2 = at Leb + be
u + 10n+3
y
a
. =
(a + 2)2 =
x 4n + 2+
x + 10 + 3 (x 3)2 n 6x + 3
1y
-
-
= =
(2 (2+
= n + 2n + 12
- (s)"
yon + + 3 -
(5) ( -
4)2 =
n 8x -
+ 44
3 25
-
a(x+ s)" 22 T P( 5 22)
3y
- -
- -
=
,
a(n n) + k
y
-
=
b x 6n 8
y
=
+ +
.
-
n+ 6n + (3) 0 (3)
y
= + -
8 -
(x + 3) -
1 T P(- -
3
1)
y
=
,
k2 - 2n 4
cy
=
+
n 2n (1) n (1)
y
+ +
-
-
y
=
(x -
1) + 3 T -
P(b3)
d n + 6n 1
y
-
-
. =
y (a bu) 1 Make the coeff of h equal to 1
-
- -
-y
-
-
fin(s) (3)) - -
1
y
=+
((u 3) 9) -
-
-
" -
(4 -
3)3 + 9 -
1
y
=
( 3) + 8 +P(3 8) Maximum curve
y
-
= ,
2 u 2n 3
y
+
-
-
.
=
(n 2n)
+ + 3 -
2(n 1
y
+
-
~
(n j+ + 1 + 3
y
-
y
=
-
(n
+
1) + 4 T -
P(1 4)
,
3
Intercepts
y-intercept s Plug
a .
in n r
b .
-intercepts >
Plug yu in
x" 8x + 12
y
=
-int
y-intercept
to
0
y =
L ↓
028(0) + 12 u
=
8n 12 0
y
=
+
-
12
y
=
L y
S
Quadratic Formula
completing Square Factorisation
[Non-cal)
<
Cubic : antbutched < General form (Expanded form)
Ya Ya
N ~ ~
Ya
p&n
u nigh
one -intercept Twoh-intercepts Threeh-intercepts
p)(an= bu c) k(x p)(a q)" r)
y
b(x
y y k(x p)(nq)(x
+
- - -
=
-
=
-
=
- How to sketch a cubic curve ?
-intercept(s)/roots >
y
= 0 & solve for a
I for
y-intercept <n-0 solve
y
2
3 Nature
i k >0 u
> where K is thecoeff of a
-
ii k<0 -
Ya
>
Rational/Reciprocal Graphs
y= +
a
, I
Du
+
y pizza
U : No of people
-Y
2y
=
- ,
n +
I r
-
-
I 2
Y
Y v
=
Im
y -
4
Ya
=
Th
Asymptotes Infinite dotted lines that the but touches .
graph approaches
> :
never
Rational
y =a
Vertical denominator Equation of
Asymptote Equate
: the to 0 :
U = b - the
vertical
asymptote
Horizontal asymptote
:
y equals
to the constant :
y
= c
<Equation of the vertical
asymptote .
Examples
!
+ 3
y
, =
Vertical
Asymptote : n+ 0
Horizontal Asymptote :
y
= 3
n 1
=
②
y
Va n+ 2 Ha 4
y
:
-
: =
n -
-
2
Exponential Graphs
2 ya
y
· =
Tu
i
- 2
y
-
Th
ya
- k
3 2
y
=
&
&
R
- K
ye
=2
4y
W
A
-
Asymptotes
<
2 ② 2 3
y y
, = = +
Horizontal asymptoke :
y
= 0 Horizontal asymptoke :
y
=
③ 5
- -
1
y
=
Horizontal asymptoke :
y
-
=
General Rule
a + c
y
=
Horizontal Asymptote y = Y equals to the constant that is added/subtracted at the
:
end
General Rules
a
a -y a
· a
y
=
= ,
,
a
y
ya
>u
>K
a
3
=a y a
as
-y
=
,
ya
>k
ah"
4
y
= a)
sy-an" ,
a
% :
7 :