In the Indian Parliament, star marked questions and unstarred questions differ primarily in terms of the proceedings and responses they elicit. Starred questions require an oral answer and allow for supplementary questions, providing immediate opportunity for members to seek further clarification. These are marked with a star (*) in the order paper. Unstarred questions, however, receive a written answer and do not allow for further questioning. As such, they are recorded only in the proceedings and facilitate detailed written responses without the possibility of follow-ups on the floor .

Article 356 of the Indian Constitution refers to the provision allowing the President of India to impose President's Rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down, rendering governance in accordance with the Constitution impossible. It is applied in situations where there is a failure in the state administration or legislative dysfunction. This might occur due to political instability, failure of the law and order machinery, or if the state is not operating per the constitutional parameters. The invocation of Article 356 leads to the central government taking direct control of the state whilst suspending the local democratic functioning .

The representation of women in Parliament is crucial for achieving social justice in India as it ensures that women's perspectives, experiences, and needs are adequately represented in legislative discussions and decisions. Enhanced participation contributes to the formulation of equitable policies addressing gender disparities, such as those in education, employment, and health. Women's reservation acts as a corrective measure against historical gender imbalances in political representation, fostering more inclusive governance and promoting gender equality as integral to the broader framework of social justice .

The Representation of the People Act, 1951 outlines several disqualification criteria for elected representatives, including conviction for certain offenses, unsoundness of mind, insolvency, and holding any office of profit under the government. Remedial actions include filing an appeal against the disqualification order or a court directive annulling the disqualification. These provisions aim to maintain the integrity and ethical standards of public offices and ensure that elected representatives are held accountable to legal standards and public expectations .

The Council of States (Rajya Sabha) exhibits certain non-federal features, such as the unequal representation of states and its indissoluble nature. Unlike typical federal systems where states have equal representation regardless of size, in India's Rajya Sabha, states are represented based on population, leading to larger states having more representatives. Additionally, the Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that is not subject to dissolution, which deviates from a pure federal system where both houses might face periodic dissolution for reelection .

The Right to Property was initially a Fundamental Right under Article 31 of the Indian Constitution. However, the 44th Amendment in 1978 demoted it to a mere legal right under Article 300A. This change allowed the state greater legislative leeway for acquiring private property for public purposes, provided it paid compensation. While this move facilitated state-driven development schemes requiring land acquisition, it raised concerns about potential misuse and inadequate protection against arbitrary state action, reflecting on citizens' rights by prioritizing state needs over personal property protection .

Article 350A mandates the provision of facilities for instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage of education to children belonging to linguistic minority groups. This ensures that linguistic minorities can preserve and promote their language and culture, contributing to India's extensive cultural diversity. In facilitating education in their mother tongue, the article acknowledges and respects the country's multicultural demographic, allowing individuals to maintain their linguistic heritage and identity, essential for cultural continuity and diversity in the socio-cultural landscape .

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution is deemed the cornerstone for protecting fundamental rights because it provides a robust mechanism for enforcement. This article empowers individuals to approach the Supreme Court directly when they believe their rights have been violated, ensuring immediate judicial intervention. It provides for the issuance of writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari. These writs are pivotal in upholding the legal rights of individuals against any authority acting beyond or abusing its constitutional power, thus safeguarding fundamental rights .

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts aim to enhance decentralization by establishing a framework for rural (Panchayati Raj institutions) and urban local self-governments, respectively. These amendments introduced a system of direct elections, the formation of local government bodies, and the specification of functional areas for both institutional levels. Despite these frameworks intending to empower local bodies and ensure democratic governance at the grassroots, the effectiveness has been mixed. Some constraints include inadequate financial resources, continued state government control, and varied implementation across states, which often limit the autonomy and efficiency envisaged by these amendments .

The basic structure doctrine, introduced by the Indian judiciary, asserts that certain fundamental aspects of the Constitution cannot be altered by parliamentary amendments. This doctrine ensures that the essential features of the Constitution, such as the separation of powers, the rule of law, and the sanctity of fundamental rights, are preserved. It was established to maintain the inviolability of these principles, which are considered integral to maintain the spirit and ethos of the Constitution. By doing so, it prevents the legislative and executive branches from infringing upon these core tenets, thus safeguarding democracy and preventing authoritarianism in India .