Improvement of Al Bahia Corniche

Improvement of Al Bahia Corniche

Structural Design Report

HISTORY

Rev Issue Date Purpose of Issue Orig Chkd Appd

00 10 July 2024 Issue for Approval OTAK BA HA

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Contents
1. STRUCTURAL CONCEPT ................................................................................................................................3
1.1. PROJECT BRIEF DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................3
1.2. STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA ..........................................................................................................3
1.3. CODES AND STANDARDS ................................................................................................................. 16
1.4. APPENDIX............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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1. STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

1.1. PROJECT BRIEF DESCRIPTION

The project contains the detailed information on Structural aspects of the following:

 Irrigation Reservoir and Pump Station

 Sports Field
 Foundation of Furniture
 Toilet

1.2. STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

Materials
The following defines the Material Criteria applied to the Primary Structural Systems and Primary Structural
Elements of the project.

Concrete Strength Class

The following defines the Concrete Strength Class Criteria applied to the Primary Structural Systems and
Primary Structural Elements of the project Building Facility assets.

Concrete Strength Class*

Description of Structure Design Concrete
Strength Class
Blinding C12/15
Foundations C32/40
Slan-on-Grade C25/30
Slabs and Beams C32/40
Walls and Columns C32/40

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Reinforcement Properties
The following defines the Concrete Reinforcement Properties applicable to the Primary Structural Systems
of the project Building Facility assets.

Concrete Reinforcement Properties

Property Description Minimum
(Minimum Required) Performance
Grade 460 (60)
Yield Strength (MPa) 460
Elastic Modulus (GPa) 200
Welded Wire Fabric ASTM A497M

Reinforcement Dimensions
The following defines the Concrete Reinforcement Properties applicable to the Primary Structural Systems
of the project Building Facility assets.

Concrete Reinforcement Dimensional Properties

Reinforcement Bar Nominal Area (mm2)
Designation ASTM A615M BS 4449
(mm) 520 (75) B500B
12Ø nominal diameter 113 113
14Ø nominal diameter 154 154
16Ø nominal diameter 201 201
18Ø nominal diameter 254 254
20Ø nominal diameter 314 314
22Ø nominal diameter 380 380
25Ø nominal diameter 491 491
28Ø nominal diameter 616 616
30Ø nominal diameter 707 707
32Ø nominal diameter 804 804
36Ø nominal diameter 1018 -
40Ø nominal diameter 1257 -

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Steelwork
The following table provides the principal materials specification for steelwork components employed in the
design of the Justice Palace development develops.

Steelwork Properties
Yield
Description Designation Strength
(MPa)
Universal Beams & Columns ASTM A572M 345
Channels, Angles & Plates ASTM A36M 250
High Strength Plate ASTM A572M 345
Square & Rectangular Hollow Sections ASTM A500M / Grade B 315
Circular Hollow Sections ASTM A501M / Grade B 345
Pipes ASTM A53M / Grade B 240
ASTM A490M
Braced Frame Connections As per AISC
SC / Class A
ASTM A490M /
Full and Partial Moment Connections As per AISC
SC / Class A
ASTM A325M
Simple Shear Connections As per AISC
X or N
Threaded Rod Anchor Bolts ASTM F1554 / Grade 55 380
Welding Electrodes E70XX -
Metal Deck ASTM 653SQ / Grade 33 230

Concrete Cover Provisions

The following defines the minimum Concrete Cover Requirements that may be applied to the Primary
Structural Elements of the project Building Facility assets.

Concrete Cover Criteria

Cast-in-Place Concrete
Exposure Condition Precast Concrete
Non-prestressed Prestressed
Concrete cast against
and permanently 75mm 75mm -
exposed to earth
50mm
Walls / (bar diameter
40mm (bar diameter Panels / Wall 40mm or more)
Concrete exposed to 25mm
16mm or less) 50mm (bar Slabs / panels 20mm
earth or weather
diameter 18mm or more) Joists (bar diameter
36mm or less)
40mm 50mm

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(bar diameter
40mm or more)
40mm
Other Other (bar diameter
members members 36mm or less)
30mm
(bar diameter
16mm or less)
40mm 30mm
bar diameter (bar diameter
Slabs / 40mm or more Slabs / Slabs / 40mm or more)
20mm
Joists 30mm Joists Joists 15mm
Bar diameter (bar diameter
Concrete not exposed
36mm or less 36mm or less)
to weather or in
40mm 40mm
contact with ground 40mm
(Primary (Primary
Beams / (Primary Beams / Beams /
Reinforcement) Reinforcement)
Columns Reinforcement Columns Columns/
25mm 10mm
/ Walls / Ties / Stirrups / Walls Walls
(Ties / Stirrups (Ties / Stirrups /
/ Spirals)
/ Spirals) Spirals)
*The above provisions shall be checked against the requirements as set-forth by the Fire Engineer in terms
of minimum cover requirements for Fire Rating provisions. In the event that the cover requirements for a
specified Fire Rating are more onerous, the same shall take precedence. In addition, the above provisions
shall be no less than the requirements for protection against corrosion under the specific applicable
environmental conditions.

**For basement slabs and walls, the cover to the inner face of retaining walls and slabs top surface shall be
taken as 40mm in accordance with the provisions of ACI 362.1R-12.

Cement Properties
The following defines the Cement Properties applicable to the Concrete Primary Structural Elements and
Systems of the project Building Facility assets.

Cement Properties
BS EN 197-1 BS ASTM C150 BS EN BS EN
CEM I 4027 450 15167
Property Description
I II V Fly
32.5N 42.5N 52.5N SRPC GGBS
Ash
Early Compressive Strength at 2 As
≥10 ≥20 ≥30 ≥12 ≥10 ≥8 - -
(BS EN) or 3 (ASTM) days (MPa) CEM I
Compressive Strength at 28 days 32.5- 42.5- As As As
≥52.5 ≥21 - -
(MPa) 52.5 62.5 CEM I CEM I CEM I
Initial Setting Time (Minutes) ≥75 ≥60 ≥45 ≥100 ≥60 ≥60 ≥60 ≥45 -
Maximum Loss of Ignition (%) ≤5.0 ≤5.0 ≤5.0 ≤5.0 ≤3.0 ≤3.0 ≤3.0 ≤5.0 ≤3.0
Maximum Sulfate Content (%) ≤3.5 ≤3.5 ≤4.0 ≤2.5 ≤3.0 ≤3.0 ≤2.3 ≤3.0 ≤2.5

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Maximum Chloride Content (%) ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 - - - ≤0.1 ≤0.1
Maximum Tricalcium Aluminate
- - - ≤3.5 - ≤8.0 ≤5.0 - -
Content (%)
Maximum Sulphur Trioxide
- - - ≤2.5 ≤3.0 ≤3.0 ≤2.3 ≤3.0 ≤2.5
Content (%)
Maximum Magnesia Content (%) ≤4.0 ≤4.0 ≤4.0 ≤4.0 ≤6.0 ≤6.0 ≤6.0 - -
Minimum Specific Surface
≥225 ≥225 ≥325 ≥250 ≥280 ≥280 ≥280 - ≥275
(m2/kg)
Soundness (%) - - - - ≤0.8 ≤0.8 ≤0.8 - -

Cement Combination Types

The following defines the Cement Combination Types applicable to the Primary Structural Systems of the
project Building Facility assets.

Cement Combination Types

BS 8500 % Components BS 8500 Cement
ASTM Cement
Cement Composition / Combination
Designation PC GGBS FA
Designation Types
CEM I Type I or Type II Portland Cement 100% - - CEM I
Sulfate-Resisting Portland
SRPC Type V 100% - - SRPC
Cement
CEM II/A-L, CEM
Portland Cement with Fly Ash
0 to II/A-LL, CEM II/A-
IIA Type I or Type II (FA) / Ground Granulated 80% 0 to 20%
20% S, CEM II/A-V,
Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS)
CEM II/A-D
79 to 21 to
IIB-S Type I-1S Portland Cement with GGBS - CEM II/B-S
65% 35%
75 to 25 to
IIB-V Type I-1P Portland Cement with Fly Ash - CEM II/B-V
65% 35%
IIB+SR Portland Cement with Fly Ash 75 to 25 to
Type II or Type V - CEM II/B-V+SR
+ Sulfate Resistance 65% 35%

Structural Loading
The following defines the Loading Criteria applied to the Primary Structural Systems / Elements of the
project.

Selected Material Bulk Densities

The following defines the Bulk Density of selected materials for the project.

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Selected Material Bulk Densities

Density
Material
(kN/m3)
Normal-weight concrete 23.0
Reinforced normal-weight concrete 25.0
Reinforced light-weight concrete 18.0
Screed 20.0
High Dense Solid Block 21.0
Medium Dense Solid Block 16.5
Lightweight Aerated Autoclaved Concrete blocks (AAC) * 6.0
Lightweight thermo blocks * 9.0
Gypsum board 8.0
Plaster 20.0
Steelwork 77.5
Lightweight Fill (Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Blocks 0.5
Soil (dry) ** 16-18
Landscaping soil / backfill (saturated) ** 20.0

Façade / Envelope Loads

The following defines selected Façade / Envelope Loads following façade reports:

Façade / Envelope Loads

Uniform
Facade Typology *
(kN/m3)
Cassette Glazing to steel 1.7
Window wall 1
Solid stone Rainscreen to blockwork 15
EIFS Cladding to Blockwork 4.5

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Superimposed Dead Loads

The following defines selected Superimposed Dead Loads applied to the tank roof and basement of the
project. For detail of all applied loads, reference shall be made to the relevant Structural Loading Plans.

Superimposed Dead Loads

Uniform
Superimposed Dead Load Description
(kN/m3)
Raft of the pump room Floor Finishes 1.5
Roof of the Tank Roof Finishes 0.5*16.5=8.25
Pump Room Roof Roof Finishes 3.5

Occupancy Live Loads

The following defines selected imposed Occupancy Live Loads applied to the Primary Structural Floor and
Roof Elements of the project. For detail of all applied loads, reference shall be made to the relevant
Structural Loading Plans.

Occupancy Live Loads

Uniform
Occupancy Live Load Description
(kN/m3)
Tank Raft – Pump Room area 2.0
Assumed 10
Mechanical Load of Pump room
Kn/m2
Tank Roof Live Load 2.0
Pump Room Roof 2.0

Fluid and Earth pressure loading

Earth pressure loading:

Surcharge loading assumed = 20 Kn/m2 (traffic loading).

K0 = 0.56 ( As per soil report)

qsur = K0 * q = 20 * 0.56 = 11.2 Kn/m2

qlateral = K0 * γs * H = 0.56 * 16.5 * 4 = 37 Kn/m2

Water load:

qwater = γw * Hw = 9.81*3.3 = 32.4 Kn/m2

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Water uplift loading:

qwater = γw * Hw = 9.81*2.5 = 24.5 Kn/m2

Wind Loads
A basic 3-second gust site wind speed of 50m/s (ultimate strength design with 1700-year return period) for
risk category III and 46 m/s (ultimate strength design with 700-year return period) for risk category II is
adopted for design purposes for all building assets.

Wind Load Parameters

Design Parameter Reference Value
Risk Category ASCE_7-05 II/III
Exposure Category ASCE_7-05 B
Surface Roughness ASCE_7-05 Height dependent
Wind Directionality Factor ASCE_7-05 0.85
Topographic Factor ASCE_7-05 1.0
Gust Factor ASCE_7-05 0.85 *
Load Combinations
The following defines the Load Combination Criteria applied to Primary Structural Systems as per ASCE7-16

Load Combination Parameter Abbreviations

Load Parameter Symbol
Dead Load D
Earthquake Load E
Fluid Load F
Earth Pressure / Water Pressure Load H
Live Load (excluding Roof) L
Roof Live Load Lr
Rain Load R
Self-Straining Load T
Wind Load W

Design Publication ASCE_7-16

Strength Design: Ultimate Limit State
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R) *
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.5W)

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1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or R)

1.2D + 1.0E** + L
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E**
The Live Load factor shall be taken as 0.5 when the applied live load is less than 5.0kN/m 2 (except for parking
areas or areas of public assembly)

Design Publication ASCE_7-16

Serviceability Limit State: Allowable Stress Design
D
D+L
D + (Lr or R)
D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or R)
D + (0.6W or 0.7E**)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.6W) + 0.75(Lr or R)
D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.7E**)
0.6D + 0.6W
0.6D + 0.7E**

Performance Criteria
The following defines the Performance Criteria applied in the design of the structural systems.

Vertical Deflection Criteria

The following defines the Vertical Deflection Criteria applied in the design of structural systems.

Vertical Deflection Parameter Abbreviations

Deflection Parameter Notation
Span of Primary Structural Element (for cantilever,
l
adopt 2 x cantilever length)
Dead Load (incl. Superimposed Dead) D
Superimposed Occupancy Live Load L
Snow and / or Sand Load S
Wind Load W

Vertical Deflection Additional Commentary

Note Commentary
1 Wind load to be taken as per Appendix C Figures, in accordance with SBC_301

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20mm Vertical Deflection Limit shall be employed for Primary Structural Elements
2
directly supporting Façade Elements.
Limited to Total Vertical Deflection occurring after attachment of Non-Structural
3 Elements (i.e., sum of Long-Term Vertical Deflection due to all Sustained loads and the
Immediate Vertical Deflection due too any additional Live Load)
4 Immediate Vertical Deflection due to Live Load

Building Component Supporting Elements Vertical Deflection Criteria

General Non-Structural Structural Load Deflection
Structural Elements Comments
Location Elements Material Combination Limit
Brittle Finishes/ Primary Structural Concrete /
L or S or W l/360
Plaster Ceilings/ Roof Systems Steelwork See Notes 1 &
Concrete / 2
Façade Elements D+L l/240
Steelwork
See Notes 2 &
Concrete D+L l/480
3
Primary Structural Concrete /
Non-Brittle Finishes L or S or W l/240
Roof Systems Steelwork
See Note 1
Concrete /
Roof D+L l/180
Steelwork
Concrete L l/180 See Note 4
Concrete D+L l/240 See Note 3
No Finishes/Ceilings Primary Structural Concrete /
L or S or W l/180 See Note 1
Roof Systems Steelwork
Concrete /
D+L l/120
Steelwork
Brittle Finishes/ Primary Structural Concrete /
L l/360 See Note 2
Plaster Ceilings/ Roof Systems Steelwork
Concrete /
Façade Elements D+L l/240
Steelwork
See Notes 2 &
Concrete D+L l/480
3
Floor
Primary Structural Concrete /
Non-Brittle Finishes D+L l/240
Roof Systems Steelwork
See Note 4
Concrete /
L l/360
Steelwork
Concrete D+L l/240 See Note 3
Concrete /
Transfers* All Elements Transfer Beam D+L l/600
Steelwork

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Long-term Vertical Deflection Methodology (For tank and pump room roofing)
The following defines the long-term deflection calculation criteria to be adopted in SAFE models.

Load Cases:
Case 1: Cracked Non-linear analysis for short-term load SELF + SIDL + 1.0 x LIVE + 1.0 x MECH.
-Case 2: Cracked Non-linear analysis for permanent short- term load
SELF + SIDL + 0.25 x LIVE + 1.0 x MECH
-Case 3: Long-term cracked analysis for the permanent long- term load (includes creep and shrinkage
effects)
SELF + SIDL + 0.25 x LIVE + 1.0 x MECH
Creep Coefficient = 2.0 Shrinkage Strain = 0.0005 Aging Coefficient = 0.8
-Case 4: Cracked Non-linear analysis for short-term load that presents prior attachment of non-structural
elements (i.e. partitions).
Assumed to be SELF-weight only.

Load Combinations for Deflection:

- Total deflection: Case (1) – Case (2) + Case (3)
-Incremental deflection: Case (1) – Case (2) + Case (3) – Case (4)

Lateral Deflection Criteria

The following defines the Lateral Deflection Criteria applied to the Primary Structural Systems and Primary
Structural Elements of the project Building Facility assets.

Lateral Deflection: Wind Action

Drift Action (Concrete Structures) Limit
Overall sway displacement H/500
Inter-story drift h/400
Drift Action (Steel Structures) Limit
Overall sway displacement H/240
Inter-story drift h/240
Lateral Deflection: Seismic Action
Inter-story
Occupancy Category
Limit
Seismic I or II 0.020h
Inelastic inter-
III 0.015h
story drift Risk Category
IV 0.010h
The following defines the Lateral Deflection Criteria applied to the Primary Structural Systems and Primary
Structural Elements of the project Building Facility assets.

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Lateral Deflection Parameter Abbreviations

Deflection Parameter Notation
Building Height H
Floor (Story) Height h

Floor Vibration Criteria

The natural frequency of any structural component shall be no less than 4.0 Hz (3.5 Hz for parking areas)
unless it is shown that the mobilization of that component dynamically is highly unlikely. In any case, natural
frequencies in the range 1.5-2.5Hz shall be avoided due to possible excitation by footfall loading.

Fire Performance Criteria

The fire rating of the Primary Structural Systems shall be in accordance with the requirements of the Fire
Engineering specialist. The following provides minimum provisions in accordance with IBC 2015. For
steelwork, protection systems shall be in accordance with FLS Consultants’ requirements.

Fire Resistance Provisions

Minimum Size (mm)
Primary Structural Elements
2 hr Rated 4 hr Rated
Walls 130 180
Slabs 120 180
Beams 180 250
Columns 250 300
Minimum Cover (mm)
Primary Structural Elements
2 hr Rated 4 hr Rated
Walls 50 50
Slabs 20 30
Beams 20 45
Columns 50 50

Crack Width Criteria

The following provides the crack width provisions employed in the design of the structural systems.

Crack Width Criteria

Crack
Concrete Component
Width
General Superstructure 0.4 mm
Substructure (with protective membrane) 0.3 mm
Retaining Walls (External Face) 0.3 mm

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Retaining Walls (Internal Face) 0.3 mm

Water Tanks 0.1 mm

Lateral Stiffness Criteria

The following defines the Structural Materials Lateral Stiffness Modifiers applicable to the Primary Structural
Systems of the project Building Facility assets. Parameter Abbreviation Descriptions are noted below.

Stiffness Modifier Parameter Abbreviations

Modifier Parameter Notation
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete EC
Gross Moment of Inertia of Section Ig
Gross Area of Section Ag
Modulus of Rupture of Concrete fr
Specified Compressive Strength (Cylinder) f’c
ETABS Flexural Behaviour Membrane Modifier f11
ETABS Axial Behaviour Membrane Modifier f22
ETABS Shear Behaviour Membrane Modifier f12
ETABS Flexural Behaviour Bending Modifier m11
ETABS Axial Behaviour Bending Modifier m22
ETABS Shear Behaviour Bending Modifier m12
ETABS Moment of Inertia about Axis 2 I2
ETABS Moment of Inertia about Axis 3 I3
ETABS Torsion Constant J

Stiffness Modifier Additional Commentary

Note Commentary
The Effective Stiffness Modifiers contained herein are
derived with reference to ACI318 Clause [Link]
whereby Section Properties under the application of
Ultimate Loads are:
Modulus of Elasticity
EC
(see Concrete Strength Class)
1 Moment of Inertia, I:
Columns 0.70 Ig
Compression
Uncracked Walls 0.70 Ig
Members
Cracked Walls 0.35 Ig
Beams 0.35 Ig
Flexural Members Slabs (RC) 0.25 Ig
Slabs (PT) 0.35 Ig

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Detailed specification of concrete systems will address the testing regime and acceptance criteria for
durability. As example, the following table identifies standards to be considered with respect to durability
requirements:

Concrete Durability
Design Standard Testing Regime
AASHTO T277 Rapid determination of chloride permeability
ACI 305R-91 Hot weather concrete
BS1881-1 30 minutes water absorption
BS1881-2 Chloride / sulfate levels in concrete

In general, concrete structures do not have any specific durability requirements beyond the minimum cover
requirements as specified under ACI 318M.

For steelwork structures, a suitable paint or galvanized protection system shall be specified taking into
consideration the environmental exposure conditions, design working life and ability to access for regular
maintenance.

1.3. CODES AND STANDARDS

Design Standards
The Structural Engineering shall employ the following structural Design Platforms:
Design Publications
Publication Reference Publication Title
ACI 117M-10 Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction
ACI 224R-01 Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures
ACI 315-18 Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement
ACI 318M-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
ACI 350-06 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and
Commentary
AISC 360-10 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
AISC DG11 (2016) Vibrations of Steel-Frame Structural Systems due to Human Activity
ASCE 7-16 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
CS163:2008 Guide to the Design of Concrete Structures in the Arabian Peninsula

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Structural Design Platforms

The Structural Engineering shall employ the following structural Design Platforms:

Structural Design Platforms

SAP/ETABS/SAFE/Prokon/In-House
Design packages Spreadsheets
AutoCAD

1.4. DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

For Foundation system will be Cast-in Situ RC will be as the following

Foundation of Benches

Bench

Bicycle Rack Trash Bin

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1.5. APPENDIX
 IRRIGATION RESERVOIR AND PUMP ROOM

1. GENERAL:

a) ISOMETRIC VIEW

b) RAFT DEFINITION

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c) ROOF DEFINITION

d) WALL DEFINITION

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2. RAFT STRESSES:

a) PILES PUNCHING CHECK:

b) MAXIMUM ULTIMATE AXIAL LOADS

c) MAXIMUM ULTIMATE MOMENT

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d) MAXIMUM WORKING AXIAL LOADS

e) MAXIMUM WORKING AXIAL LOADS

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3. ROOF STRESSES:

a) ULTIMATE MOMENT:

4. WALL STRESSES:

a) ULTIMATE AXIAL LOADS:

b) WORKING AXIAL LOADS:

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c) ULTIMATE MOMENTS:

d) WORKING MOMENTS:

5. LOADING PLANS:

a) RAFT

MECHANICAL LOADS + LIVE LOAD FOR PUMP AREA

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SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOAD

WATER UPLIFT LOAD

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b) ROOF

LIVE LOAD

SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOAD

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c) WALLS

GROUND WATER PRESSURE

SOIL PRESSURE

WATER PRESSURE FROM INSIDE

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6. PUMP ROOM:

a) ROOF GENERAL LAYOUT

b) TIE BEAM LAYOUT

c) TIE BEAM REINFORCEMENT

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d) SLAB DESIGN STRIPS

e) COLUMN P-M-M RATIOS

f) COLUMN REACTIONS LOADING

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g) LONG TERM DEFLECTION

h) REQUIRED BEAMS REINFORCEMENT AT ROOF

i) REQUIRED STIRRUPS REBAR AT ROOF BEAMS

j) REQUIRED STIRRUPS REBAR AT ROOF BEAMS

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Reinforced Concrete design according to ACI 350M-06 By: Dr. Mahmoud El-Kateb
Version 1.0

* Design of Water section

"Tension Controlled"

Project :

Concrete Cyl. strength fc` = 32 MPa

Steel Yield stress fy = 420 MPa

Comp. side
Thickness

Z
N.A

Tens. side
Breadth

INPUT DATA:
Breadth (B) = 1000 mm
Thickness (t) = 350 mm Length of member = 6 to less than 10 m
Mservice = 40 kN.m Mstr = 63 kN.m
Nservice = 326 kN Tension Nstr = 412 kN
Exposure: Normal enviroment, exposure to liquid with pH > 5 Clause 10.6.4
Structural system: Two way member Clause 10.6.4
Sd = 1.71 Enviromental durability factor, Eq. (9-8)

REQUIRED DESIGN STRENGTH:

Mstrength = 108.0 kN.m Clause 9.2.6
Nstrength = 706.3 kN Clause 9.2.6
Tension RFT. Cover to c.g = 50 mm
Required As = 2043 mm2 As,min = 525 mm2 each face
Choose Tension RFT. = 6 T 20 = 1885 mm2 Acceptable
2
Compression RFT. = 6 T 20 = 1885 mm
Compression RFT. Cover = 50 mm

CHECK SERVICE LEVEL:

Modular ratio (n) = 7.5
Neutral Axis depth (Z) = 23 mm
Tens. Steel stress (fs) = 169 MPa Acceptable
= 1.18 Eq. (10-6)
Max. bar spacing = 300 mm Clause 7.6.5
Allowed Tens. Steel stress = 231 MPa Clause 10.6.4