Absorbed dose
Hamza Benmakhlouf
Deposition of energy
E. Lindblom, 2013
Deposition of energy
Energy imparted, εi defined as
𝜀𝑖 = 𝑅in -𝑅out = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑢 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢 + 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑐 - 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑐
𝑅in = radiant energy of all particles entering volume
𝑅out = radiant energy of all particles leaving volume
What is missing in the equation above?
E. Lindblom, 2013
Deposition of energy
E. Lindblom, 2013
Deposition of energy
Energy imparted, εi defined as
𝜀𝑖 = 𝑅in -𝑅out
𝑅in = radiant energy of all particles entering volume
𝑅out = radiant energy of all particles leaving volume
What is missing in the equation above?
𝜀𝑖 = 𝑅in -𝑅out + σ 𝑄
Q = changes of rest energy of nuclei and elementary particles that
occur in the volume.
Q>0 means decrease of rest energy,
Q<0 means increase of rest energy.
E. Lindblom, 2013
Positron annihilation
E. Lindblom, 2013
Pair production
E. Lindblom, 2013
Absorbed dose
Absorbed dose
𝑑𝜀 ҧ
𝐷=
𝑑𝑚
Units: Jkg-1 (Gy)
Absorbed dose rate
𝑑𝐷
𝐷ሶ =
𝑑𝑡
Units: JKg-1s-1 (Gys-1)
E. Lindblom, 2013
Energy transfer
Energy transferred
𝜀𝑡𝑟 = (𝑅𝑖𝑛 )𝑢 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢,𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟 + 𝑄
(𝑅𝑖𝑛 )𝑢 = radiant energy of uncharged particles
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢,𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟 = radiant energy of uncharged particles, excluding
those originated from radiative losses of kinetic energy by
charged particles (while inside the volume)
E. Lindblom, 2013
Energy transfer
E. Lindblom, 2013
Kerma
Kinetic Energy Released per unit Mass
𝑑𝜀𝑡𝑟
𝐾=
𝑑𝑚
Defined only for uncharged particles
Unit: Gray, Jkg-1
Kerma rate
𝑑𝐾
𝐾ሶ =
𝑑𝑡
Unit: Gray s-1
E. Lindblom, 2013
Kerma
How can photon give energy to electrons?
• Photoelectric effect
• Compton scattering
• Pair Production
Energy transferred to charged particles
𝑁𝐴
𝑑𝐸𝑡𝑟 = 𝑁0 ℎ𝜐𝜌 𝜏𝑡𝑟 + 𝜎𝑡𝑟 + 𝜅𝑡𝑟 𝑑𝑥
𝑀
Re-arranging the equation and dividing by dm:
𝑑𝜀𝑡𝑟 𝑁0 ℎ𝜐 𝑁𝐴 𝜇𝑡𝑟
𝐾= = 𝑥 𝜏𝑡𝑟 + 𝜎𝑡𝑟 + 𝜅𝑡𝑟 = 𝜓
𝑑𝑚 𝐴 𝑀 𝜌
E. Lindblom, 2013
Net energy transfer
Energy transferred
𝜀𝑡𝑟,𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟 = (𝑅𝑖𝑛 )𝑢 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢,𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟 − 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢,𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑄
(𝑅𝑖𝑛 )𝑢 = radiant energy of uncharged particles
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢,𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑟 = radiant energy of uncharged particles, excluding
those originated from radiative losses of kinetic energy by
charged particles (while inside the volume)
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑑 = radiant energy emitted (as radiative losses) by the
charged particles that originated in V
E. Lindblom, 2013
Net energy transfer
E. Lindblom, 2013
Collision kerma
Uses the net energy transferred
Expectation value of net energy transferred to charged
particles per unit mass, excluding both radiative energy
loss
E. Lindblom, 2013
Kerma dissected
What happens with the kinetic energy given to electrons?
• Collision interactions (soft and hard collisions)
• Radiative interactions (bremsstrahlung, electron-
positrion annihilation in-flight)
Kerma components: 𝐾 = 𝐾c + 𝐾r
• Collision kerma, Kc
• Radiative kerma, Kr
𝐾r
𝑔= → 𝐾𝑐 = 𝐾(1 − 𝑔)
𝐾
E. Lindblom, 2013
Absorbed dose
Uncharged particles deposits dose in two steps
• Kerma: uncharged particle transfers energy as kinetic
energy to secondary charged particles
• The charged particles transfer a major part of their
kinetic energy to medium (which results in the
absorbed dose)
Charged particles does the latter directly
Thus the terms directly and indirectly ionizatin radiation
E. Lindblom, 2013
Absorbed dose
Kerma: is the place where
energy is transferred to charged
particles
Absorbed dose: is the place
where the kinetic energy of
charged particles is spent
E. Lindblom, 2013
Absorbed dose
Kinetic energy of e1 is included in kerma
Kinetic energy of e2 is included in kerma
Kinetic energy of e3 is not included in kerma
Is the absorbed dose equal to kerma?
E. Lindblom, 2013
CEMA
Converted Energy per unit Mass
Similar to Kerma but defined for charged
particles in collision with electrons
Gives energy transferred to charged particles in
collisions with electrons
𝑆𝑐
𝐶=𝜙
𝜌
E. Lindblom, 2013